ANTH 101 Exam 2

A clan is similar to a lineage EXCEPT

clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor.

cultural evolution

culture change over time

aymara

example of biological adaptation- short legs, barred chests, and unusually large thoracic volume located in Bolivia follow a agropastoralism subsistence pattern

a formal court trial

"Alternative" dispute resolution (ADR) is used as an alternative to which of the following?

Which of the following statements is true about polyandry?

- It is a form of marriage where a woman has more than one husband. -Less than one percent of societies around the world practice this form of marriage. -Classic types of polyandry are found in Sri Lanka, Tibet, and parts of India. - In many polyandrous societies, individuals live in large extended families.

Helen Mendoza and Pam Privett

- have formed a nuclear family with two mothers. -are married. -have taken advantage of reproductive technology to have children together. - have found it difficult to maintain their alternative marriage form in a society where laws do not support them.

conjugal family

A family established through marriage

cargo system

example of reciprocity Maya each man in the town must serve at least one unpaid term in one of the communities civic and ceremonial offices the more offices a man serves, the more expensive it is for him to carry out, but the more prestige he accumulates

trobriand

exogamy must marry outside of his or her clan

Laws and sanctions are forms of

externalized controls

characteristics of arranged marriage in india

family reputation is most important gift exchanges are taken place skin color is taken into consideration matches are only arranged within the same caste and general social class

Crow system

father's sister and father's sister's daughter called by the same term, a mother and mother's sister are merged under another, and a father and father's brother are lumped in a third

Among the Igbo of Nigeria, women

have a parallel political structure equal to that of men.

pastoralists and modern industrial technologies

have a symbiotic relationship with one another and have a dramatic impact of food production

polygamy

having more than one spouse at a time

In Western societies between a.d. 1000 and 1800, divorce was next to impossible, but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years, owing to

high death rates.

group marriage

marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another; also called co-marriage

exogamy

marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group -benefits: alliances between lineages AND sexual competition within the group is curbed

dual sex configuration

men and women work separately but their roles are equally respected

bakhtiari

men owned and controlled animals women lacked economic and political power division of labor based on gender

patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage

men who marry their fathers brothers daughter form of marriage that has been historically favored by arabs, ancient Israelites, and ancient greeks

globalization in action

legs go to russia breasts tay in us wings go to west africa and Korea gizzards go to Jamaica feet go to china

two fundamental forms of a descent group

lineage and clans

generalized reciprocity

long term process that takes place between people who have a close kin or social relationship, and return on the gift is not specified

An uncentralized political system that claims "legitimacy" usually relies on

loyalty

The Kapauku tonowi, or "Big Man," gains his authority by being

male, wealthy, generous, and eloquent.

Aztec societies

market served both economic and social functions

Endogamy

marriage between people of the same social category NOT a form of descent

fictive marriage

marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs

What was the primary purpose of advocacy anthropology among the Micmacs?

to help them obtain official tribe recognition

balanced reciprocity

when 2 individuals trade items that are considered similar in value and the exchange is immediate or near-term

negative reciprocity

when one party tries to get more that they give in an exchange through manipulation or cheating

With the industrialization of Europe and North America, industrial economies required a mobile labor force in which people must move wherever job opportunities take them. How has this situation affected nuclear families?

- Nuclear families have become isolated from other kin. - One or both adults must seek employment outside of the household. - Work demands may keep parents away from their children for prolonged periods. - Parents in nuclear families have become more reliant on physicians, books, and often inexperienced friends for advice and support.

Nayar

-Members of society in southern India. marriage is of marginal significance -experimenting, growing, and having multiple sexual partners is traditional and culturally significant for individuals in their mid teens -a woman and her children can live with her brothers -household consists of a mother, her offspring, nd the mothers siblings -form a consanguineal family

If the bride becomes a member of her husband's household, she will contribute her labor and her children to her husband's group. What customs commonly accompany this type of arrangement

-The groom's family pays money to the bride's people. -The groom works for a certain period of time for the bride's family. -The bride's family expects to marry one of their sons to a woman in the groom's family.

laws of first cousin marriage in the US in mid 1800's because

-a pre darwinian model of social evolution that was dependent on biological factors was fashionable -progress from savagery to civilization was possible when people stopped inbreeding -cousin marriages were thought to be a characteristic of savagery -too many women were dying in childbirth

woman/woman marriage custom found in sub-saharan africa

-enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husbands property -confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband -enables the women who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life

Ju/'hoansi

-food foragers -food sharing takes place -generalized reciprocity -women have control over all food they collect and share it with whomever they want -men are constrained by rules of distribution -Kalahari desert in South Africa -land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belong to a band that has occupied it for a long time -when they were forced to live in villages, their entire cultural system broke down -a leader of the band derives his or her position from group consensus -leader loses his position if the people choose not to follow him.

hunting techniques among the Mbuti Pygmies in the ituri tropical forest

-only men participate in hunting game using the spear to hunt elephants -men, women, and children work together using the beat hunt technique to gather their game into the nets

silent trade

-when there is no common language -when the participants do not trust each other -when the participants are separated because of problems of differential status

social class

A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation -in many pluralistic "democratic" societies, including the United States, is partially based on ethnicity or race

caste

A closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life

marriage

A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, childrearing, exchange, and status.

consanguineal family

A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring

serial monogamy

A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.

age set

A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of categories together

nuclear family

A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children -smallest conjugal domestic unit -ideal family in Western Europe and the United States

neolocal residence

A pattern in which a married couple establish their household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relatives more common in the United States -ex: After their honeymoon, a young husband and wife plan to move to their new home, which is located away from both their families

nation

A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history

state

A political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory

tribe

A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory.

chiefdom

A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people

band

A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent -nomadic foraging society would be most likely to have -probably the oldest form of political organization.

patrilocal residence

A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence -common to see compensation, such as a bride-price, take place

matrilocal residence

A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence -a likely result of ecological circumstances make the role of woman predominant for subsistence AND what is most found in horticultural societies

ambilocal residence

A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence

phratry

A unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do

lineage

A unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms.

clan

An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological

sanction

An externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms

kindred

An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family.

age grade

An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime -ex: warriors of the Tiriki of East Africa.

descent group

Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor. -are composed of those who claim to be lineally descended from a particular ancestor. - are common in human societies. - are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits. - trace their connections back to a common ancestor through a chain of parent-child links, and thus appear to stem from the parent-child bond.

common interest association

Associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs -found in: a. traditional nonindustrial societies b. advanced industrial societies c. rapidly changing urban societies -ex: a labor union -found in the greatest numbers in the most technologically complex societies. - always require the act of joining.

unilineal descent

Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line

patrilineal descent

Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership -ex: Traditional China -more widespread system

moiety

Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent

swaziland

One of the world's true "nation-states," a political state that is home to a single cultural nation, is

neolithic revolution

The profound culture change beginning about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals

transhumance

The seasonal movement between highlands in summer and lowlands in winter (ex of adaptation) used by the Bakhtiari

fission

The splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups

political organization

The way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order.

major difference between the culture of family in the United States and cultures elsewhere

There often is a lack of extended family ties

cultural adaptation

a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive -ex: The Tsembaga raise pigs for status and exchange, not for daily consumption. When illness, injury, warfare, or celebration arise, pigs are then eaten

The Mardi Gras Indian tradition most likely began

after the civil war

Women's common-interest associations in Africa are

concerned with a wide a variety of issues, including politics.

According to anthropologist William Ury,

conflict is inevitable.

In the Biocultural Connection sidebar on Maori origins, found on pages 226-227 of the Haviland textbook, what was the focus of the research on the Maori people?

connecting DNA types with the people's origin myths

The Tory Islanders are Gaelic-speaking fisherfolk who live off the coast of Ireland. What type of family organization is typically found in their community?

consanguineal

horticulture

cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes do not depend exclusively on the gardens -childrens contributions to the labor are usually much greater compared to industrial and foraging societies

culture core

cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making its living. involves food producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment

Where nuclear families are important, the principle of bilateral descent and the group called the ______________________ will probably exist.

kindred

By tracing membership either through males or through females, members of unilineal descent groups

know exactly to which group they belong and where their primary loyalties lie.

Tsembaga

known for using pigs as means of gaining political power and prestige bound with their neighbors in a cycle of fighting and feasting that brings balance among humans, land, and their animals

agribusiness

large scale businesses involved in food production, including farming, contract farming, seed apply, agrochemicals, farm machinery, distribution, processing, and marketing. also known as corporate farming it stands in contrast to smaller family owned farms

One reason women's common-interest associations are comparatively less prevalent than men's in traditional societies is that

women are too busy with the demands of domestic duties.

hopi

women divorce husbands by placing his possessions outside the door at their home -society is matrilocal (head of household is usually a woman) -mens labor produces the crops for food. - lineages function as landholding corporations, allocating land for the support of member households.

A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that

women may play an important role in political decisions even when they are not visible public leaders.

potlatch

-A Native American celebration meant to show wealth and divide property among the people -functions as a leveling mechanism -can be seen as an ecologically adaptive role in a region where villages faced periods of scarcity and abundance -provides the chiefs with a means to accumulate prestige and status

matrilineal descent

-Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership -Females are responsible for the group's continued existence. -Matrilineal descent predominates mainly among horticulturists in societies where female work in subsistence is especially important. Incorrect -Matrilineal societies are found in Southern Asia, indigenous North America, South America's tropical lowlands, and parts of Africa.

negotiation

-The use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement -A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called

food foraging

-hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods regulates population size by affecting an individuals body fat and child rearing -mobilization depends on the availability of water -about 250,000 people today still support themselves primarily this way -egalitariansim -gender roles are comparable with the biological differences between men and women -wander within a fixed territory -live in small groups below the carrying capacity of the land -believe in food sharing -technology includes simple tools that are easy to transport

Yolmo

-in Nepal -practice balanced reciprocity - exchange of one days labor for one days labor -taxation system which maintains the village temple and the land associated with it represents a system of redistribution of resources in the community -economic system based on redistribution and balanced reciprocity -due to the increasing need for wage labor in the last decade, market exchange became the primary base of their economy -practice a patrilocal residence pattern -practice polyandry

totem

-is a word that comes from an Ojibwa word which means "he is a relative of mine." -is a symbol of animals, plants, natural forces, and objects. -is usually associated with a clan's concept of its mythical origins. -may be found in Western societies in the names we give to sports teams.

According to the Haviland textbook, the nuclear family reached its peak in the United States around

1950

kinship

A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations The Haviland textbook explains kinship as: -a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations. -one way humans have of widening their circle of support to meet the challenges of living. - one way of providing the support for such challenges as self-defense and cooperative work. -It is a legal entity. - It is a political entity. - It is an economic entity.

new reproductive technologies (NRTs)

Alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization

worldview

Social stratification is usually maintained through the culture's superstructure, or

siblings

Because of its bilateral structure, a kindred is never the same for any two people EXCEPT

cultural control

Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals

What group of people is an example of bilateral descent, whereby descent is reckoned both patrilineally and matrilineally?

European and American societies

social control

External control through open coercion

law

Formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions

egalitarian societies

Societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources

mediation

If the settlement of a dispute between two individuals involves an unbiased third party who helps the individuals reach a mutual agreement but who does not have the power to force them to accept it, the process is called

iroquois system

Kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, while cross cousins are classified separately, but not equated with relatives of some other generation -is associated with many unilineal systems. -identifies parental siblings of the same sex as parents. - identifies a father's brother as a father. -calls parental siblings of the opposite sex aunt and uncle.

Hawaiian system

Kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term associated with ambilineal descent The least complex system of kinship terminology

eskimo system

Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin - common among industrialized societies-terminology is used by many EuroAmericans and food foraging groups

symbols

Lacking the residential unity of lineages, clans frequently depend on which of the following to provide members with a means of identification?

For the Mardi Gras celebrations after Hurricane Katrina,

Mardi Gras Indian culture became the heart and soul of the city because of their spirited defiance of difficult conditions.

Which of the following statements is NOT true about patrilineal and matrilineal descent?

Matrilineal are also always matriarchal.

adjudication

Mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision -Court trials in industrialized states are a form of

In what way is a society's political organization related to social control?

Social control is a major function of political organization.

Polyandry

One female, several males.

polygyny

One male, several females. women urge their husbands to get other wives most likely o be seen in Asia

mediation

Settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party

stratified societies

Societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige - implies institutionalized inequality.

Claude Levi-Strauss

Structuralism the human thought process is structured into contrastive pairs of polar opposites elaborated on the idea that our ancestors discovered the advantage go intermarriage to create bonds of friendship -wrote "The Elementary Structures of Kinship and the Family and Social Life of the Nambikwara

How has modern technology affected warfare?

Technology has impersonalized war by allowing it to be conducted at a distance.

power

The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes

household

The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out -involving a continuum of domestic arrangements involving -In most human societies households are made up of families or parts of families, although many other arrangements exist.

totemism

The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits - Totemism is associated with Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest as well as native Australians. - In anthropology, the term totem refers to the idea that a kin group is descended from a specific animal the group respects and refrains from hunting or eating.

RGO

The central person from whom the degree of each relationship is traced

legitimacy

The right of political leaders to govern based on the values of a particular society

In 1989, millions of people watched on television as the peaceful democratic student protest in ____________________________ turned into a massacre.

Tiananmen Square, China

The term namus refers to

Turkish chastity.

According to the Original Study on pages 233-234 of the Haviland textbook, what minority population was anthropologist Clementine van Eck studying in The Netherlands?

Turkish immigrants

extended family

Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group

family

Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption -ex: a single parent with one or more children, several generations of parents and their children, a married couple, polygamous spouses with offspring

pastoralism

breeding and mangling large herds of domesticated grazing animals goats, sheep, llamas, cattle, camels

social mobility

Upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society

the democratic party's donkey

What is an example of "watered-down" North American totemism?

bride service

a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family

In an age set, as opposed to an age grade,

a formally established group of people move through a series of age-grade categories together and remain close throughout their lives.

culture areas

a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life classifying groups according to their culture traits

Gossip can be considered an example of

a leveling mechanism and cultural control

The Chinese government's violent response to the 1989 student protests in Tiananmen Square represented

a loss of legitimacy for the communist government.

informal economy

a network of producing and circulating resources that are not under government control

segregated pattern

a society in which almost all work is rigidly defined as either masculine or feminine

Tiriki of Africa

a system of age sets divides the men into groups, each with its own set of duties and responsibilities -kenya -the age grouping system establishes lifelong membership and responsibilities.

ecosystem

a system or functioning whole composed of both the natural environment and all of the organisms living within it -ex: ocean

Dr. Laura Nader

a. She is the sister of Ralph Nader. b. She was the first female faculty member in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California at Berkeley. c. She specializes in issues of social control.

How can religious beliefs legitimize political power?

a. Such beliefs can reflect a society's ideals when it comes to justice. b. They provide authoritative approval for custom rules and laws. c. They can reinforce the belief in the divine right of rulers.

cause for warfare

a. territorial boundaries c. lack of access to natural resources d. spreading one's own worldview

The opportunity for upward social mobility in the United States is best described as

actually being more limited than typically perceived.

One of the three main functions of law is to

allocate the authority to use force in the enforcement of sanctions.

In most industrial societies, formal political systems take over many issues, such as ____________________, which in nonindustrial societies are often handled by the kinship group.

allocation of resources

In contrast to William Ury's positive views about the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the United States, Laura Nader considers it to be

almost always more attractive to the person or group holding the most power.

slash and burn cultivation

an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation's cut, the slashes subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes also known as Swidden farming

The strongest motivation for the Wape of New Guinea to conform to social norms is

ancestral spirits

Ann Kendall

archaeologist conducted important studies intensive farming in the Andes

The sacred trumpets of the Mundurucu

are played by men. b. are forbidden to be seen by women. c. highlight the significance that gender issues play in their lives.

markets of the Asante in Ghana

are primarily run by women are the only way Asante women have of making money

Two types of uncentralized political systems are

bands and tribes.

Why can't a kindred function as a descent group?

because of its vagueness because of its temporary nature because of its changing affiliation there is no constant leader

Many Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both their mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to which these individuals feel that they belong is called a(n) ______________________ descent group.

bilateral

consanguineal kin

biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives -ex: related women, their brothers, the women's offspring

Individual social mobility in the caste system in India

can be achieved through karma by reincarnation in the next life.

economic globalization

can be costly to a corporation that has no anthropological understanding of the societies it does business with

The Kpelle of Liberia in West Africa have a __________________ type of political organization. Their leaders are referred to as paramount chiefs, each of whom preside over a district in the Liberian state.

chiefdom

The way Pashtun leaders resolve conflicts and conduct politics is an example of a _________________ society.

chiefdom-ordered

With respect to age among the Mardi Gras Indians,

children are an important part of Mardi Gras celebrations.

limitations

environments do not determine culture, but they do present certain limitations

In nonindustrial societies, what kinds of challenges do kinship groups deal with and handle?

defense allocation of property the pooling of other resources

Tsukji wholesale fish market in Tokyo

depends on face-to-face personal interactions requires a higher quality of fish because much of it is eaten raw

intensive irrigated terrace farming

developed in the Peruvian andes counteract erosion yield the most possible crop

The relationship of sanctions to laws is that

every law is also a sanction.

market exchange

dominant form of exchange in the world today in a traditional market it is primarily conducted in face-to-face bargaining is typically based on money exchange

intensification

emergence of towns and cities resulted in an intensification of agriculture

One of the most important basic functions of a cultural control is to

ensure that people behave in certain ways.

factors that determine a society's pattern of sustenance

environment technology social and political organization

poultry

food production impacted by industrial food practices and global marketing complex

Descent groups are found to be important organizing devices in

food-foraging societies. horticultural societies. pastoral societies. intensive agricultural societies.

In medieval Europe, how was religion involved in politics?

for a wide variety of economic and social reasons

A paramount chief holds his leadership position

for life

us taxes

form of redistribution

mating

formation of sexual bonds between individuals

Political organization

found in all culture types refers to the way power is distributed in a society.

What are some terms to cover the concepts of "mother" and "father" in today's changing societies?

genetic mother carrying/nurturing mother complete father nurturing father

social clubs

important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage

Religions are used to legitimize political structures and leadership

in a wide range of societies

Sanctions are used as externalized social controls

in all societies

ivision of labor along gender lines occurs

in all societies

War

in contemporary times is often waged by modern states upon nations within their own borders.

convergent evolution

in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures ex: the ability of the Comanche and the Cheyenne to adapt to their new environments

parallel evolution

in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike -ex: farming in southwest Asia and mesoamerica took place independently each cultivating a narrow range of crops

The Mardi Gras Indians

include people who come from every walk of life, poor and well-to-do. - black Indians are so called in recognition of the fact that African Americans were historically often accepted into Indian cultures through adoption and intermarriage.

negative characteristics for women for arranged marriage in india

independence dark skin color lots of sisters overweight

According to the video, the self-censorship practiced by some Internet users in mainland China, who are trying to avoid social pressure from neighbors or government interference by voluntarily not searching for controversial topics online, seems to function as a form of

internalized control

Beliefs that are ingrained into the personality through enculturation and influence behavior and attitudes function as

internalized controls

economic system

involves the production, distribution, and consumption of goods

The role of women in Mardi Gras Indian activities

is changing but remains somewhat less important than that of men.

transition from food foraging to food producing

it arose as a largely unintended by-product of existing food management practices

Which of the following is NOT a form of a descent group?

molarity

21st century

most common form of marriage is monogamy most preferred form of marriage is polygyny

reciprocity

most common method of distribution of resources in many non-industrialized societies fulfill social obligations and increase one's prestige

I am a member of a matrilineal descent group. Which of the following individuals is NOT part of that group?

my fathers sister

A police officer who gives a ticket to the driver of a speeding car is applying a

negative formal sanction

One of the factors that is most changing the composition of families today is -changing the traditional understanding of kinship.

new reproductive technologies

Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct?

none of the above

According to the most recent census in the United States, nearly 34 percent of households can be classified as

nontraditional families or non families

Mundurucu

of the Amazon, men not only work apart from women, but eat and sleep separately as well. -Men and women live in separate houses

dog, rice, rye, wheat

order of domestics first recorded to have emerged among the early asian cultures

flexible/integrated division of labor configuration is most often found among

pastoral nomadic, intensive agricultural, and industrial societies

dowry

payment of a woman inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband -when the economy is based on intensive agriculture and when the man does most of the productive work

affinal kin

people related through marriage

fictive kin

people who are considered family but not related by blood.

50%

percent of US marriages that end in divorce

family organization is typically found in sub-Saharan Africa

polygynous

A fundamental cause of warfare among horticulturalists is thought to result ultimately from pressures caused by

population growth

Anthropologists define __________________ as any kind of influence or control over other people or over resources, and __________________ to refer to the formally recognized right to exert control over people or resources.

power; authority

nandi

practice same sex marriage to secure a male heir

chicken leg diplomacy

practiced by president George H. W. bush when he sent chicken legs to Russia he did this because he wanted to help Russians transition to a capitalist democracy

kula ring

practiced by the Trobriand islanders is a circular trade route along which various goods flow functions to gain power through the availability to given receive highly valued prestige items example of balanced reciprocity

The primary function of the Orthodox Jewish eruv is to

preserve a sense of traditional community in a modern city.

tsu

primary social unit known in China

The most powerful female head of state in history was probably

queen Victoria of great Britain

The American value of equality for all is contradicted by its widespread and institutional practice of

racial discrimination

In human societies cross-culturally, women

rarely reach the highest positions in political leadership

components of all societies

raw materials, labor, and technology

In most traditional societies, the elderly

receive the greatest respect of all age groups.

economic redistribution

requires a centralized source of political influence, such as a government or a political leader

Eric wolf

research on peasants

In societies with an uncentralized political organization, the primary goal in settling disputes between individuals is to

restore social harmony

honor killings?

ritualized murder

incest taboos help promote

stability of the family

reason a Trobriand man gives yams to his sister or married daughter

show his support for their husbands and to enhance his own prestige and influence yam complex prevents accumulation of too much wealth at the expense of other members of society

The art of the Mardi Gras Indians is primarily expressed in

singing, dancing, and creative costumes.

In which of the following does an individual's position in society depend primarily on his or her abilities rather than on his or her birth?

social class based society

aspects of food foraging societies

social equality equal distribution of resources camp life as a center of daily activity

utah

social group of polygynous people

intensive agriculture can lead to

specialized activities the development of large population centers

The term _________________ refers to a political system of organization, in contrast to a __________________, which is a group of people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, ethnicity, language, and history.

state; nation

Two types of centralized political systems are

states and chiefdoms.

The concept of legitimacy is an important aspect of

support for the political system and its leaders.

One outstanding example of the success of the doctrine of nonviolence in avoiding war was

the 1960s Civil Rights Movement.

Which of the following cultures or nations has a dual-sex government system?

the Igbo of Nigeria

peasant

the advent of landowners not living on or working the land, led to the creation of this class

makes human adaptation unique

the capacity to produce and reproduce culture

parallel cousin

the child of a father's brother or a mother's sister

cross cousin

the child of a mother's brother or a father's sister

agriculture

the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for food production

bridewealth

the gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process -in many African societies, this takes the form of cattle -common when a bride and groom go to live with the groom's people.

technology

the kinds of tools a city uses, plus the knowledge and skills required to use them

progress

the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection

Generally, social mobility is easier in societies where the predominant family organization is

the nuclear family

carrying capacity

the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food

leveling mechanism

the obligation by wealthier members of a community to give to less wealthy members, so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else

10,000 years ago

the transition from food foraging to food production began

According to Dr. Monica Rothschild-Boros in the video for Lesson 10, the options included in the new reproductive technologies include

the use of donor sperm. the use of donor eggs. a biological mother in a lesbian relationship. a biological father and a surrogate mother.

distinguishes North American ranchers from pastoral societies

they are not nomadic they identify with a larger group

If two people are given the same kinship term, this means that

they occupy similar status

The Black Indians started their own Mardi Gras celebration because

they were excluded from the white Mardi Gras for racist reasons.

Bilateral kinship affiliates a person with which of the following close blood relatives?

through both sexes

Although it is not true of all matrilineal systems, a common feature is the ____________________ of the tie between husband and wife.

weakness

comanche

went from being hunter and gatherers to being big game hunters because they adapted to a new environment

the newest form of family is made up of

young immigrant laborers.

If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group,

your sisters belong to the same trilinear descent group that you do