ANTH 1003 Cox- Auburn

Nocturnal

Active during the nighttime

Costs and benefits

An analytical approach that considers the caloric cost of obtaining food and the calories contained

Franz Boas

Better known as the founder of American Anthropology; he has strived to be the most holistic. They worked in all four subfields when the study was small.

replication and protein synthesis

DNA has two main functions, what are they?

Terrestrial

Living on the ground

Meiosis

Occurs in only one set of specialized cells that produce gametes

Macaca

The genus of macaque monkeys

saggital keel

The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium found in H. erectus is known as a

enculturation

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

they were colorblind

"Why Isn't the Sky Blue": What conclusion did Prime Minister William Gladstone make about how the Greeks saw color?

genetic drift

A change in the genetic variation across generations due to random factors

Matrifocal unit

A cluster of individuals generally made up of related females

Geographical information systems

A computerized methogology that brings together data from several sources and integrates them with a geographic reference map

Glaciation

A condition when the land surface is covered with sheets of glacial ice

thermoluminescence dating

A dating method for estimating dates of pottery that has been fired

Carbon-14 dating

A dating method that establishes the date or period of an organic artifact or feature from the relative proportions of radioactive carbon to nonradioactive isotopes

sexual dimorphism

A difference between the sexes of a species in body size or shape

founder effect

A form of genetic drift that is the result of a dramatic reduction in population numbers so that descendent populations are descended from a small number of "founders"

Pleistocene

A geologic period in which much of the land in the northern hemisphere was covered by glaciers. These ice sheets retreated about 12,000 years ago

Phylogeny

A graphic representation that traces evolutionary relationships and identifies points when an evolutionary event or change occurred, such as the creation of a new species

Haplotype

A group of distinctive inherited genes

creole

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

creole language

A language of mixed origin that has developed from a complex blending of two parent languages that exists as a mother tongue for some part of the population

Ethnopoetics

A method of recording oral poetry, stories, ritual language, and nearly any narrative speech act, as verses and stanzas rather than as prose paragraphs in order to capture the format and other performative elements that might be lost in written texts

pidgin languages

A mixed language with a simplified grammar, typically borrowing its vocabulary from one language but its grammar from another

Plasticity 2

A particular form of developmental bias in which an organism responds to its environment by changing during its lifetime

Dispersal

A pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity

holistic perspective

A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.

Test pit

A preliminary excavation, usually of a single 1-meter-by-1-meter square to see if artifactual material exists at the site and to assess the character of the stratigraphy

Anthropoid

A primate superfamily that includes monkeys, apes, and humans

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

Affiliation

A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association bas on tolerance, even friendliness

Qualitative Methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs.

Gene

A segment of DNA that contains the code for a protein

strategy

A set of behaviors that has become prominent in a population as a result of natural selection

Language

A system of communication consisting of sounds, words, and grammar

genealogical method

A systematic methodology for recording kinship relations and how kin terms are used in different societies

theory

A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis. A theory explains things and helps guide research by focusing the researcher's questions and making the findings meaningful

True

According to "Our Babies Ourselves", in the United States, individualism is valued highly, so generally parents do not hold their babies as much as other cultures.

a culturally appropriate adult

According to "Our Babies Ourselves", the goal of child-rearing in any society is to make the child:

Dark fur

According to the "Survival of the Fittest" video , what trait of the Rock Pocket Mouse was best adapted to survival on the lava flow?

Social Evolutionism

All societies pass through stages, from primitive state to complex civilization. Cultural differences are the result of different evolutionary stages.

father-son bonding

All the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except

Ethnography of speaking

An anthropological approach to language that distinguished the ways that people actually speak from the ideal ways that people in any culture are supposed to speak.

the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonialism as

Genotype

An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.

homo erectus

Anthropologists think that the first hominin capable of speaking in sounds, not signals, was:

chronometric (absolute) dating

Any dating method that determines an age of a fossil, rock, artifact, or archaeological feature on some specified time scale

Relative dating

Any dating techniques provide us with rough assessments of the age of a fossil, artifact, or archaeological feature relative to other fossils, rocks, artifacts, or features

Fieldnotes

Any information that the anthropologist writes down or transcribes during fieldwork

Sites

Any location that shows evidence of human activity, including those with monuments and buildings

Interview

Any systematic conversation with an informant to collect field research data, ranging from a highly structured set of questions to the most open-ended ones.

historical archaeologists

Archaeologists excavate sites where written historical documentation about the sites also exists. The goal is to supplement what we know about a community or society from what is found in the ground with written records

Charles Darwin 2

Argued that variations do not arise from a desire to change, but are found in the preexisting traits of individuals within a population

Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet

Articulated the first theory of biological evolution

Gregor Mendel

Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)

selective breeding

Based on close observations, Mendel connected those traits to specific parents and learned that the characteristics of offspring could be controlled by

Lunate Sulcas

Becoming Human: The _______________ is a deep furrow in a primate's brain. It divides parts of the brain related to vision from the rest of the neocortex, which is where more complex thought happens.

false

Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates.

displacement

Being able to communicate about things not currently present in space and time is known as:

E.E. Evans-Pritchard

Believes anthropology should be grouped with the humanities rather than natural sciences. He argued that describing other people requires an understanding of their inner lives and beliefs that no scientific methodology can grasp. His view was that the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture.

Gregor Mendel 3

By cross-breeding pea plants, he was able to illustrate the basic laws of inheritance:

fission track

Can distinguish young from older and very old rocks (especially useful for very old fossils)

nucleotide bases, sugars, phosphates

Chemically, DNA is composed of what

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish

True

Clyde Kluckhohn argued that both biological and cultural aspects of humanity must be seen as a continuum of small changes.

False

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak.

Tree-ring dating

Counts tree rings, each of which represents a year. Useful in very dry regions where trees are preserved, such as the American Southwest over the past 12,000 years. In some cases it has been used for much earlier samples

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

Cultural anthropologists do research by

false

Cultural anthropologists use just three methods

False

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences.

Functionalism

Cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill psychological and social needs

False

Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.

Structural Functionalism

Culture is systematic, its pieces working together in a balanced fashion to keep the whole society functioning smoothly

Mitosis and Meiosis

DNA copies are necessary for two primary functions of cells, what are they?

Textual evidence

Deciphering and analyzing writing systems such as hieroglyphs. Egyptian hieroglyphics, Mesopotamian cuneiform, and Mayan glyphs, as well as some early writing systems in China often appear on ancient monuments, clay tablets, stelae, papyrus, and other surfaces discussing the heroic deeds of leaders. Where translations are possible, written evidence often provides more or less precise dates for events, buildings, and documents of financial transactions

yes

Do Neanderthals and modern humans share the same genus and species classification (Homo sapien).

nope

Does the term hominin refer to humans and great apes

Diffusionists

Early twentieth-century Boasian anthropologists who held that cultural characteristics result from either internal historical dynamism or a spread (diffusion) of cultural attributes from other societies.

the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group, language is a guide to "social reality," we understand the material world through the language we speak

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

Charles Darwin

English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)

the interface between human and ape communities

Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies

helps us understand our origins as a species, identify the evolutionary changes that make our species distinctive, and specify traits we share with other creatures whom we have common ancestry

Evolution is important to anthropology because

EB Taylor

Father of Culture, Founder of academic anthropology in English.

George-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon

French philosopher and natural historian, argued that the relationship between organisms and their environment was a dynamic one, he argued that active forces of nature--not biblical creation--had created ever-proliferating forms of life

nucleus

Genes are found in the __________ of every cell

Geomorphologists

Geologists who study the formation and structure of the earth's surface

protein synthesis

How DNA assists in the creation of the molecules that make up organisms. The organic structure of our bodies are made up of ______, which are strings of amino acids

reproductive success

How many surviving offspring an organism has

He studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions (from so-called savagery to civilization).

How would you describe Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?

paleoanthropology q

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in

key scenarios

Imply how people should act

False

In order to truly practice cultural relativism, one could never make a judgement on what is right and wrong.

False

In science, a theory is an educated guess and is not well-accepted among the scientific community.

Historical Particularism

Individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo unique processes of change. Culture traits diffuse from one culture to another.

no

Is it easy to identify direct causal links between genes and behavior.

Hapolgroups

Lineages that share haplotypes

Arboreal

Living in the trees

Fieldwork

Long-term immersion in a community, normally involving firsthand research in a specific study community or research setting where people's behavior can be observed and the researcher can have conversations or interviews with members of the community.

electron spin resonance

Measures the build-up of electrons trapped inside crystals after they were formed. Commonly applied to tooth enamel several thousand to several millions years old

Optical Stimulated Luminescence

Measures the number of electrons trapped in the crystalline structure of minerals like quartz and feldspar after being buried in the earth for long periods. Crystals absorb energy from trace amounts of radioactive material in the soil and rock. When exposed to light the electrons are released and can be measured to estimate the date they were buried

Thermoluminescence

Measures time elapsed since crystalline material was heated. Useful for dating archaeological items like clay fired as pottery or exposed to fire in a hearth

Residue analysis

Microscopic analysis of the residues of plant and animal foods, especially starches, on pottery or tools

ethics and ethical approaches in anthropology

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior. Ethics is organically connected to what it means to be a good anthropologist. "Do no harm" is the bedrock principle in anthropology's primary code of ethics

people learn them when they are young

Norms are stable because

Post-structuralism

Not a single school of thought, but a set of theoretical positions that rejects the idea that there are underlying structures that explain culture. embraces the idea that cultural processes are dynamic, and that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively

False

Old world monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

niche construction

Organisms directly modify their environments

Syntax

Pattern of word order used to form sentences and longer utterances in a language

Call systems

Patterned sounds or utterances that express meaning

Use Wear

Patterns of wear and tear on an artifact that is presumed to be due to use

paleoanthropologist

Physical anthropologists and archaeologists who study the fossilized remains of ancient primates and humans to understand their biological and behavioral evolution

sense of smell

Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except

symbolic learning

Reading your textbook is an example of:

Phase I

Reconnaissance work in archaeology is also known as:

action research

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

Action research

Research in which the goal of a researcher's involvement in a community is to help make social change

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it

Homologous

Similar due to shared ancestry

Analogous

Similar in appearance or function, not the same due to shared ancestry

Trace fossils

Soft tissues such as organs, skin, and feathers that do not fossilize, but sometimes leave impressions, or traces on the sedimentary rock that forms around them

stops

Sounds that are formed by closing off and reopening the oral cavity so that it stops the flow of air through the mouth, such as the consonants p, b, t, d, k, and g.

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Spiral-shaped molecule strands that contain the biological information for the cell, molecules that reside in each of our cells in the form of spiral-shaped strands. Inherited from our parents

Renato Rosaldo

Studied head-hunting in a Filipino society called the Ilongots. Doubted their reasoning for head-hunting until his own wife was killed and then he began to understand and relate to their pain. He realized that his training as an anthropologist, which emphasized scientific detachment, accounted for his initial dismissing of head-hunting

Carl von Linnaeus

Swedish naturalist, systematized scientific findings about the diversity of life forms by developing taxonomy. He grouped together organisms with similar anatomy, suggesting that physical similarity indicates relationship

sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

The Law of Superposition says that

Charles Darwin 3

The Origin of the Species was written by:

Hominoid

The Primate superfamily Hominoidea that includes all the apes and the humans

language death

The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

Replication

The ability of DNA to copy itself

Prehensile

The ability to grasp things, usually referring to hands or tails

Opposability

The ability to touch the thumb with the tips of the other fingers on the same hand is called:

Recent African Origin model

The argument that modern H. sapiens appeared as a new species in Africa about 200,000 years ago is called the

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

anthropological linguistics

The branch of anthropology concerned with the study of human languages.

uses data from many societies

The comparative method

Genome

The complete set of an organism's DNA

Adaptation

The development of a trait that plays a functional role in the ability of a life form to survive and reproduce

Hominine

The division in the superfamily Hominoid that includes humans and our recent ancestors

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one.

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

linguistic relativity

The idea that people speaking different languages perceive or interpret the world differently because of differences in their language

through systematic connections of different parts

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

cultural construction

The meaning, concepts, and practices that people build out of their shared and collective experiences.

Gene flow

The movement of genetic material within and between populations

Linnaeus

The name most closely associated with the system traditionally used to classify living things is:

Phenotype

The observable and measurable traits of an organism, interacts directly with the environment

Salvage Paradigm

The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

the people or species they study

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

Fossilization

The process by which hard tissues like bone and teeth slowly turn to stone as molecule by molecule the hard tissues turn to rock, keeping the shape of the original bone

natural selection 2

The process through which certain heritable traits become more or less common in population related to the reproductive success of organisms interacting with their environments 2

Australopithecines - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens

The progression of ancestral forms leading to modern-day humans, the earliest being first, is which of the following sequences?

Dominance hierarchy

The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another

Scientific Method

The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses. It is a method, not a pursuit of an ultimate truth. It questions specifics, not truths about life.

participant observation

The standard research method used by sociocultural anthropologists that requires the researcher to live in the community he or she is studying to observe and participate in day-to-day activities.

Morphology

The structure of words and word formation in a language

Paleoethnobotany

The study of ancient plant remains in order to reconstruct a picture of prehistoric environments and human---plant interactions

Behavioral ecology

The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives

ethnoscience

The study of how people classify things in the world, usually by considering some range of set of meanings

Sociolinguistics

The study of how sociocultural context and norms shape language use and the effects of language use on society

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their biology, their prehistory and histories, and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity.

Ethnoprimatology

The study of the interface between human and ape communities

Cultural Anthropology

The study of the social lives of living communities.

Phonology

The systematic pattern of sounds in a language, also known as the language's sound system

functionalism

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

extended evolutionary synthesis

The view of evolution that accepts the existence of not just genetically based but also non-genetically based processes of evolution: developmental bias, plasticity, niche construction, and extra-genetic inheritance

inherited

Those traits that enable successful adaptations are

Changes shape and folds itself in various ways

To become a protein, the polypeptide...

Grooming

Touching another individual to remove dirt, insects, and debris, usually as a way for individuals to bond

derived characteristics

Unique to a species, evolved after two or more species who have shared a common ancestor diverged. Ex: chin in modern humans

Potassium-argon dating

Useful for dating minerals, clays, and sediments over 100,000 years old. Often used for dating fossils and very early stone tool, by dating a higher layer of igneous rock that was laid down as volcanic ash

Alleles

Variations in the sequences of the same gene

interglacial

Warm periods between ice ages, usually referring to warm periods during the Pleistocene

Oldowan

What is the tool tradition associated with Homo habilis?

Industrialization

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time

When cultural anthropologists go into the field

Niche Construction 2

When organisms play an active role in their evolution by reshaping the environment to suit their own needs

culture is isolated

Which of the following is NOT a concept key to the human culture as discussed in the lecture?

Plattyrhine

Which of the following is NOT a part of a human's taxonomic classification?

Paleontology

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sub-fields of anthropology?

Dinosaur bones

Which of the following is NOT studied by anthropologists?

it is used to communicate, it is symbolic, it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

Which of the following is a feature of language?

Location of the Foramen Magnum

Which skeletal feature is paleoanthropologists' best indicator of bipedalism in a fossil?

Americans

Who are the Narcerima?

language ideology

Widespread assumptions that people make about the relative sophistication and status of particular dialects and languages

Cognate words

Words in two languages that show the same systematic sound shifts as other words in the two languages, usually interpreted by linguists as evidence for a common linguistic ancestry.

cognate words

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

traits

_________ Vary from one individual to another, these differences result partly, but not entirely, from genetic variation

Surface Collection

a collection of pottery and stone artifacts made from the surface of the soil around a possible site

potassium-argon dating

a dating method that measures the decay of an isotope of potassium into argon, used to date minerals, clays, and sediments over 100,000 years old in igneous rock that was laid down as volcanic ash

proto language

a hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages

quantitative methods

a methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them, and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed

Functionalism

a perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society

natural selection

a process through which certain inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment

ethnographic method

a prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community

social sanctions

a reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation

seriation

a relative dating method that analyzes changing styles of pottery or other artifacts over time to situate any particular assemblage of artifacts into a time series of styles and designs

comparative method

a research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies

Breccia

a rock composed of broken fragments of minerals or rock cemented together by a fine-grained matrix

Taxonomy

a system of naming and classifying species

Interpretive theory of culture

a theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols

theory

a well-supported, well-tested statement about how something works.

Symbols

an elaboration of a sign, wider range of meaning, three main kinds: summarizing symbols, elaborating symbols, and key scenarios

cross-cultural perspective

analyzing human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures

Applied anthropology

anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs

Practicing Anthropology

anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product

Comparative method

any anthropological research that involves systematic comparison of several societies

Informant

any person an anthropologist gets data from in the study community, especially people interviewed or who provide information about what he or she has observed or heard

ethnocentrism

belief in the superiority of one's own culture

Mutation

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information

Philology

comparative study of ancient texts and documents

interpretive anthropology

culture is a shared system of meaning. people make sense of their worlds through the use of symbols and symbolic activities like myth and ritual

cognitive anthropology

culture operates through mental models and logical systems

Neo-evolutionism

cultures evolve from simple to complex by harnessing nature's energy through technology and the influence of particular culture-specific processes

Holism

efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation

non-directional

evolution is

metaphors

implicit comparisons of words or things that emphasize the similarities between them, allowing people to make sense of complex social relations around them

no sir

is the appearance of culture the event that signaled the arrival of modern humans.

customs

long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect

Extra-genetic inheritance

organisms transmit more than genes across generations

social institutions

organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society

Structuralism

people make sense of their world through binary oppositions like hot-cold, culture-nature, male-female, and raw-cooked. These binaries are expressed in social institutions and cultural practices like kinship, myth, and language

evolutionary perspective

perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share

development bias

physical development can influence the generation of variation

Habitation sites

places where people lived at some time in the past

tradition

practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring

Mitosis

process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents, the creation of two new cells out of one cell by division

Extra-genetic inheritance

refers to the observation that parents and social groups create environments for their offspring that can aid in their adaptive success, the socially transmitted epigenetic factors that can aid in the adaptive success of organisms

Alluvial soil

rich, fine grained soils deposited by rivers and streams

altriusm

seemingly selfless acts that have a net loss of energy to the actor but a net gain in energy to the receiver

gametes

sex cells are known as

Symbol

something--an object, idea, image, figure, or character--that represents something else

Fieldwork

spending a year or two observing social life of different cultures

polypeptide

string of amino acids

summarizing symbol

sum up a variety of meanings and experiences and link them to a single sign

values

symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities

elaborating symbols

symbols that help us sort out complex feelings and relationships

evolution

the adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations

kin selection

the behavioral favoring of your close genetic relatives

Plasticity

the environment directly shapes organisms' physical traits

Pan

the genus of chimpanzees

Erasmus Darwin

the grandfather of charles darwin, conducted systematic observations of domestic and wild animals, fossils, and their anatomies. Argued that life had arisen from an original filament and that groups of organisms could undergo gradual changes and become different from the first group, thus producing the diversity of forms we see on the planet

cultural determinism

the idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors like physical environment and human biology on human behavior

developmental bias

the idea that not all variations are random, but a function of the developmental processes organisms undergo during their lives that tend to generate certain forms more readily than others

Cultural Materialism

the material world, especially economic and ecological conditions, shape people's customs and beliefs

Headnotes

the mental notes an anthropologist makes while in the field, which may or may not end up in formal fieldnotes or journals

cultural relativism

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgement about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices

Essentialism

the philosophical position that dictates that each organism has a true, ideal form, and that all living representatives of that organism are slight deviations from the ideal type

Speciation

the process by which new species arise

Enculturation

the process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society

intersubjectivity

the realization that knowledge about other people emerges out of relationships and perceptions individuals have with each other

diversity

the sheer variety of ways of being human around the world

Linguistic Anthropology

the study of how people communicate with one another through language use shapes group membership and identity

Stratigraphy

the study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect

Biological Anthropology

the study of the biological and biocultural facets of the human species, past and present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates

descriptive linguistics

the systematic analysis and description of a language's sound system and grammar

culture

the taken-for-granted notions, rules, and moralities, and behaviors within a social group

cultural appropriation

the unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another

globalization

the widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundariesbrerror

ancestral characteristics

traits or structures that are shared by all or most species in a group because they are inherited from a common ancestral species. ex: hair among mammals

shared derived characteristic

traits that evolved after all the species being compared shared a common ancestor, but prior to some more recent speciation events, seen, for example, in the larger brains of humans and apes relative to the brains of monkeys

Norms

typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done

empirical

verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory

Signs

words or objects that stand for something else, usually as a kind of shorthand