ANTH 101 Exam 2
A clan is similar to a lineage EXCEPT
clan members are unable to trace exact genealogical links to their common ancestor.
cultural evolution
culture change over time
aymara
example of biological adaptation- short legs, barred chests, and unusually large thoracic volume located in Bolivia follow a agropastoralism subsistence pattern
a formal court trial
"Alternative" dispute resolution (ADR) is used as an alternative to which of the following?
Which of the following statements is true about polyandry?
- It is a form of marriage where a woman has more than one husband. -Less than one percent of societies around the world practice this form of marriage. -Classic types of polyandry are found in Sri Lanka, Tibet, and parts of India. - In many polyandrous societies, individuals live in large extended families.
Helen Mendoza and Pam Privett
- have formed a nuclear family with two mothers. -are married. -have taken advantage of reproductive technology to have children together. - have found it difficult to maintain their alternative marriage form in a society where laws do not support them.
conjugal family
A family established through marriage
cargo system
example of reciprocity Maya each man in the town must serve at least one unpaid term in one of the communities civic and ceremonial offices the more offices a man serves, the more expensive it is for him to carry out, but the more prestige he accumulates
trobriand
exogamy must marry outside of his or her clan
Laws and sanctions are forms of
externalized controls
characteristics of arranged marriage in india
family reputation is most important gift exchanges are taken place skin color is taken into consideration matches are only arranged within the same caste and general social class
Crow system
father's sister and father's sister's daughter called by the same term, a mother and mother's sister are merged under another, and a father and father's brother are lumped in a third
Among the Igbo of Nigeria, women
have a parallel political structure equal to that of men.
pastoralists and modern industrial technologies
have a symbiotic relationship with one another and have a dramatic impact of food production
polygamy
having more than one spouse at a time
In Western societies between a.d. 1000 and 1800, divorce was next to impossible, but few marriages lasted more than about 10 or 20 years, owing to
high death rates.
group marriage
marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another; also called co-marriage
exogamy
marriage outside the tribe, caste, or social group -benefits: alliances between lineages AND sexual competition within the group is curbed
dual sex configuration
men and women work separately but their roles are equally respected
bakhtiari
men owned and controlled animals women lacked economic and political power division of labor based on gender
patrilateral parallel-cousin marriage
men who marry their fathers brothers daughter form of marriage that has been historically favored by arabs, ancient Israelites, and ancient greeks
globalization in action
legs go to russia breasts tay in us wings go to west africa and Korea gizzards go to Jamaica feet go to china
two fundamental forms of a descent group
lineage and clans
generalized reciprocity
long term process that takes place between people who have a close kin or social relationship, and return on the gift is not specified
An uncentralized political system that claims "legitimacy" usually relies on
loyalty
The Kapauku tonowi, or "Big Man," gains his authority by being
male, wealthy, generous, and eloquent.
Aztec societies
market served both economic and social functions
Endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category NOT a form of descent
fictive marriage
marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs
What was the primary purpose of advocacy anthropology among the Micmacs?
to help them obtain official tribe recognition
balanced reciprocity
when 2 individuals trade items that are considered similar in value and the exchange is immediate or near-term
negative reciprocity
when one party tries to get more that they give in an exchange through manipulation or cheating
With the industrialization of Europe and North America, industrial economies required a mobile labor force in which people must move wherever job opportunities take them. How has this situation affected nuclear families?
- Nuclear families have become isolated from other kin. - One or both adults must seek employment outside of the household. - Work demands may keep parents away from their children for prolonged periods. - Parents in nuclear families have become more reliant on physicians, books, and often inexperienced friends for advice and support.
Nayar
-Members of society in southern India. marriage is of marginal significance -experimenting, growing, and having multiple sexual partners is traditional and culturally significant for individuals in their mid teens -a woman and her children can live with her brothers -household consists of a mother, her offspring, nd the mothers siblings -form a consanguineal family
If the bride becomes a member of her husband's household, she will contribute her labor and her children to her husband's group. What customs commonly accompany this type of arrangement
-The groom's family pays money to the bride's people. -The groom works for a certain period of time for the bride's family. -The bride's family expects to marry one of their sons to a woman in the groom's family.
laws of first cousin marriage in the US in mid 1800's because
-a pre darwinian model of social evolution that was dependent on biological factors was fashionable -progress from savagery to civilization was possible when people stopped inbreeding -cousin marriages were thought to be a characteristic of savagery -too many women were dying in childbirth
woman/woman marriage custom found in sub-saharan africa
-enables a woman without sons to inherit a share of her husbands property -confers legitimacy on the children of a woman who had been unable to find a husband -enables the women who is the wife of the female husband to raise her status and live a more secure life
Ju/'hoansi
-food foragers -food sharing takes place -generalized reciprocity -women have control over all food they collect and share it with whomever they want -men are constrained by rules of distribution -Kalahari desert in South Africa -land is defined as a territory with usable resources and flexible boundaries that belong to a band that has occupied it for a long time -when they were forced to live in villages, their entire cultural system broke down -a leader of the band derives his or her position from group consensus -leader loses his position if the people choose not to follow him.
hunting techniques among the Mbuti Pygmies in the ituri tropical forest
-only men participate in hunting game using the spear to hunt elephants -men, women, and children work together using the beat hunt technique to gather their game into the nets
silent trade
-when there is no common language -when the participants do not trust each other -when the participants are separated because of problems of differential status
social class
A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation -in many pluralistic "democratic" societies, including the United States, is partially based on ethnicity or race
caste
A closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life
marriage
A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limited to, sex, labor, property, childrearing, exchange, and status.
consanguineal family
A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and the women's offspring
serial monogamy
A form of marriage in which a person may have several spouses in his or her lifetime, but only one spouse at a time.
age set
A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of categories together
nuclear family
A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children -smallest conjugal domestic unit -ideal family in Western Europe and the United States
neolocal residence
A pattern in which a married couple establish their household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relatives more common in the United States -ex: After their honeymoon, a young husband and wife plan to move to their new home, which is located away from both their families
nation
A people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, language, territorial base, and history
state
A political institution established to manage and defend a complex, socially stratified society occupying a defined territory
tribe
A range of kin-ordered groups that are politically integrated by some unifying factor and whose members share a common ancestry, identity, culture, language, and territory.
chiefdom
A regional polity in which two or more local groups are organized under a single chief, who is at the head of a ranked hierarchy of people
band
A relatively small and loosely organized kin-ordered group that inhabits a specific territory and that may split periodically into smaller extended family groups that are politically independent -nomadic foraging society would be most likely to have -probably the oldest form of political organization.
patrilocal residence
A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence -common to see compensation, such as a bride-price, take place
matrilocal residence
A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence -a likely result of ecological circumstances make the role of woman predominant for subsistence AND what is most found in horticultural societies
ambilocal residence
A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence
phratry
A unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do
lineage
A unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms.
clan
An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological
sanction
An externalized social control designed to encourage conformity to social norms
kindred
An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family.
age grade
An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime -ex: warriors of the Tiriki of East Africa.
descent group
Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor. -are composed of those who claim to be lineally descended from a particular ancestor. - are common in human societies. - are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits. - trace their connections back to a common ancestor through a chain of parent-child links, and thus appear to stem from the parent-child bond.
common interest association
Associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs -found in: a. traditional nonindustrial societies b. advanced industrial societies c. rapidly changing urban societies -ex: a labor union -found in the greatest numbers in the most technologically complex societies. - always require the act of joining.
unilineal descent
Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line
patrilineal descent
Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership -ex: Traditional China -more widespread system
moiety
Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent
swaziland
One of the world's true "nation-states," a political state that is home to a single cultural nation, is
neolithic revolution
The profound culture change beginning about 10,000 years ago and associated with the early domestication of plants and animals
transhumance
The seasonal movement between highlands in summer and lowlands in winter (ex of adaptation) used by the Bakhtiari
fission
The splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups
political organization
The way power is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally distributed and embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order.
major difference between the culture of family in the United States and cultures elsewhere
There often is a lack of extended family ties
cultural adaptation
a complex of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable people to survive and even thrive -ex: The Tsembaga raise pigs for status and exchange, not for daily consumption. When illness, injury, warfare, or celebration arise, pigs are then eaten
The Mardi Gras Indian tradition most likely began
after the civil war
Women's common-interest associations in Africa are
concerned with a wide a variety of issues, including politics.
According to anthropologist William Ury,
conflict is inevitable.
In the Biocultural Connection sidebar on Maori origins, found on pages 226-227 of the Haviland textbook, what was the focus of the research on the Maori people?
connecting DNA types with the people's origin myths
The Tory Islanders are Gaelic-speaking fisherfolk who live off the coast of Ireland. What type of family organization is typically found in their community?
consanguineal
horticulture
cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes do not depend exclusively on the gardens -childrens contributions to the labor are usually much greater compared to industrial and foraging societies
culture core
cultural features that are fundamental in the society's way of making its living. involves food producing techniques, knowledge of available resources, and work arrangements involved in applying those techniques to the local environment
Where nuclear families are important, the principle of bilateral descent and the group called the ______________________ will probably exist.
kindred
By tracing membership either through males or through females, members of unilineal descent groups
know exactly to which group they belong and where their primary loyalties lie.
Tsembaga
known for using pigs as means of gaining political power and prestige bound with their neighbors in a cycle of fighting and feasting that brings balance among humans, land, and their animals
agribusiness
large scale businesses involved in food production, including farming, contract farming, seed apply, agrochemicals, farm machinery, distribution, processing, and marketing. also known as corporate farming it stands in contrast to smaller family owned farms
One reason women's common-interest associations are comparatively less prevalent than men's in traditional societies is that
women are too busy with the demands of domestic duties.
hopi
women divorce husbands by placing his possessions outside the door at their home -society is matrilocal (head of household is usually a woman) -mens labor produces the crops for food. - lineages function as landholding corporations, allocating land for the support of member households.
A cross-cultural comparison of systems of political organization reveals that
women may play an important role in political decisions even when they are not visible public leaders.
potlatch
-A Native American celebration meant to show wealth and divide property among the people -functions as a leveling mechanism -can be seen as an ecologically adaptive role in a region where villages faced periods of scarcity and abundance -provides the chiefs with a means to accumulate prestige and status
matrilineal descent
-Descent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership -Females are responsible for the group's continued existence. -Matrilineal descent predominates mainly among horticulturists in societies where female work in subsistence is especially important. Incorrect -Matrilineal societies are found in Southern Asia, indigenous North America, South America's tropical lowlands, and parts of Africa.
negotiation
-The use of direct argument and compromise by the parties to a dispute to arrive voluntarily at a mutually satisfactory agreement -A method of resolving disputes in which the disputing parties voluntarily arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement is called
food foraging
-hunting, fishing, and gathering wild plant foods regulates population size by affecting an individuals body fat and child rearing -mobilization depends on the availability of water -about 250,000 people today still support themselves primarily this way -egalitariansim -gender roles are comparable with the biological differences between men and women -wander within a fixed territory -live in small groups below the carrying capacity of the land -believe in food sharing -technology includes simple tools that are easy to transport
Yolmo
-in Nepal -practice balanced reciprocity - exchange of one days labor for one days labor -taxation system which maintains the village temple and the land associated with it represents a system of redistribution of resources in the community -economic system based on redistribution and balanced reciprocity -due to the increasing need for wage labor in the last decade, market exchange became the primary base of their economy -practice a patrilocal residence pattern -practice polyandry
totem
-is a word that comes from an Ojibwa word which means "he is a relative of mine." -is a symbol of animals, plants, natural forces, and objects. -is usually associated with a clan's concept of its mythical origins. -may be found in Western societies in the names we give to sports teams.
According to the Haviland textbook, the nuclear family reached its peak in the United States around
1950
kinship
A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations The Haviland textbook explains kinship as: -a network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations. -one way humans have of widening their circle of support to meet the challenges of living. - one way of providing the support for such challenges as self-defense and cooperative work. -It is a legal entity. - It is a political entity. - It is an economic entity.
new reproductive technologies (NRTs)
Alternative means of reproduction such as surrogate motherhood and in vitro fertilization
worldview
Social stratification is usually maintained through the culture's superstructure, or
siblings
Because of its bilateral structure, a kindred is never the same for any two people EXCEPT
cultural control
Control through beliefs and values deeply internalized in the minds of individuals
What group of people is an example of bilateral descent, whereby descent is reckoned both patrilineally and matrilineally?
European and American societies
social control
External control through open coercion
law
Formal rules of conduct that, when violated, effectuate negative sanctions
egalitarian societies
Societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources
mediation
If the settlement of a dispute between two individuals involves an unbiased third party who helps the individuals reach a mutual agreement but who does not have the power to force them to accept it, the process is called
iroquois system
Kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given separate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters, while cross cousins are classified separately, but not equated with relatives of some other generation -is associated with many unilineal systems. -identifies parental siblings of the same sex as parents. - identifies a father's brother as a father. -calls parental siblings of the opposite sex aunt and uncle.
Hawaiian system
Kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term associated with ambilineal descent The least complex system of kinship terminology
eskimo system
Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin - common among industrialized societies-terminology is used by many EuroAmericans and food foraging groups
symbols
Lacking the residential unity of lineages, clans frequently depend on which of the following to provide members with a means of identification?
For the Mardi Gras celebrations after Hurricane Katrina,
Mardi Gras Indian culture became the heart and soul of the city because of their spirited defiance of difficult conditions.
Which of the following statements is NOT true about patrilineal and matrilineal descent?
Matrilineal are also always matriarchal.
adjudication
Mediation with an unbiased third party making the ultimate decision -Court trials in industrialized states are a form of
In what way is a society's political organization related to social control?
Social control is a major function of political organization.
Polyandry
One female, several males.
polygyny
One male, several females. women urge their husbands to get other wives most likely o be seen in Asia
mediation
Settlement of a dispute through negotiation assisted by an unbiased third party
stratified societies
Societies in which people are hierarchically divided and ranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige - implies institutionalized inequality.
Claude Levi-Strauss
Structuralism the human thought process is structured into contrastive pairs of polar opposites elaborated on the idea that our ancestors discovered the advantage go intermarriage to create bonds of friendship -wrote "The Elementary Structures of Kinship and the Family and Social Life of the Nambikwara
How has modern technology affected warfare?
Technology has impersonalized war by allowing it to be conducted at a distance.
power
The ability of individuals or groups to impose their will upon others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes
household
The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritance, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out -involving a continuum of domestic arrangements involving -In most human societies households are made up of families or parts of families, although many other arrangements exist.
totemism
The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits - Totemism is associated with Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest as well as native Australians. - In anthropology, the term totem refers to the idea that a kin group is descended from a specific animal the group respects and refrains from hunting or eating.
RGO
The central person from whom the degree of each relationship is traced
legitimacy
The right of political leaders to govern based on the values of a particular society
In 1989, millions of people watched on television as the peaceful democratic student protest in ____________________________ turned into a massacre.
Tiananmen Square, China
The term namus refers to
Turkish chastity.
According to the Original Study on pages 233-234 of the Haviland textbook, what minority population was anthropologist Clementine van Eck studying in The Netherlands?
Turkish immigrants
extended family
Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group
family
Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption -ex: a single parent with one or more children, several generations of parents and their children, a married couple, polygamous spouses with offspring
pastoralism
breeding and mangling large herds of domesticated grazing animals goats, sheep, llamas, cattle, camels
social mobility
Upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society
the democratic party's donkey
What is an example of "watered-down" North American totemism?
bride service
a designated period of time when the groom works for the bride's family
In an age set, as opposed to an age grade,
a formally established group of people move through a series of age-grade categories together and remain close throughout their lives.
culture areas
a geographic region in which a number of societies follow similar patterns of life classifying groups according to their culture traits
Gossip can be considered an example of
a leveling mechanism and cultural control
The Chinese government's violent response to the 1989 student protests in Tiananmen Square represented
a loss of legitimacy for the communist government.
informal economy
a network of producing and circulating resources that are not under government control
segregated pattern
a society in which almost all work is rigidly defined as either masculine or feminine
Tiriki of Africa
a system of age sets divides the men into groups, each with its own set of duties and responsibilities -kenya -the age grouping system establishes lifelong membership and responsibilities.
ecosystem
a system or functioning whole composed of both the natural environment and all of the organisms living within it -ex: ocean
Dr. Laura Nader
a. She is the sister of Ralph Nader. b. She was the first female faculty member in the Department of Anthropology at the University of California at Berkeley. c. She specializes in issues of social control.
How can religious beliefs legitimize political power?
a. Such beliefs can reflect a society's ideals when it comes to justice. b. They provide authoritative approval for custom rules and laws. c. They can reinforce the belief in the divine right of rulers.
cause for warfare
a. territorial boundaries c. lack of access to natural resources d. spreading one's own worldview
The opportunity for upward social mobility in the United States is best described as
actually being more limited than typically perceived.
One of the three main functions of law is to
allocate the authority to use force in the enforcement of sanctions.
In most industrial societies, formal political systems take over many issues, such as ____________________, which in nonindustrial societies are often handled by the kinship group.
allocation of resources
In contrast to William Ury's positive views about the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in the United States, Laura Nader considers it to be
almost always more attractive to the person or group holding the most power.
slash and burn cultivation
an extensive form of horticulture in which the natural vegetation's cut, the slashes subsequently burned, and crops are then planted among the ashes also known as Swidden farming
The strongest motivation for the Wape of New Guinea to conform to social norms is
ancestral spirits
Ann Kendall
archaeologist conducted important studies intensive farming in the Andes
The sacred trumpets of the Mundurucu
are played by men. b. are forbidden to be seen by women. c. highlight the significance that gender issues play in their lives.
markets of the Asante in Ghana
are primarily run by women are the only way Asante women have of making money
Two types of uncentralized political systems are
bands and tribes.
Why can't a kindred function as a descent group?
because of its vagueness because of its temporary nature because of its changing affiliation there is no constant leader
Many Americans assume that they are related equally to the relatives on both their mother's and father's side. The group composed of such people to which these individuals feel that they belong is called a(n) ______________________ descent group.
bilateral
consanguineal kin
biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as blood relatives -ex: related women, their brothers, the women's offspring
Individual social mobility in the caste system in India
can be achieved through karma by reincarnation in the next life.
economic globalization
can be costly to a corporation that has no anthropological understanding of the societies it does business with
The Kpelle of Liberia in West Africa have a __________________ type of political organization. Their leaders are referred to as paramount chiefs, each of whom preside over a district in the Liberian state.
chiefdom
The way Pashtun leaders resolve conflicts and conduct politics is an example of a _________________ society.
chiefdom-ordered
With respect to age among the Mardi Gras Indians,
children are an important part of Mardi Gras celebrations.
limitations
environments do not determine culture, but they do present certain limitations
In nonindustrial societies, what kinds of challenges do kinship groups deal with and handle?
defense allocation of property the pooling of other resources
Tsukji wholesale fish market in Tokyo
depends on face-to-face personal interactions requires a higher quality of fish because much of it is eaten raw
intensive irrigated terrace farming
developed in the Peruvian andes counteract erosion yield the most possible crop
The relationship of sanctions to laws is that
every law is also a sanction.
market exchange
dominant form of exchange in the world today in a traditional market it is primarily conducted in face-to-face bargaining is typically based on money exchange
intensification
emergence of towns and cities resulted in an intensification of agriculture
One of the most important basic functions of a cultural control is to
ensure that people behave in certain ways.
factors that determine a society's pattern of sustenance
environment technology social and political organization
poultry
food production impacted by industrial food practices and global marketing complex
Descent groups are found to be important organizing devices in
food-foraging societies. horticultural societies. pastoral societies. intensive agricultural societies.
In medieval Europe, how was religion involved in politics?
for a wide variety of economic and social reasons
A paramount chief holds his leadership position
for life
us taxes
form of redistribution
mating
formation of sexual bonds between individuals
Political organization
found in all culture types refers to the way power is distributed in a society.
What are some terms to cover the concepts of "mother" and "father" in today's changing societies?
genetic mother carrying/nurturing mother complete father nurturing father
social clubs
important source of contacts in trying to arrange an Indian marriage
Religions are used to legitimize political structures and leadership
in a wide range of societies
Sanctions are used as externalized social controls
in all societies
ivision of labor along gender lines occurs
in all societies
War
in contemporary times is often waged by modern states upon nations within their own borders.
convergent evolution
in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by different peoples with different ancestral cultures ex: the ability of the Comanche and the Cheyenne to adapt to their new environments
parallel evolution
in cultural evolution, the development of similar cultural adaptations to similar environmental conditions by peoples whose ancestral cultures were already somewhat alike -ex: farming in southwest Asia and mesoamerica took place independently each cultivating a narrow range of crops
The Mardi Gras Indians
include people who come from every walk of life, poor and well-to-do. - black Indians are so called in recognition of the fact that African Americans were historically often accepted into Indian cultures through adoption and intermarriage.
negative characteristics for women for arranged marriage in india
independence dark skin color lots of sisters overweight
According to the video, the self-censorship practiced by some Internet users in mainland China, who are trying to avoid social pressure from neighbors or government interference by voluntarily not searching for controversial topics online, seems to function as a form of
internalized control
Beliefs that are ingrained into the personality through enculturation and influence behavior and attitudes function as
internalized controls
economic system
involves the production, distribution, and consumption of goods
The role of women in Mardi Gras Indian activities
is changing but remains somewhat less important than that of men.
transition from food foraging to food producing
it arose as a largely unintended by-product of existing food management practices
Which of the following is NOT a form of a descent group?
molarity
21st century
most common form of marriage is monogamy most preferred form of marriage is polygyny
reciprocity
most common method of distribution of resources in many non-industrialized societies fulfill social obligations and increase one's prestige
I am a member of a matrilineal descent group. Which of the following individuals is NOT part of that group?
my fathers sister
A police officer who gives a ticket to the driver of a speeding car is applying a
negative formal sanction
One of the factors that is most changing the composition of families today is -changing the traditional understanding of kinship.
new reproductive technologies
Which of the following statements about the Nayar is correct?
none of the above
According to the most recent census in the United States, nearly 34 percent of households can be classified as
nontraditional families or non families
Mundurucu
of the Amazon, men not only work apart from women, but eat and sleep separately as well. -Men and women live in separate houses
dog, rice, rye, wheat
order of domestics first recorded to have emerged among the early asian cultures
flexible/integrated division of labor configuration is most often found among
pastoral nomadic, intensive agricultural, and industrial societies
dowry
payment of a woman inheritance at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband -when the economy is based on intensive agriculture and when the man does most of the productive work
affinal kin
people related through marriage
fictive kin
people who are considered family but not related by blood.
50%
percent of US marriages that end in divorce
family organization is typically found in sub-Saharan Africa
polygynous
A fundamental cause of warfare among horticulturalists is thought to result ultimately from pressures caused by
population growth
Anthropologists define __________________ as any kind of influence or control over other people or over resources, and __________________ to refer to the formally recognized right to exert control over people or resources.
power; authority
nandi
practice same sex marriage to secure a male heir
chicken leg diplomacy
practiced by president George H. W. bush when he sent chicken legs to Russia he did this because he wanted to help Russians transition to a capitalist democracy
kula ring
practiced by the Trobriand islanders is a circular trade route along which various goods flow functions to gain power through the availability to given receive highly valued prestige items example of balanced reciprocity
The primary function of the Orthodox Jewish eruv is to
preserve a sense of traditional community in a modern city.
tsu
primary social unit known in China
The most powerful female head of state in history was probably
queen Victoria of great Britain
The American value of equality for all is contradicted by its widespread and institutional practice of
racial discrimination
In human societies cross-culturally, women
rarely reach the highest positions in political leadership
components of all societies
raw materials, labor, and technology
In most traditional societies, the elderly
receive the greatest respect of all age groups.
economic redistribution
requires a centralized source of political influence, such as a government or a political leader
Eric wolf
research on peasants
In societies with an uncentralized political organization, the primary goal in settling disputes between individuals is to
restore social harmony
honor killings?
ritualized murder
incest taboos help promote
stability of the family
reason a Trobriand man gives yams to his sister or married daughter
show his support for their husbands and to enhance his own prestige and influence yam complex prevents accumulation of too much wealth at the expense of other members of society
The art of the Mardi Gras Indians is primarily expressed in
singing, dancing, and creative costumes.
In which of the following does an individual's position in society depend primarily on his or her abilities rather than on his or her birth?
social class based society
aspects of food foraging societies
social equality equal distribution of resources camp life as a center of daily activity
utah
social group of polygynous people
intensive agriculture can lead to
specialized activities the development of large population centers
The term _________________ refers to a political system of organization, in contrast to a __________________, which is a group of people who share a collective identity based on a common culture, ethnicity, language, and history.
state; nation
Two types of centralized political systems are
states and chiefdoms.
The concept of legitimacy is an important aspect of
support for the political system and its leaders.
One outstanding example of the success of the doctrine of nonviolence in avoiding war was
the 1960s Civil Rights Movement.
Which of the following cultures or nations has a dual-sex government system?
the Igbo of Nigeria
peasant
the advent of landowners not living on or working the land, led to the creation of this class
makes human adaptation unique
the capacity to produce and reproduce culture
parallel cousin
the child of a father's brother or a mother's sister
cross cousin
the child of a mother's brother or a father's sister
agriculture
the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for food production
bridewealth
the gift of goods or money from the groom's family to the bride's family as part of the marriage process -in many African societies, this takes the form of cattle -common when a bride and groom go to live with the groom's people.
technology
the kinds of tools a city uses, plus the knowledge and skills required to use them
progress
the notion that humans are moving forward to a better, more advanced stage in their cultural development toward perfection
Generally, social mobility is easier in societies where the predominant family organization is
the nuclear family
carrying capacity
the number of people that the available resources can support at a given level of food
leveling mechanism
the obligation by wealthier members of a community to give to less wealthy members, so that no one accumulates more wealth than anyone else
10,000 years ago
the transition from food foraging to food production began
According to Dr. Monica Rothschild-Boros in the video for Lesson 10, the options included in the new reproductive technologies include
the use of donor sperm. the use of donor eggs. a biological mother in a lesbian relationship. a biological father and a surrogate mother.
distinguishes North American ranchers from pastoral societies
they are not nomadic they identify with a larger group
If two people are given the same kinship term, this means that
they occupy similar status
The Black Indians started their own Mardi Gras celebration because
they were excluded from the white Mardi Gras for racist reasons.
Bilateral kinship affiliates a person with which of the following close blood relatives?
through both sexes
Although it is not true of all matrilineal systems, a common feature is the ____________________ of the tie between husband and wife.
weakness
comanche
went from being hunter and gatherers to being big game hunters because they adapted to a new environment
the newest form of family is made up of
young immigrant laborers.
If you are a member of a patrilineal descent group,
your sisters belong to the same trilinear descent group that you do