ANTH 1101: Final Exam, Anthropology 101 Exam 1, Anthropology 101 Exam 2, Anthropology 101 Final, Anthropology 101- Exam 3, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, Anthropology 101, ANTHROPOLOGY 101 MIDTERM, Anthropology 101 Final, Anthr...
Homology
similarities that organisms share because of common ancestry. Key factor in determining how organisms are assigned to taxonomic categories - indicator of common inheritance - particularly useful for understanding physical characteristics and descent
Anthropology Matters p.358
simplest level of evolution half chromosomes from father half from mother and that forms a unique mix of genes (variation) , evidence of biological change, gap in the past and the early hominins show signs of apelike and humanlike attributes
gibbons
small, arboreal, Asiatic apes
Biosociality
social identifacation based on a diagnosis
Racialization is the
social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.
Unlike the popular scholar Jared Diamond who argues that the cause of societal collapse is due to overshooting a natural resource base, most anthropologists believe that
societal transformation and resilience are the norm.
secondary innovation
something new that results from known principles; ex. the wheel is a primary innovation, but wagons or carts are secondary
Paradigms about Human Nature
the age of exploration, colonization, and miss-ionization, influenced European's perspective of themselves and the other people they encounter around the world
the term genotype refers to
the alleles possessed by an organism
animism
the belief that nature or parts of nature are animated by spirits; cultures see themselves as part of nature rather than superior to nature
primary innovation
the chance discovery of something new - can be a new technique, new technology, new behavior, etc.
Redistribution is
the collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society.
Uniformitarian Geology
the idea that rocks "grow" at the same speed making it so you can measure time
Complex societies ensure that
the labor of non-elites benefits the elites
Osteology
the study of skeletal anatomy and function
ethnology
the study of sociocultural differences and similarities
Taphonomy
the study of the deposition of plant or animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation
historical linguistics
the study of the development of language over time, including its changes and variations
anthropology
the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
descriptive linguistics
the study of the sounds, symbols, and gestures of a language, and their combination into forms that communicate meaning
The cambrian explosion
the sudden appearance of ancestral forms of all animal life some 545 million years ago
What can we know of Otzi? We know
the timeframe he lived in, and the age at which he died
oral traditions
the transmission of information or literature by word of mouth rather than in writing; three main types are myths, legends, and tales
Au. garhi
toolmaking Australopithecus species (2.6-2.5 m.y.a.), Ethiopia
culture
traditions and customs transmitted through learning
cultural transmission
transmission through learning, basic to language
Avens
trap hole
Competitive exclusion
two similar species co-exist in the same area and one is better adapted for survival
minimal pair
two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings
bipedal
two-footed; upright locomotion (of hominins)
Stable isotope analysis of carbon in fossilized tooth would be most useful for determining the
types of plants consumed by the animal during life
Noam Chomsky
universal grammar - all human languages share a syntactic deep structure; it is inborn
Origin Myths
used to explain how the world came to be
Modern homo sapiens differ from earlier hominid species in brain structure and size, especially with regards to
vertical foreheads where the neofrontal cortex is responsible for higher thought
Primates rely primarily on ____________ to negotiate their environment.
vision
lexicon
vocabulary; all the morphemes in a language and their meanings
The Neolithic revolution
was a process that happened differently in different ways worldwide..
One of the things that the analysis of skirt length conducted by Richardson and Kroeber reveals is the
way objects change meaning over time.
An example of generalized reciprocity is
what a parent gives to a child
contagious magic
when items or objects that were once in contact with a person are used to influence that person after separation from the object
All of the following can be determined from fossil remains EXCEPT
whether or not an individual had a happy, fun filled life
What cultural group did Frank Hamilton Cushing study?
zuni
Upper Palaeolithic Tools
•Upper Paleolithic stone tool-making involves a blade tool tradition. ••Blades are classic tools •Artifacts of bone, ivory, and antler •Burins (to engrave bone ,ivory, antler) •Composite tools -most distinctive artifacts •Spears and arrows of different materials •Bows-and-arrows •Tailored clothing •Fur-bearing animal skins
Mousterian Tools
● Characterized by flakes removed from carefully prepared cores ● Flakes peeled off around side of core ● A large waste flake struck off top of core ● Remaining top surface flaked repeatedly, producing "Levallois"flakes ● Levallois flakes modified for a variety of uses
A common practice among primates that serves to both maintain hygiene and group harmony is called
grooming
music
has many functions - entertainment, gives identity, religious, political, satirical, inspirational, emotional, communication, and even legal
Relative to the other primates, the prosimians
have a better sense of smell and are more specialized
As an order, primates..
have generalized traits
Raymond Dart
he is best known for his discovery in 1924 of a fossil (first ever found) of Australopithecus africanus (extinct hominid closely related to humans) at Taung in Northwestern South Africa. He proposed that certain jagged animal bones and horns found at the Makepansgat hominid site represent pre-lithic artifacts with which Australopithecus murdered and cannibalized his fellow Australopithecines.
ilium
hip bone. Significant because apes' are more late and humans' are round
hominins
hominids excluding the African apes; all the human species that ever have existed
Toumai
hominoid/hominid skull, found in Chad in 2001. Hogopan-ish, ancestral to human line, 6-7 mya; lived in mixed forest, grassland, lake/river ecosystem
Which species in the genus Homo matches the following description: robust skeleton, robust muscle attachments, brain size average 1450 ml, barrel chests, prominent brow ridges, low sloping foreheads, no chin
homo neandertal
All of the following is accurate regarding "lessons from the past" EXCEPT
humans are biologically programmed to eat three big meals a day
Chimpanzees
hunt monkeys and small mammals for food
historical particularism
idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result
cultural materialism
idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure and superstructure
cultural relativism
idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs
Diglossia
language with "high" (formal) and "low" (informal, familial) dialects
Au. boisei
late, hyperrobust Australopithecus species (2.6?-1.2 m.y.a.), East Africa
Vertical clinging and leaping is a locomotor pattern frequently practiced by which of the following?
lemurs and tarsiers
Stratification
levels of class royals religion military merchants farmers
social control
means of ensuring that individuals or groups conduct themselves in ways that support the established cultural order (may be internal or external)
hominid
member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla
anthropoids
monkeys, apes, and humans
Sickle cell exists in high frequencies in creation populations, this can best be explained by
natural selection
The study of primate behaviors
none of the above
recessive alleles
none of the above
Societal Rules
norms of a certain culture that are widely accepted
Chimpanzees live in groups composed of:
numerous adult males and females, plus young of all ages
Esther Boserup observed that farming was hard work and instead suggested that the motivation for agricultural practices came from
population growth..
Primates ability to grasp with their limbs is called
prehensile
Political power, as understood by anthropologists, is
processes by which people create, compete, and use power to attain goals that are presumed to be for the good of a community.
Using all four limbs to support the body during locomotion is called:
quadrupedalism
Race is an illusion. Race is a powerful reality
race is an illusion biologically, but a powerful reality socially
Racism
racism is the repression of race by another race by biological attributes (not only skin color)
Growth velocity
rate of growth The fetal growth rate is very fast, after 2 years old it drops off and gets much, much slower.
Sectorial premolar
refers to a premolar adapted for cutting
Homo habilis (2.5-1.8 mya)
(man of skill) first to make stone tools, extinct species of upright east African hominid having some advanced humanlike characteristics
The Four Fields of Anthropology
- Cultural/Social Anthropology: Fieldwork; talks to people in the cultures (Present) - Biological Anthropology: Study of Creatures (Past and Present) - Linguistic Anthropology: Study of Talking and Communication - Archeology: Study of Fossils and Bones (Past)
John Austin's Speech act theory - for what does Austin's theory provide us with an explanation?
3 types of speech - says speech not only carries information, but also carries out action -Illocutionary When somebody says "Is there any salt?" at the dinner table, the illocutionary act is a request: "please give me some salt" -Locutionary act For example, the phrase "Don't go into the water" counts as warning to the listener -Performative utterances "I now pronounce you man and wife" - used in the course of a marriage ceremony
Australopithecus africanus
A gracile australopithecine from South Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. aethiopicus, Au.garhi, and Au. boisei and was likely ancestral to Au. robustus.
Marriage Systems
A institution that prototypically involves a man and a woman, transforms the status of the participants, carries implications about sexual access, gives offspring position in the society, and established connections between the kin of the husband and the kin of the wife
Gender Differences
Almost entirely cultural, the only human universally sexual division is pregnancy and breastfeeding
Polygeny vs. Pleiotropy
Polygeny - Many genes = a single trait Pleiotropy - One gene = many traits
Some could argue that the Christian practice of praying to Jesus, God, the Holy Spirit and the saints makes it a
Polytheistic Religion
Enculturation*
The process by which human beings living with one another must learn to come to terms with the ways of thinking and feeling that are considered appropriate in their respective cultures
Racism
The repressive practices, structures, and beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
Paleoanthropology
The search for fossilized remains of humanity's earliest ancestors (pg 10)
Medical Anthropology
The specialty of anthropology that concerns itself with human health - the factors that contribute to disease or illness and the ways that human disease or illness and the ways the human population deals with such disease and illness
Volcanic tuff (layer of ash)
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption
Briefly explain the multivariate theory for state formation:
When multiple variables or fractures exist such as resource concentration increases popluation, warfare, and/or geologically constraining features, then a state formation will come about to overcome or controll those constraints.
Filotimo, egoismos, in Pefko (Rhodes) and Glendi (Crete)
Words for honor and shame that have completely different meaning
legend
a story that is told as if it were true (plausible), has no author, and may have multiple versions; these usually tell something about the society or have a lesson
particularity
distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration
science
does not give an equal voice to everyone, scientists and testing are given voice over beliefs
An economy based upon domesticated herd animals is called
Pastoralism
Pastoralist Lineage
Patrilineal
Ritualized Relationships
People you're tied to by ritual or other socially recognized relationship, i.e. a Godparent
Index Fossils
Fossils that are from specified time ranges, are found in multiple locations , and can be used to determine the age of associated strata
Market economies vs. gift economies.What are the characteristics of each? What does debt mean in each? What is hau?
Hau = spirit of the gift Market economies: items exchanged for immediate or future rewards Gift economy: items given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.
Austrolopithecus sediba (2-1.5 mya)
gracile form from South Africa juvenile cranium, but gracile in appearance (fragments of adults found) 420 cc brain size hand has longer thumb than most gracile might be a transitional form for Homo in S. Africa
Austrolopithecus africanus (3-2 mya)
gracile form from south Africa cranium - less ape-like than A. afarensis, incisors less broad, canines non-projecting, dental arcade more parabolic, less projecting face, 420 cc brain size
Trephination
involves cutting a hole in the skull
Which interpersonal bond is held the longest and is the most influential in the lives of chimps
mother-offspring bond
What do differences between people in blood type tell us about human biodiversity?
physiological, not just genetic, variations powerfully shape how our bodies work..
Placebos
physiologically inert substances that have no medicinal value but are thought by the patient to be helpful
Syndemic
the combined effects on a certain population of more than one disease, the affects of which are exacerbated by poor nutrition, social instability, violence or other stressful environmental factors
mosaic evolution
the concept that evolutionary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts
multiculturalism
the public policy for managing cultural diversity in a multi-ethnic society, officially stressing mutual respect and tolerance for cultural differences within a country's borders
Skin "color" is
the result of melanin as a protective tint from the sun..
Bridewealth
the transfer fo certain symbolically important goods from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. it represents compensation to the wives lineage for the loss of her labor and childbearing capacities
Visual Acuity
Primates have excellent vision, do not rely on smell as other animals
Australopithecus robustus
A robust australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. afarensis, was contemporaneous with Au. boisei, and had the robust cranial traits of large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments.
Ethnography
An anthropologists written or filmed description of a particular culture (Field work) - Videos - Journals - The firsthand study of people using participant observation or interviewing.
Art by Intention Vs. Art by Appropriation*
Art by intention includes objects that were made to be art, such as impressionist paintings. Art by appropriation consists of all other objects that "became art" because at a certain moment certain people decided that they belonged to the category of art
Sahlins descriptions of ways of forming kinship
Blood / share food / shared memory / shared struggle / shared residency
"Old kinship studies" - consanguine vs. affine.
Blood relations v.s. adopted/marital
Sympatric Model
Can you speciate in the same environment? Yes. If you have two species that have not had enough time to speciate from each other/evolve away from each other that then run into each other again they can mate and create a hybrid. For example, a mule which is the offspring of a horse or a mule. These hybrids, usually have a short lifespan and this is most commonly caused by organ failure.
Early Cultivation in the Middle East began as an attempt to..
Copy, in a less favorable environment, the dense stands of wheat and barley that grew wild in the Hilly Flanks
The first Mesoamerican domesticates were:
Corn
Broad Spectrum Farming
During this time, there was a transition from focusing on a few main food sources to gathering/hunting a "broad spectrum" of plants and animals.
Disease and Evolution
Each disease outbreak that kills populations means the loss of a set of genetic complexes
Teosinte
Early Farming in the Mexican Highlands:10,000 and 4000 B.P - foragers in the Valley of Oaxaca gathered a wild grass known as teocentli (or teosinte)-- the wild ancestor of maize.
Where have the majority of Neanderthal fossils been found?
Europe
Mousterian
Middle Paleolithic tool-making tradition associated with Neandertals
In-Law Benefits
Resources, minimize/support conflict, political power
The anthropologist who studied labor practices among !Kung bushmen was
Richard Lee
What are some evolutionary explanations for differences in skin color?
Melanin production to protect from UV radiation
Polygyny
Men having more than one wife (2+ wives)
gene drift is significant in
small populations because of their size
Family by Choice
the family that you pick to have: - non blood members - estranged members Example - Divorce or disowning
Culture Shock
the feeling, akin to panic, that develops to people living in an unfamiliar society when they cannot understand what is happening around them.
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
the idea that language structures thought and that ways of looking at the world are embedded in language
Culture Imperialism
the idea that some cultures dominate others and that domination by one culture leads inevitably to the destruction of subordinated cultures and their replacement by the culture those in power
anthropological archaeology
the study of human behavior through material remains
Linguistic Anthro
the study of language especially how language is structured, evolution of language, and the social and cultural contexts for language. (How language changes and transforms, languages live and die)
Phonology
the study of speech sounds in language
gene flow is when
there is an exchange of alleles between populations
Watson and Crick
they "discovered" the double helix DNA strand.
World Language Vs. Small Language
world: English Small: pidgn
Sedentism is
year-round settlement in a particular place..
Genotype
your genetic make up
hominoid
zoological superfamily that includes extinct and living apes and hominins
Pangaea
Super continent from Mesozoic Era. All current continents joined into one landmass.
Diglossia Acculturation
Switching between two cultures in different situations
Gender Identity
The gender role a person identifies as
Bride Service
The groom will work for the bride's family, generally a year or longer
Bride Wealth
The groom's family gives the bride's family resources
Identify the false statement regarding H. erectus
The had marked sexual dimorphism
Primatology
The study of non human primates, the closest living relatives to human beings.
Sociobiology
The systematic study of the biological basis of all social behavior (pg 164)
Artificial selection of wheat in the Neolithic Middle East led to:
Tougher connective tissue holding the seeds to the stem
Behavioral Systems of Inheritance
Types of patterned behaviors that parents and adults pass onto young members of their group by way of learning and imitation
Forager Features
Very mobile, knowledgeable; men tended to hunt and women tended to gather
Robert Braidwood's "hilly flanks" hypothesis suggests that
few early cultigens were native to the Fertile Crescent lowlands..
The different types of evidence to study whale evolution includes all of the following EXCEPT
intelligent design
glacials
major advances of continental ice sheets in Europe and North America
Diet
many of our health problems come from eating too much fat, sugar and salt
Floral Association
plant and pollen could associate with time
American values of freedom and equality
played a key role in the development of the race concept in the USA there needed to be justification for inequality
Polygyny Vs. Polyandry
polygyny: man married to more than one wife polyandry: woman with more than one husband
Domestication in the Americas
-Domestication of plants and animals occurred independently in three areas of the Americas: -Mesoamerica: Maize (corn) and squash -South America: Manioc (cassava), potatoes, beans, quinoa, llamas -Eastern U.S.: Goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflowers, and squash
Holism
-The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. The part contains the whole. -Metaphor: Video of a hologram being cut (The secret and mystery of a Hologram). What will happen to the image when the hologram is cut in half? -Example: Cushing's study of "Zuni Breadstuffs". Reveals much more than just breadstuffs. Also: -The importance of hospitality -How grandparents instill the values of patience, respect, and hard work in young children, -How the rich symbolism of the ka-ka festivals underscores the importance of the practice of uxorilocal marriage
What are the other types of biological variability among humans?
-There are also physiological variations which shape us -Any of these traits would provide a more valid basis for classification than a morphological feature such as skin color, if there were any good reason to divide humans into biologically defined groups -Blood types, for example, vary due to mutation, natural selection, and gene flow
The first American farmers:
...
The most common type of marriage seen cross-culturally is polyandry
...
The practice of seeking ka spouse outside one's own group is
...
The term polygamy refers to:
...
The unequal distribution of rewards based on gender is referred to as
...
Tribal societies are largely organized on the basis of descent groups
...
Village head
...
When there are differential contributions to subsistence
...
When there are equal contributions to subsistence
...
Gini Coefficient
0 = more equality 1 = less equality
Jean-Baptist Lamark's Two laws
1) An organism is strengthened by use of and weakened by disuse 2) Said characterisics that are developed were passed on - EX: Giraffe grows its neck and then passes its longer neck onto the child
Language Design Features*
1. mode of communication 2. semanticity 3. pragmatic function 4. interchangeability 5. cultural transmission 6. arbitrariness 7. discreteness 8. displacement 9. productivity
Pleistocene
1.8 mya
Holocene
10 kya
Call systems are..
A limited number of sounds that are made in response to stimuli, such as the vocalizations in monkeys
The Law of Similarity, according to Sir James Frazer, is
A magical rite that relies on the supernatural to produce its outcome.
Language Ideologies*
A marker of struggles between social groups with different interests, revealed in what people say and how they say it. To employ a language ideology is to make value judgments about other people's speech in a context of domination and subordination
bound morpheme
A morpheme that must be "bound" with another morpheme to form a word. Ex: un, ish, es, ed, pre
Hot Illness
A normal issue, treated with hot medicines: ex. menstration
Monogamy
A one to one marriage
Dyadic
A pair, pair-bonding
Transgender
A person who does not identify with their biological gender. Being trans is not a choice
Forager Definition
A person who obtains all food from hunting and gathering
Evolutionary Psychology
A perspective focused on understanding the evolution of physiological mechanisms resulting in human behavior
Kenyanthropus platyops (3.5-3.2 mya)
A proposed genus and species of biped contemporary with early australopithecines; may not be a separate genus.
Individuality - what is it?
A quality or character of a thing that distinguishes them from others of the same kind.
Affiliation
A relationship between individuals who are frequently in close association based on tolerance, even friendliness
Faunal
A relative age determination technique based on archaeological associations with remains of extinct species. ... A fossil with widespread geographical range but which is restricted in time to a brief existence
Rituals*
A repetitive social practice composed of a sequence of symbolic activities in the form of dance, song, speech, gestures, or the manipulation of objects;adhering to a culturally defined ritual schema; and closely connected to a specific set of ideas that are often encoded in myth
Feminist Archeology
A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions (pg 190) - ex; explains why it might not be mentioned that women making cooking materials like shears wouldn't be mentioned but men making axes would
Nationalism
A sense of identification with and loyalty to one nation state
Patrilineage
A social group formed by people connected by father-child links
experimental archaeology:
A) reinterpretation of Olduwan "tools" B) reinterpretation of "base camps" ▪ 1) Today seen as "occupation levels": ▪ 2) Evidence for scavenging, not hunting (cutmarks and tooth marks; parts of animal found)
Following species (oldest to youngest)
A. ramidus, A. anamenis, A. afarensis, A. africanus
Manual Dexterity
Able to live in a wide variety of environments and use many resources
diachronic
(studying societies) across time
synchronic
(studying societies) at one time
Homo naledi
(~250,000 years ago). Recently found Hominid species found in the Rising Star cave system in South Africa.. Has traits of both Homo and Australopithecus. Had tools and buried dead.
Carl Linnaeus
- 1707 - 1778 - Father of modern biology - Created Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Genus, Species - The father of taxonomy who classified organisms in groups within groups
Charles Lyell
- 1779 - 1875 - Believed in the Great Chain of Being & Essentialism - Pushed boundaries at the time with Uniformitarian Geology -- Stated that the world was MILLIONS of years old and not thousands - Father of Modern Geology
Charles Darwin
- 1809-1882 - Created theory of common ancestry and this explanation was the "first darwinian evolution" - his explanation of natural selection was the "second darwinian evolution" - questioned how variation exists and how it is used by generation
Natural Selection
- A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment. - "Survival of the fittest" - The driving force behind evolution, by which the environment "selects" the fittest organisms.
Feminist Archaeologist
- A research approach that explores why women's contributions have been systematically written out of the archaeological record and suggests new approaches to the human past that include such contributions
Angiosperm Hypothesis
- Adaptive niche of exploiting flowering plants - Color Vision - Fine visual & tactile discrimination
Archaeological Record
- All material objects constructed by human or near-human revealed by archaeology
Site
- An archeological space where artifacts are found
Visual Predation Hypothesis
- Analogy with insectivores - Stalk & Capture insects - Depth perception - Grasping hands = Adaptive niche of catching fast moving prey
Applied Anthropology
- Applying anthropological knowledge to solving practical, real-world problems
Time Line!!
- Australopithecus afarensis: 3.9 - 3.0 million years old - Homo Habilis: 2.4- 1.5 million years ago - Homo erectus: 1.8 million years ago - Neanderthals: 500,000 years ago - archaic Homo sapiens: 500,000 - 200,000 Years ago - homo sapiens sapiens: 195,000 - present
Name the 6 apes
- Bonobo - Gorilla - Chimpanzee - Orangutan - Gibbon - Humans
old world monkeys and apes
- Catarrhines - Forward noses - Full color vision - Both terrestrial and arboreal - 2.1.2.3 dental formula - All diurnal - Africa andAsia - Ischial Callosities - Sexual Skin
Living in groups also costs:
- Competition - contagion - raising non-biological offspring - inbreeding - cannibalism - infanticide
Chain of Being
- Concept of higher and lower beings - A hierarchy of beings with God at the top, followed by the angels, then humans, then animals.
Laetoli Footprints
- Evidence for upright walking (2 sets of footprints) - 2.4 - 2.6 MYA
Chiefdom
- social classes - complex market
State
- stratified society - people posses land - has government organizations (police) - elete w/ monoploy
ancestral spirits
- the belief that humans are made of a physical body and some kind of living spirit - the spirit is freed from the body by death - the spirit takes an active interest and membership in society - provide a sense of continuity and help explain unpredictable behavior or happenings - this belief is the strongest in descent-based cultures
Polyamory
A committed sexual relationship with more than one person at a time, multiple couples
Zinj
A complete cranium of an Au. boise, found in Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania
Blended Family
A family created when previously divorced or widowed people marry, bringing with them children from their previous families
Fatwa councils vs. personal status courts
A fatwā is a non-binding legal opinion on a point of Islamic law - ethical questions, religious doctrines and sometimes even philosophical issues court decision is binding and enforceable - specific legal matter
Transborder State
A form of state in which it is claimed that those people who left the country and their descendants remain part of their ancestral state even if they are citizens of another state
education
A formal process of learning in which some people consciously teach while others adopt the social role of learner.
Bridewealth/price
A gift from the husband's kin to the wife's family. (women's important)
Race
A human population category whose boundaries allegedly correspond to distinct sets of biological attributes
Terracing is a type of..
Argiculture technique
Artifacts/Feature
Artifacts: Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human activity Features: Non portable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches (page 170)
What are ways that Engelke suggests the word "civilization" can be a productive concept in Anthropology?
As dense networks
Ascribed Vs. Achieved Status
Ascribed: - Born status Achieved: - earned titles
"Black Skull"
Australopithecus aethiopicus, 1986, small cranial capacity of 410 cc large molars, zygomatic, large ant. And post. teeth , thick enamel, (robust)
An example of negative reciprocity is
Bartering at the market
Blades and Composite Tools
Blades: Stone tools that are at least twice as long as they are wide Composite Tools: Tools such as bows and arrows in which several different materials are combined (stone, wood, bone, ivory, antler) to produce the final working implement (pgs 127-128)
Class Vs Caste
Caste - Rank group in a stratified society - closed system - born and die in your caste - no room for movement Class - lower, middle and upper class - divided by economics/job - open system
Basotho cattle herding-why didn't they sell their cows?
Cattle created social bonds/social worth. Want to maintain this so they don't sell their cows even if it is more logical to do so (famine)
Temperature flutuations during the Pleistocene glacier and inter-glacial periods
Caused increasing desert environments during inter-glacial periods
Who is the man called Bee?
Chagnon
What did Sahlins point out about Chagnon's research?
Chagnon's methods were destructive
Marketing
Choosing to engage in market trade
Naturalizing Discourse
Claims that consider social categories as eternal and unchanging, rather than the result of history or culture
A gradual change across groups, in which traits shade and blend into each other is
Clines
The alteration between styes of speech in a conversation is called:
Code-switching
Region
Collection of sites
Cosmopolitan vs. Ethnomedical Systems
Cosmopolitan medicine: - western bio medicine - bio explanation to problems - traditional western hospitals Ethnomedical medicine: - non western medicine - home remedies - beliefs vary in causation (spirits)
Making the familiar strange and the strange familiar
Critical thinking (questioning how things always have been)
Eskimo and Iroquois kinship structures (which marks kin for cross-cousin marriage?)
Cross cousins v.s. parallel cousins for Iroquois, Eskimo does not distinguish.
Gender Roles
Culturally specific expectations about what each sex should do, may be promoted by religious reasons
Cultural Hybridity
Culture mixing
Olduwan Tools
Early Homo exhibit the earliest defined stone-tool making style called the Oldowan tradition •Bones and stones studied by specialist The stone tool industry that was used by Hominins during the Lower Palaeolithic period. The term "Oldowan" is taken from the site of Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where the first Oldowan tools were discovered by the archaeologist Louis Leakey. Associated with Homo habilis. Tool types: manuport (transported rock), hammer stones, core forms (used to create flakes), and flakes (cutting). Unifacial working was characteristic.
Direct Care
Direct care generally comes from the mother or grandmother. Direct paternal care is rare
Gene Markers
Document Gene Flow
Au. anamensis
Earliest known Australopithecus species (4.2-3.9 m.y.a.), Kenya
According to Shweder, all anthropologists are romantic relativists.
False
According to Whorf, the way our minds work is determined by the language that we speak.
False
State Societies
Have social classes, full time occupations and monumental architecture
LAMARCK
He studied Giraffes and noted the longer the neck the less competition you have to get to food. But at his time, they were finding short-necked giraffe fossils in Africa. He said okay so Giraffes stretch their neck through their life and they get longer (acquired change) you could acquire characteristics through your life. You can gain muscle or a tan but you can't get taller.
According to the Engelke in the chapter on Civilization, it is good anthropological thinking to recognize that certain "primitive" cultures give us a window into our own past.
False
Animal domestication was much more important in the New World than in the Old World.
False
Anthropologists only study cultures that we would consider to be "exotic" or "primitive"
False
Engelke argues that values remain constant and unchanging in cultures across time and this is why they are useful for studying cultures.
False
Filotimo (or "social worth") is a useful concept for studying honor and shame in Greece because it is consistent across the different areas where it is in use.
False
For Levi-Strauss, the story of the boy accused of sorcery demonstrates that the satisfaction of justice is infinitely greater and richer than the satisfaction of truth.
False
Marx argues that the workers' condition and wages improve dramatically as productive capital grows larger.
False
Most anthropologists believe that the epistemology of anthropology is better and more useful than the epistemology of the people that anthropologists study.
False
New World and Old World Monkeys have the same number of teeth.
False
Nootka language breaks up sentences into Subject and Predicate just like English does.
False
Oldowan tools are considered to be more sophisticated and standardized relative to Aucheulean tools
False
Paranthropus species exclusively ate hard foods
False
Redistribution is typical of foraging groups
False
Species of the genus Homo were the only bipedal hominins
False
Agriculturalists
Farming with a plow and/or irrigation
Female Labor Division
Humans give birth early and require more parental support. This generally comes from the mother due to breastfeeding. It is hard to do heavy labor while pregnant or caring for an infant
Male Gender Roles
Hunting, working outside of the house
Which of the following traits did not contribute to the increasing adaptability of H. erectus?
Increased sexual dimorphism
Demography
Influences on population size and competition for limited resources. When living in London, and researching this, Malthus realizes that not everyone was given the same equal opportunity. He said survival was based on competition for limited resources Not everybody is given the same chance, or opportunity and when that is brought into play this is a) change b) and do better. Thus, these people are the favored species.
Nádleehé are individuals with combined male and female roles and characteristics and mediate conflicts in which society?
Navajo
CHARLES LYAL (after Hutton)
Father of superposition made Hutton's idea of uniformitarianism famous
Adaptation
Feature shaped by nature
The pastoral Nuer of Sudan have many different terms to describe their prized cattle. This is an example of:
Focal Vocabulary
Pastoralist Mobility
Follow grasses and water for livestock
Tribe Features
Food abundance, trading, party, arrange marriages and broker power, egalitarian
Kenyanthropus
Form of early huma from about 3.5 to 2.5 mya. Badly distorted fossil record suggests it may just be a form of Australiopithecus afarensis or Homo habilis/roudolfensis.
Homo habilis/rudolfensis
Form of early human that used stone tools and had more human like teeth! 1.9 to 1.6 mya (habilis). 1.8 to 2.4 mya (rudolfensis)
Vertical clinging and leaping
Form of locomotion between two vertical surfaces. Ex: tree trunk to another tree trunk
Brachiation
Form of locomotion used in tree branches . Swinging between branches using arms
Australopithecus boisei
Formerly known as Zinjanthropus boise; a later robust australopithecine from East Africa that was contemporaneous with Au. robustus and Au. africanus and had robust cranial traits, including large teeth, large face, and heavy muscle attachments
Horticulturalist Mobility
Move to marry and to avoid conflict
Foragers..
Both A & B: politically, have a band organization. are highly stratified
The Neolithic began first..
Both B & C: Among the Natufians and In the Middle-East
Aucheulean tools
Both C & D: Were associated with H. erectus. Had regular proportions; height to width ratio
Sociality
Bring soical makes us primates.
What was the name of the man interviewed by Zora Neale Hurston for Barracoon?
Cadjo, Lewis, Ku
The dental formula for an adult is 2-1-2-3. What does the 1 stand for?
Canine
Which of these acts as objects for group ritual activity and represents powerful symbols for people to focus on?
Totems
Ethnomedicine
Traditional medicines used by natives
Oblique transmission
Transmission between two non related individuals
Aucheulean tools were first associated with H. erectus
True
Humans are the only organisms with the linguistic capacity for discussion of the past, present and future.
True
In many areas foragers were exposed to an economic system of food production, but didn't adopt it.
True
In the mid-miocene, apes were plentiful while monkeys were not
True
Intensive cultivation lays the foundation for the emergence of a state.
True
It is suggested the H.habilis and H. rudolfensis belong to the same species and are exhibited marked sexual dimorphism
True
New world monkeys have a 2-1-3-3 dental formula
True
Pastoralists can be mobile or sedentary
True
Primates mainly live in tropical and semitropical areas of the new and old world.
True
Reciprocity occurs between social equals
True
Cultural Relativism
Understanding another culture in its own terms sympathetically enough so that the culture appears to be coherent and meaningful design for living
Contemporary Human Biodiversity
Understanding our differences and similarities
Value- what is the grounding of value?
Use value, exchange value, sentimental value Value of an object is determined personally (think beanie at the store vs beanie hand sewn by grandma
Indexicality Examples
Using dress, setting and language to demonstrate culture
How did Zora Neale Hurston represent Cudjo Lewis/Kossola's speech?
Using his authentic dialect, "eye dialect"
Prejudice is
a collection of preformed, usually unfavorable opinions about people who are different.
illness
a condition of poor health perceived or felt by an individual
Marcel Mauss and The Gift-what does "the gift" do in a society?
a crucial part of that work to build wealth and alliances - creates bonds
Allele
a gene that can take on a slightly different form. for ex.blood type, all blood types have the same function but they vary. Dominance is displayed with a capital letter and recessive with a lower case.
genus
a group of related species
semantics
a language's meaning system
A stelae is
a large limestone slab carved with symbols telling a story.
Call systems
a limited number of sounds that are produced in response to specific stimuli (ex: food or danger)
Matriarchy
a matriarchy is a society ruled by women
Hominin
a member of the primate family Hominidae, distinguished by bipedal posture and, in more recently evolved species, a large brain
Symbols
a mode of signification in which the sign bears no intrinsic connection to which it represents. symbols embody the design feature to arbitrariness
unbound morpheme
a morpheme that can stand alone as a separate word
meaning
a person's interpretation of a symbol
The first key trait that separates hominid's from apes is
a physical make up dedicated to bipedalism
Nation
a political unit with shared history, culture, language with arbitrary borders
fission, an aspect of gene drift is when
a population splits and two new different populations are formed
myth
a sacred narrative or story that explains the fundamentals of human existence - where we and everything in our world came from, why we are here, and where we are going
A trance is
a semiconscious state typically brought on by hypnosis, ritual drumming, and singing, or hallucinogenic drugs such as mescaline or peyote.
Social complexity is
a society that has many different parts organized into a single social system
Paleolithic
Old Stone Age, including Lower (early), Middle, and Upper (late)
Oldowan Tool Kit
Oldowan Tradition: A stone-tool tradition named after the Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania) where the first examples of these tools were found. The earliest Oldowan tools are 2.6 million years old and were found in Gona, Ethiopia. Until recently, Oldowan tools were considered the oldest stone tools made by hominins (pg 110)
Anthropoids first appeared during the
Oligocene
Primates appear in the new world (newworld monkeys) during the
Oligocene
Some cultures recognize that sexuality exists
On a continuum
Polygyny
One man married to multiple women
Informants and Dialectics*
People in a particular culture who work with anthropologists and provide them with insights about their way of life. Also called respondents, teachers, or friends
Fictive Kin
People not related to you by blood or marriage but are considered family
Cryptozoology
People who belive or preach pseudo science use cryptozology to prove the existence of fictional animals like big foot or a jersey devil. Actual cryptozologists study things like dead sea animals or fossils
Archaeologist Scott Van Keuren used what to understand the social life in the Southwest United States?
Pottery production techniques
Which of the following statements is false regarding primates?
Primates are primarily nocturnal
Basic Primate Phylogeny Tree Strepsirrhines
Prosimii lemurs and lorises
Dental Formula
Quantity of teeth in a mouth quadrant, incisors, canines, premolars, molars.
What are some difficulties with the concept of "race"?
Race does not exist genetically, but has a cultural reality - inequality and slavery.
Chiefdom
Ranked groups: Status is inherited, hereditary inequality, but lack social stratification, Unequal relations among individuals and villages Horticulturalists, pastoralists, and some foragers
Which of the following occurs when exchange takes place between social equals
Reciprocity
Geology
Reconstructing Earth's Dynamic History
Paleontology
Reconstructing the History of Life on Earth
Which of the following occurs when products are accumulated, reorganized, and a proportion is sent back down
Redistribution
Globalization
Reducing the space between people generally through technology
Horticulture cultivation involves..
Regular fallowing of fields
Marriage
Socially approved long-term relationships, makes pair bonding socially acceptable
What are some costs and benefits associated with intensive agricultural food production?
Some of the benefits were an increase in discoveries and invention at the cost of increased disease from population density and sedentary life styles.
Pastoralists
Specialize in raising animals, still eat plants, generally semi nomadic
Syncretism Vs. Nativism
Syncretism: The syntheses of old religious practices with new religious practices introduced from outside often by force Nativism: A return to the old ways; a movement whose members expect a messiah or prophet who will bring. back a lost golden age of peace, prosperity and harmony
gods and goddesses
a supernatural being who is great (omnipotent), remote (not present in the way that humans can empirically detect), and controls all or part of the universe; a male god is typically associated with patrilineal cultures while female goddesses are more likely to be the supernatural being in matrilineal culture
Acheulian Complex
The culture associated with H.erectus, including handaxes and other types of stone tools; more refined than the earlier Oldowan tools
Homo Habilis
The earliest Homo species, a possible descendant of Au. garhi and an ancestor to H.erectus; showed the first substantial increase in brain size and was the first species definitively associated with the production and use of stone tools
Sahelansthropus tchadensis
The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism
Sahelanthropus tchadensis (7-6 mya)
The earliest pre-australopithecine species found in central Africa with possible evidence of bipedalism.
Medical Pluralism
The existence of ethnomedical system alongside cosmopolitan medicine
Survey
The physical examination of a geological region in which promising sites are most likely to be found
Embodied Inequality
The physical toll that inequality takes on peoples bodies EX: dying from cancer because you cant afford treatment
Surplus Production*
The production of amounts of food that exceed the basic subsistence needs of a population
Repatriation is
The return of human remains and artifacts to their descendants.
What is the significance of H. fluoresiensis?
The short stature, small brain, and its appearance is S.E. Asia. Particularly flores Indonesia. Longest lasting non-modern human surviving into the early 19th century.
Authority
The socially approved use of power.
Adam Smith - what is the source of the wealth of nations? Where does Smith locate value?
The source of wealth comes from individual production - with the individual
Biological Anthropology
The specialty of anthropology that looks at human beings as biological organisms and tries to discover what characteristics make them different from other organisms and characteristics they share (pg 10)
Oldowan Complex
The stone tool culture associated with H.habilis and, possibly, Au. garhi, including primitive chopper tools
Mousterian
The stone tool culture in which Neanderthals produced tools using the Levallois technique
Behavioral Ecology
The study of behavior from ecological and evolutionary perspectives
Ethnoprimatology
The study of interface between human and ape communities
Pragmatics*
The study of language in the context of its use
Ethnopragmatics*
The study of language use that relies on ethnography to illuminate the ways in which speech is both constituted by and constitutive of social interaction
Hominini or Hominins
The tribe to which humans and our other direct human ancestors belong
Heterosexual
The view that natural sexual attraction is between males and females
Homosexual
The view that natural sexual attraction is between males and males or females and females
Which of the following is not an anthropologically-significant illustration of the ways objects change over time?
They get old and worn out
Yanomamo Graded Violence
They have no law books, lawyers, judges, law enforcement officers, prisons, etc. They handle offenses physically, violently, publicly, and among themselves. Examples in unit 9 lecture notes.
How language is employed to create a "nerd girl" identity "blood will out"
They use particular language to signal their identity
Phonemic variation (Pronunciation of "th" sound)- which tenet of structuralism does this help us understand?
This helps us understand that "grammar" has a sort of deep underlying structure that connects word structure with similar ideas - helps us understand structures form meaning
Possible Benefits of becoming a Second Spouse
Too few potential and available spouses. Large resource pool, increases reproductive success
holistic
encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture
Public Archaeology*
engaging the public in order to share archaeological findings and/or promote stewardship of cultural resources or to otherwise make archaeology relevant to society by providing the public with the means for constructing their own past
Mediation
entails a third party who intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement.
Phylogeny
evolutionary relationships among groups of species. When one species splits into 2 share some ancestral traits differ in some derived traits differences accumulate within evolutionary lineages over time.
ancestral hominids
evolved into chimps, gorillas, and humans appeared about 8 million years ago
Intersex individuals
exhibit sexual functions somewhere between, or including, male and female
interglacials
extended warm periods between glacials
Prognathism
face is flat
Laetoli footprints
fossilized footprints approximately 3,6 mya of a family of australopithecus afarensis found in Laetoli Tanzania shows bipedal ancestors
Cromagnon
fossils found in Europe in 1868 by railroad workers in France at a site called the cromagnon rock shelter. Dated to 30 kya. Small face and teeth, Chin, Gracile skeleton, Rounded skull with, high foreheads and, small brow-ridges
speciation
generally takes place when populations are in spite environments
An example of balanced reciprocity is
giving a birthday present
Which is a society's separate legal and constitutional domain, the source of law, order, and legitimate force?
government
Au. (Australopithecus) africanus
gracile Australopithecus species (3.0?-2.0? m.y.a.), South Africa
Austrolopithecus afarensis (3.6-3.0 mya)
gracile form from East Africa ape-like traits: broad incisors, diastema, side wear on canines, parallel-sided tooth rows in dental arcade, strongly projecting face, brain size 410 cc, long arms/fingers human-like traits: smaller canines, apical (tip) wear on canine, bipedal traits Lucy
Reflexivity
a team characteristic of reflecting on and adjusting the master plan when necessary
looking-glass self
a term coined by Charles Horton Cooley to refer to the process by which our self develops through internalizing others' reactions to us
The approach that uses head shape and skin color to categorize humans into races is called
a trait-based approach..
The ability to use fire gave Homo erectus all of the following EXCEPT
absolute control over their enviornment
assimilation
absorption of minorities within a dominant culture
All of the following is accurate regarding dating techniques EXCEPT
all absolute dating techniques can be used on all types of fossils and for all the time frames
Evolution
all of the above
How does evolution explain the diversity of life on earth?
all of the above
Mammals
all of the above
The concept of race is a social construction. What data is used to support this statement?
all of the above
The development of absolute dating techniques
all of the above
The origin of tetrapods
all of the above
gamete sampling or sampling error
all of the above
Some level of social complexity is experienced by
all societies.
Cultural economics refers to
an approach that studies how symbols and values help shape a community's economy.
acculturation
an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact
The skill of hunter-gatherers comes from
an extraordinary knowledge of their environment..
rite of passage
an individual's transformation of state; in each state, the individual is going from one state of being to another - child to adult or single to married; ex: a child's baptism, first communion, barmitzvah, marriage, etc.
Currency is
an object used as a medium of exchange that provides a standard measure of value so that people can compare and trade goods and services
Non-honing canine
an upper canine that is not sharpened against the lower third premolar
The recent discovery of the Tarascan empire provides evidence of social complexity through the
analysis of trash deposits associated with different residence types
The fact that objects found in archaeological sites contribute to public discourse on social and political issues relevant to present-day concerns is representative of which idea?
b. nobody owns the past but many will claim it.
blade tool
basic Upper Paleolithic tool, hammered off a prepared cove
GEORGE CUVIER (Fossils+how they form)
basically, explained fossils like a fish in a rock is the fish died gets covered in sedimentary and then hardens and fossils over time.
The atheistic worldview is
belief system much like any religious one
uniformitarianism
belief that natural forces at work today also explain past events
E. B. Tylor
believed that religions were based on a fundamental error in thinking.
Hogopan
between 8 and 6 mya, three genera were merged in the hypothetical Hogopan -- split because their niches and diets became specialized, and this led to their reproductive isolation: gorillas, pan, hominins
The Human Genome Project established that
between 83% and 97% of genetic variation is found within human populations..
Upper Paleolithic
blade-toolmaking traditions of early humans, humans first enter the new world
diffusion
borrowing of cultural traits between societies
Arms that are longer than the legs, and a short stable spine are traits associated with:
brachiation
Gibbons and siamangs are adapted for:
brachiation
Pastoralism is
breeding, care, and use of domesticated herding animals..
All of the following are seen as the factors involved in the natural selection of skin color EXCEPT
bubonic plague
Cultural resource management is
c. research and planning aimed at identifying, interpreting, and protecting sites and artifacts of historic or prehistoric significance.
The flightless cormorant
cannot be easily explained by intelligent design, why would you design a bird that can't fly
The optimal foraging strategy suggests people
capture just enough calories they need to survive..
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a state is a
centralized group of people who have a high population density and participate in intensive agriculture.
Evolution
change over time. The idea of Evolution was denied by the church because they believed that G-d created the world as it was and it and the people in it never changed (everything is ordained by G-d). Thus Evolution was anti-religion/wasn't true.
Concept of Citizenship
citizenship is either where you are born or where you belong
stratified
class-structured, with differences in wealth, prestige, and power
Biological variations occuring in a continuous fashion are known as
clinal variation..
culture-bound syndromes
clusters of symptoms that define or describe an illness in a particular culture
An assemblage is a(n)
collection of objects found together.
australopithecines
common term for all members of the genus Australopithecus
Communication without Words
communication with body or symbols that may universally mean the same thing
Circumscription theory argues that population growth leads to
competition and warfare
Race is a
concept that organizes people into groups on the basis of specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences..
positive sanctions
consist of incentives to conform, such as awards, titles, promotions, and other demonstrations of approval
negative sanctions
consist of threats such as ridiculing, humiliating, flogging, banishing, jailing, and even killing for violating the cultural standards
The picture of the man touching the Vietnam memorial shown in class was an example of a
contagious magic
internalized controls
controls on behavior that are ingrained such that each individual is personally responsible; individuals raised in a particular culture undergo a process of enculturation during which ideas, values, and associated structures of emotion are internalized, impacting their thoughts, feelings, and behavior
externalized controls
controls on behavior that encourage conformity to social norms (sanctions and laws)
Domestication is
converting wild plants and animals to human uses..
tale
creative narrative recognized as fiction for entertainment purposes; anything pure fiction
mesolithic
culture between Paleolithic and Neolithic
Ethnic Group
culture linked by traditional elements like language and history
Ontogeny
def: lifespan You find the bones of King tut and you ask how old are these bones? The ontological answer is 37 but the other answer is a thousand something years old.
Humans
b and c only
IQ tests
b and c only
Social status in Chiefdoms are based on
...
Pastoralist Residence
Patrilocal residence
Clovis
early American tool tradition; projectile point attached to hunting spear
Cro Magnon
the first fossil find (1868) of an AMH, from France's Dordogne Valley
Suffering
the forms of physical, mental or emotional distress experienced by individuals who may not subscribe to a bio medical understanding of disease
One result of larger, denser population centers is
the rapid spread of disease
Racism is
the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality..
Museology*
the science or practice of organizing, arranging, and managing museums.
In anthropology, a population or group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics is known as
the scientific concept of race..
Foraging is
the search for edible things..
authority
the socially approved use of power
diffusion
the spread of customs or practices from one culture to another; ex. American cuisine is a combination of foods from many different parts of the world
Cultural Anthro
the study of cultures and solidities of human beings and their very recent past.
Paleontology
the study of extinct life-forms through the analysis of fossils
Hominin are characterized by having
All of these: Thick enamel, larger relative brain sizes, reduced canine teeth
Strata
Layers of rocks, representing various periods of deposition
Horticulturalist Residence
Lots of flexibility in order to gain resources
Diglossia
Switching dialects in different situations
Dowry
The bride's family gives the groom's family money
Identity
The characteristics that set us apart from others, i.e. gender, job and family
Au. afarensis
early Australopithecus species (3.8-3.0 m.y.a.), Ethiopia ("Lucy"), Tanzania
archaic H. sapiens
early H. sapiens (300,000 to 28,000 B.P.); includes Neandertals
Orthodoxy*
"Correct doctrine"; the prohibition of deviation from approved mythic texts
Orthopraxy
"Correct practice"; the prohibition of deviation from approved forms of ritual behavior
Sedimentary
"Rock formed when the deposition of sediments create distinct layers, or strata"
sympathetic magic
"like causes like"; using an image or likeness to cause an effect on someone (ex. voodoo doll)
Sahlins definition of kinship
"mutuality of being"
Language (linguistic) ideology
"shared bodies of common sense notions about the nature of language in the world"
superorganic
(Kroeber) the special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms
Solitary (but differentiated social relationships)
- Most of time alone - Know their neighbors - Settle near relatives: -organgutan -Loris
NAGPRA
- Native American Grave Protection and Repaitration Act - Kennewick man in 1966 - NAGPRA protects people whos ancestors might have been dug up
Band
- No more than 50 people - labor divided by sex/age - good equality
Artifact
- Objects that have been deliberately and intelligently shaped by human or near human activity
Which discipline tries to predict economic patterns
economics
Context
- The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding an artifact Two types of Contexts: -Primary: undisturbed context, ideal for anthropologists -Secondary: more common than primary, disturbed original layer of deposition
Ethnology
- The comparative study of two or more cultures - Branch of anthropology dealing with human races, their origin, distribution, culture, etc.
Holism
- The idea that we need to study everything (past and now) but we can't just focus on one aspect - We need to study: language, technology, culture etc.
Catastrophism
- The notion that natural disasters, such as floods, are responsible for the extinction of species, which are then replaced by new species - discovered by the French scientist Georges Cuvier
Anthropology
- The study of human nature, human societies and human past - Study of the origins and development of people and their societies
Social Science
- The study of the social features of humans and the ways in which they interact and change - the study of various aspects of human society and is less predicable because there are no "hard laws"
Prehensile Tail
- The use of hands, feet and tail that can grab things - The ability to grasp, with fingers, toes, or tail
Elaborating Symbols
- Those symbols that are used in society to create meaning (cultures worship bulls)
nation
- a community that sees itself as one people with a shared language, culture, territorial base, political organization and history - the U.S. is a state but we have many nations within it, such as the Navajo Nation or the Choctaw Nation - these nations have some power and authority, but are still part of the U.S., with the U.S. having superseding authority
priest or priestess
- a full-time religious specialist - authorized to perform sacred rituals and mediate between fellow humans and supernatural powers, divine spirits, or deities - specially trained, typically in seminary or similar publicly recognized institution of learning, socially initiated into priesthood, and is an inducted member of a recognized religion - a specialist in the theology, dogma, rituals, and organization of the religion - often wear a uniform or garb - they are not paid for their services but most make a salary that is paid by the church or temple or the denomination
The Village Head of Tribal Cultivator societies, such as the Yanomiami have the authority to do all of the following EXCEPT:
...
chiefdom
- a regional polity in which two or more groups are organized under a single chief - based on a hierarchy, with the chief being at the top - the position of chief is usually inherited - the chief controls the economic activity and usually has control over the surplus and its redistribution; he may demand a quota of a crop and may also recruit laborers or military
sanction
- an external cultural control or social directive designed to encourage or coerce conformity to cultural standards of acceptable social behavior - may be positive or negative
Neolithic Evolution
- began learning about agriculture - domestication of farming animals and crops - do not rely on hunting and gathering - settled in one area - surplus of foods - emergence of complexity because not everyone needs to farm - communities were made (towns, villages and government) - Classes were made - religion and new technology - pro create with better results and faster Negatives?? - cavities from eating the same things - gets shorter - disease spreads quicker
functions of religion
- confronts and explains death - gives meaning to life - offers continuity after death - provides justification for difficulty now, promises for something, or a reward later - reinforces group norms - provides moral sanctions for individual conduct - provides a common purpose by which a community's function depends - provides psychological support - establishes a community for those in society who are isolated from kin
Ethnicity
- creates social structures under politics - does not have to be biologically based can be religiously
What makes a primate a primate?
- grasping big toes - grasping hands - some opposable thumbs - sensitivie fingers tips - finger prints - flat nails - generalized limb structure - Forward facing eyes - binocular vision - Stereoscopic vision - depth pereception - color vision - limited old factory senses (except prosimians) - k-selected - large maternal investment in care - small litters - long pregnanct - long infancy - long mother-infant bond - long life span Large brain relative to body sixe and emphasis on learning
Tribe
- larger than band - farmers, horticulture, herding - equal social class may have a leader
Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis
- lived 130,000-35,000 YA - sub species of homo Erectus - complex and similar to humans - skilled hunters/used tools - settled in Europe Playing Neanderthals - had instruments What happened to them? 1. all died out 2. interbred and developed into modern humans
Affinity
- marriage relationships - achieved status
Late Miocene Transition and Hominins
- mass extinction left mostly up right walkers because natural selection favored them - diet was omnivores and they could carry infants and food in their newly freed hands - moved from the trees to land and planes ---> started the monkey to human evolution
Divorce
- not always legal practice - separation
Homo Sapiens Sapiens
- off shoot of homo Erectus - advanced - had culture and created tools - settles in communities with governments and religions - atomically Modern Humans
shaman
- part-time religious specialist - a person who enters an altered state of consciousness, at will, to contact and utilize an ordinarily hidden reality to acquire knowledge, power, and to help others - have unique powers with which they can tell the supernatural power or being what to do - many are involved with healing; healing rituals often involve removing the object that is making the person sick - they are paid for their services - not usually associated with a major denomination
Subsistence Looting
- people digging or stealing artifacts and other treasures to pay for food and water - sold on black market or to private collectors - people are taken ad advantage of
centralized political system
- power and authority is concentrated in a single individual (chief) or a body of individuals (state) - relies more heavily on institutionalized power, authority, and even coercion
Homo Habilis
- the species of large brained, gracile hominins - 2 million years old and younger - used and made stone tools - FIRST OF THE GENUS HOMO
Stratigraphy
- the study of rock layers and the sequence of events they reflect
state
- the system found in cultures with increased food production, increased populations, specialization in jobs and activities, and stratification - greater real or potential social conflict - the most formal and complex system with power and authority concentrated in a government - has the authority to collect taxes, draft men for work or war and to decree and enforce laws - individuals, even heads of state, do not have sole authority to do things - the government has a bureaucracy, a military, and maybe a religion
decentralized political system
- there is no central or one place/person of authority - leaders do not have real power to force compliance (kin-ordered leaders) - important decisions are usually made in a collective manner by agreement among adults - dissenting members may decide to act with the majority, or they may choose to adopt some other course of action, including leaving the group - this form provides great flexibility - types: band, tribe
UNESCO World Heritage Sites
- tries to protect world heritage sites that may have been or are in danger of being destroyed because of political tension - Taliban leaders destroyed much of afgan culture
Neolithic Emergence of Complexity
- usage of complex tools - burial rituals (possibility of religion) - creation of instruments - cave paintings
Social Complexitiy
-Arose as social organization became stratified. Increasing differences were seen in access to wealth, prestige, or power -Complexity specifically refers to the increased number of parts making up the social system
Genus Paranthropus
-A cluster of hominin fossils dating to 2.7 and 1 mya differ in morphology from australopithecines -Paranthropines had larger brains, broady
What led to domestication?
-Changing Climate: The end of the ice age enabled more secure hunting, fishing, and gathering. Populations grew and became sedentary. Stress on resources led some to domesticate wild plants and animals -Competition: Between local groups for dominance could have spurred domestication. Feasting and competitive exchange might have increased demands for food. Land use would have increased. Development of food production followed -Multiple Strand Theory: Consider the combined local effect of climate, environment, population, technology, social organization and diet on the emergence of domestication
What are complex societies?
-Complex societies have: Large populations, extensive division of labor, occupational specialization, social stratification -Classes are: Ranked groups within hierarchically stratified complex societies -Defined primarily in terms of wealth, occupation, or other economic criteria
Occupational Specialization
-Contributed to social stratification -Individuals specialized in various occupations or social roles
Cultural relativism - (what is it? how might it be an intelligent approach? how is it different from moral relativism?)
-Cultural relativism does not require you to accept everything that other people do that you might otherwise find unjust or wrong -C.R. is what helps anthropologist guard against the dangers of assuming that their common sense or even informed understanding... is self-evident or universally applicable. For an anthropologist
Bipedalism
-Currently, bipedalism is seen as a consequence of multiple independent selections: -It aids carrying objects -It benefits hunting -It allows upright reaching -It aids vigilance and visual surveillance -It aids long-distance walking and running -It aids heat regulation
Theory of Common Ancestry
-Darwin's claim that similar living species must all have had a common ancestor -"The first Darwinian revolution"
Socioecological Pressures
-Differences in behavior emerge out of the ways organisms respond to those particularities -Four primary forms: Nutrition, Locomotion (necessity to move around in an environment), Predation (necessity to avoid predators), Competition (between species)
Who were the first humans and where did they live?
-During the pleistocene epoch our lineage began to spread out of Africa and populate other corners of the Earth -Homo erectus appeared about 1.8 mya: -Human-like body proportions and height -Lived on the ground -Appear to care for their young and the weak -Made and used stone tools, controlled fire -May have some simple proto-language
Genus Homo
-Emerged from one australopithecine lineage about 3 to 2 mya -Most hominin fossils younger than about 1.8 mya are considered members of this genus -Disagreement persists about how many species they actually represent, or even if some early cases are members of Homo or Australopithecus -Large cranial capacity, competent bipeds -They made and used stone tools
Eocene Primates
-Eocene epoch lasted from about 55 to 38 mya -best known Eocene primates fall into two basic groups, adapids and omomyids Adapids: look a lot like lemurs, however morphological features like dentition distinguishes them from their modern counter-parts. They had four premolars, whereas modern lemurs have only three Omomyids: they resemble living tarsiers. Most omomyids are much smaller than apapids. Adapted for climbing, clinging, and leaping, they have appeared to have been nocturnal, feeding on insects. (pg 77)
Flawed Logic
-Eugenicists believed that inheritance was a simple function of dominant and recessive genes -This allowed them to claim that certain groups had low intelligence based on the beliefs of what they inherited
Tarsiers
-Found in southeast asia, small bodies, nocturnal, possess extreme leaping abilities and live in small groups
What makes an animal a good target for domestication?
-Herbivores: Easier to feed, greater calorie return -Fast growth rate: Reach maturity faster -Breeding and social structure: Passive enough to breed in captivity -Disposition and panic mechanism: Easily controllable
Domestication*
-Human interface with the reproduction of another species, with the result that specific plants and animals become more useful to people and dependent on them -occurred independently in seven different areas of the world between 10,000 and 4,000 years ago
Niche Construction
-Is the process whereby organisms, through their activities and choices, modify their own and each other's niches -Niche construction happens when an organism actively changes its environment or creates a new environment
Ecological Niche
-Is the role and position a species has in its environment; how it meets its needs for food and shelter, how it survives, and how it reproduces -A species' niche includes all of its interactions with the biotic and abiotic factors of its environment.
Latour's intervention into the nature/culture binary. What problems does it pose for science and for humanity? What is he saying about science and reality?
-Latour wrote "we have never been modern" and in it he shows the science and reality are much more "cultural" than we perceive them to be, and are heavily influenced by our societies. -"Modernity" is created out of a story that we tell ourselves of a break with the past (story--God dies, science rises, Democratic politics take hold, "subjects" emerge as separate from "objects") <= This is the founding "myth" of modernity -Problems with the nature/culture binary Originates in the 18th century "Culture" side draws a ring around humanity "Nature" (and culture) is both a modern term and a term of modernity
Homo Erectus
-Looks a bit like us, but thicker bones, a more robust skeleton, and a differently shaped cranium -Some of the fossils also have a sagittal keel (a raised area in the mid-cranium) -Found throughout Africa, Europe, India, Indonesia, and China -The taxonomic ordering of Homo Erectus is unresolved and the debate continues today -Long assumed to ahve evolved out of homor habilis, recent finds incerasing homo habilis' temporal range suggest coexistence
Common patterns between primates and humans
-Mother infant bond -Grooming -Dominance -Dispersal -Cooperation -Conflict
Neanderthals and Denisovans
-Much attention has been directed to fossils of Homo neanderthalensis, dating from about 300,000 to 30,000 years ago -Neanderthals were stockier than modern humans, but in our range of height and weight -Discovery of a coeval archaic human dating to 41,000 years in Denisova cave adds new evidence and interest
Discrimination
-Negative or unfair treatment of a person because of his or her group membership or background -Racism works through the prejudice that people express against those who are different from them -These processes powerfully shape a community's exposure to factors including sickness, long-term chronic disease, stress, and suffering
Ceboidea
-New world monkeys -Most are arboreal (lives in trees) and have a prehensile (capable of grasping) tail
Cercopithecoidea
-Old world monkeys -Baboons and Macaques -Active in daytime -Arboreal (lives in trees) and terrestrial
What bicultural consequences do discrimination and stress have on human bodies?
-One of the criticisms of the idea that race is a myth or is culturally-constructed is that it might give the impression that race is not "real" -Race is very real because racial groupings are accompanied with and supported by marginalization, exploitation, and stigma for some, and privilege for others -Race becomes a potent force and an objective reality when manifested through racism
Five Central assumptions of the Dual-Inheritance Theory
-People acquire info from others, change on the level of culture should be modeled like darwin -Human biology encompasses culture -Human evolution is distinguished from the evolution of other organisms by culture -Co-evolution takes place between genes and culture
The Multiregionl Evolution Model
-Poses that modern humans are only the most recent version of a single species, Homo sapiens, that had been in Africa, Asia, and Europe for nearly 2 million years
George Mendel's Two Principles
-Principle of Segregation: A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which an individual gets one particle (gene) for each each trait from each parent - an individual gets one particle for each trait (half a pair from each parent) -Principle of Independent Assortment: A principle of Mendelian inheritance in which each pair of particles (genes) separates independently of every other pair when germ cells (egg and sperm) are formed - each pair of particles separate independently of every other pair (blonde hair gene from mom separates from black hair gene of dad) pg 42
The Recent African Origin Model
-Proposes that modern humans arose as a new species in africa between 200,000 and 180,00 y.a. -During the late pleistocene
Developmental Systems Theory
-Rejects the idea that there is a gene "for" anything, it argues that bodily development comes from the growth and interaction of several distinct systems; gene and cells, muscles and bone, and the brain and nervous system
Aspects of Complex Society*
-Societies with large populations, an extensive division of labor, and occupational specialization
Sodalities*
-Special-purpose groupings that may be organized on the basis of age, sex, economic role, and personal interest -They serve very different functions-among them police, military, medical, initiation, religious and recreation -Some sodalities conduct their business in secret, others in public -membership may be ascribed or achieved
Which is the strongest of the three origin explanatory models?
-The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD) -Homo spread around western, central, and southern Eurasia, with back and forth gene flow across Africa and Eurasia,
What are the three explanatory models on how we originated?
-The Recent African Origin Model -The Multiregional Evolution Model -The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD)
Determinism
-The doctrine that all events, including human action, are ultimately determined by causes external to the will -Some philosophers have taken determinism to imply that individual human beings have no free will and cannot be held morally responsible for their actions.
Assumptions
-The evolution of human behavior is not a matter of single, independent behaviors evolving but a system -Second: niche construction is a core factor in the evolution of human behavior -Third: social and ecological inheritances are central elements of human behavior and its change -Fourth: our sophisticated capacity for communication and information transfer are central to understanding human behavior -Fifth: human behavioral evolution involves a lot of feedback -Sixth: a diverse set of biological and socio-cultural processes shuffles genetic variation in evolutionary change -Seventh: human behavior is plastic, flexible, and emergent
Artifical Selection
-The intentional reproduction of individuals in a population that have desirable traits; humans are driving evolution rather than nature. (Ex. Corn) -Wild plants, like wheat, were selected for traits like: Tougher connections via their "rachis" to their cereal shafter -These changes make domesticated plants reliant on humans for their reproduction
Symbolic System of Inheritance
-The linguistic system through which humans store and communicate their knowledge and conventional understandings using symbols -This is intimately tied to the behavioral system of inheritance -Symbols are rooted in our linguistic abilities
What is the problem with all four of the general approaches scientists came up with to categorize human races?
-The problem with all of the approaches 1.) None of them describe an actual individual, and none characterise whole groups of people 2.) What seems like obvious "racial" differences come from a special way of sampling people, a process that isolates one or more arbitrarily-chosen visible traits and marks that trait as representative of a whole group of people 3.) More troubling, that one trait can come to be representative of other characteristics
Domestication
-The process of hereditary reorganization of wild animals and plants into domestic and cultivated forms according to the interests of people -Domestication of plants and animals is a form of niche construction
Strepsirrhini
-Two groups: Lemurs, lorises, and galagos -Smaller body sizes than others and a smaller brain to body size ratio -Keener sense of smell than other primates -Most strepsirrhines are arboreal (lives in trees) and nocturnal
Haplorrhini
-Two infraorders: Tarsiiformes (tarsiers) and simiiformes (includes three superfamilies) -Ceboidea: Monkeys of the Americas -Cercopithecoidea: Asian and African monkeys -Hominoidea: Apes and humans -Larger bodies and larger brain to body size ratios -Lack a wet nose -Have more brain devoted to vision than olfaction -They show greater diversity in lifeways, so their skeletons are more varied
Understanding Human Biodiversity
-Understanding human biological variation means taking into account the role that social relationships and cultural attitudes place in shaping biological processes and health outcomes -The importance of biocultural research lies in challenging long-disproved reductionistic biological and genetic perspectives that reproduce the same myths of separate human races -In spite of the fact that race has no biological or genetic origins, race can become biology through the embodiment of inequalities dangerously reinforcing racialized understandings of human biology
Why did humans settle down?
-Until 10,000 years ago, humans and their hominin ancestors were all hunter-gatherers Then glaciers retreated and Earth's changing climate created new ecological settings -Why did humans begin to create their own ecological niches? Domesticate plants and animals by interfering with their reproduction? Settle into permanent communities?
Hominin Traits
-bipedal locomotion -small generalized teeth -large brains -hairlessness
Common sense in different cultures
-norms of behavior that differ (consider the example of deciding where to eat or the question "Are you hungry?" - what does it mean) -Example: Person 1; Where should we eat lunch today? Person 2: I would really like to go to Aloha Plate. I've been craving their pork and rice plate. -This is okay in certain cultures, however it is considered rude in different cultures. Food is a necessity for life and part of autonomy here, however around the world it is something that brings people together.
What characteristics define the Genus Homo?
-relatively large brain - small face and jaws - dependence on material culture for survival
A group whose babies are automatically born into their mother's descent group has a
...
A political system that has a centralized government, the power to collect taxes, draft men for work or war, and can enforce laws, is called a..
...
Agro-pastoralism
...
All of the following are a part of the typology of polotical organizations developed by Elman Service in 1962, except:
...
Among the Iroquois
...
As the Public-Domestic spheres begin to overlap
...
Bands tend to have a foraging political system
...
Bridewealth
...
Economy
...
Egalitarian
...
Endogamous marriages are always considered incest
...
Extended families consist of three or more generations
...
Band/Camp
30-50 people
Tribe
300-3,000+ people coming together during a time of food abundance
Oligocene
34 mya
The best evidence so far indicates that hominids and chimps shared a common ancestor
5 to 7 million years ago
Anthropocene age
5,000 BC
Composite Band
50-300 people representing a common symbol such as an animal, often depicted with totem poles
Clan
50-300 people representing matrilineal or patrilineal descent
Homo Foragers
99.5% of Homo evolution was a forager
Olduvai Gorge
: Excavation work there was pioneered by Louis and Mary Leakey. Discovery of Oldowan tools.
Cisgender
A biological male assumes the male gender role and visa versa
Assimilation
Adopting another culture's practices without maintaining your own
Acculturation
Adopting other cultural practices but keeping some of your own
Adoption in Oceania - what does adoption mean in Oceania? How is it different from in the U.S.
Adoption in the U.S. is a sign of tragedy, while in Oceania it is something celebrated.
Homininae
African: Humans, chimps, and gorillas
Archaeological Records
All material objects constructed by humans or near-humans revealed by archaeology (pg 170)
Increasing food production due to cultivation and irrigation is associated with increasing:
All of these" Population density. Migration. Technological advances. Political hierarchy
Sociolinguistics
All of these: Is the study of the relation between linguistic performance and context. Looks at how different speakers use language. Studies code-switching or style shifting. Studies gender speech contrasts.
In Chiefdoms
All of these: Social status is based on seniority of descent. The closer you are related to the founding ancestors, the greater your prestige. Status is based on differential access to resources
Nonhoning canine
An upper canine that, as part of a nonhoning chewing mechanism, is not sharpened against a lower third premolar.
Homo Lineage
Animals to mammals to primates to apes to homo
The belief that inanimate objects such as trees, rocks, cliffs, hills, and rivers are animated by spiritual forces or beings is
Animism
Anthropoids
Anthropoids include: -New World monkeys -Old World monkeys -apes -humans all share the same nose shape and the same number of pre-molars Apes are distinguished from Old World monkeys by dentition, skeletal shape and size, and the absence of a tail. Humans are most closely related to chimpanzees than to any other ape species (pg 79 the chapter summary)
Variations in body shape and size are quantified using
Anthropometry
Dialects
Any form of language that differs from the "norm" i.e. job interview English
Lunar Effect
Basically, the phase of the moon could influence people's moods and make people go crazy. Basically, what happened is back in the day when the full moon was out people would go about their business into the night because they could see, if there is more people there is a higher likeliness of a death happening and so a higher death rate on the full moon.
Uniformitarianism
Because we can calculate at what rate the River Thames is eroding we can thus figure out how old the river actual is.
Female Gender Roles
Beer making, cooking
Cosmopolitanism
Being at ease in more than one cultural setting
Polytheism is
Belief in many Gods.
Bilineal vs. Unilineal Descent
Bilineal Decent: - The principle that a decent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by connections made through their mothers and fathers equally Unilineal Decent: - The principle that a decent group is formed by people who believe they are related to each other by links made through a father or mother only.
Epigenetic Systems of Inheritance
Biological aspects of bodies that work in combination with the genes and their protein products, including the machinery of cells, the chemical interactions between cells, and reactions between types of tissue and organs in the body
Bipedalism (Benefits)
Bipedalism (The ability to walk upright) - More energy efficient (slower) - Easier to see predators - Movement is easier - Less exposure to sun/wind/rain
Bio Culture
Combo of genetics and environment (including social and cultural factors)
Metacommunication*
Communication about the process of communication itself
Competition, hierarchy, and status among the Chewong
Competition is looked down upon - the children do not play competitive games - nobody brags that they are skilled at anything - noncompetitive hierarchy
The state is a form of
Complex Society
Conjugal Vs. Nonconjugal Family
Conjugal: A family based on marriage; at a minimum, a husband and wife and their children Nonconjugal: A woman and her children; the husband/father may occasionally be present or completely absent
What were racial conceptions of early Mormons?
Considered to be a different race entirely - depicted as unintelligible - "peculiar"
Which of the four epistemes of anthropology is demonstrated by this image (the blob fish)?
Contextualism
Payoff-biased transmission
Copying cultural traits to gain the benefits
Forensic analysis involves the use of
Dead People
One of Engelke's main points about the practice of bridewealth (lobola) among the Zimbabweans is that "______ maintains a relationship"
Debt
Patrilineal
Descent is traced through men only
Matrilineal
Descent is traced through women only
George Herbert Mead
Developed Symbolic Interactionism. Believed development of individual was a social process as were the meanings individuals assigned to things
Sustainability
Development and institutions that meet the needs of present users without compressing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Language is an adaptation
Development of hyoid bone, symbolic thought, teaching, critical language learning period
Lexicon
Dictionary of smallest units of speech that have amazing (morpheme)
Austrolopithecus boisei (2.3-1.2 mya)
East Africa cranium - flat face with flaring zygomatic bones, large temporal fossa (where temporalis muscle goes behind zygomatics), sagittal crest, huge premolars an molars, small incisors and canines, 520 cc brain specialized chewers of hard vegetable foods
Feasting*
Eating and drinking in a religious context
Chapter 14
Economics
Early founders of British anthropology - cultural evolutionists
Edward Burnett Tylor (1832 - 1917) Cultural Evolutionism James George Frazer (1854 - 1941) Scottish anthropologist and folklorist. Evolution of culture from MAGIC----> RELIGION -----> SCIENCE (Noting similarities)
The first true primates had all of the following characteristics except
Elaboration of olfactory senses
Paul Kay and Brent Berlin
Elicited basic color terms from the speakers of hundreds of languages.
The way people biologically incorporate material and social aspects of their world is referred to as
Embodiment
Founders of structuralist anthropology (France)
Emile Durkheim 1858-1971 Structural Functionalism Marcel Mauss (1872 - 1950) The gift, a theory of exchange Claude Levi-Strauss (1908-2009) Father of Structural Anthropology (Drew heavily on the ideas of Ferdinand de Saussure)
Feminism in the early church:
Emma Smith and the relief society? Elected leadership
Biological Anthropology
Encompasses the study of primates with a goal of identifying what in human behavior is general to primates, what is restricted to a few kinds of primates and humans, and what is uniquely human
A.boisei
Evidence of early hominids in other parts of Africa was not found until 1959. This discovery was made by Louis and Mary Leakey working at the site of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.This specimen found by Louis and Mary Leakey in Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania was origninally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' because Louis thought it was more closely related to humans than Australopithecus was. Following further study, this specimen was placed in the genus Australopithecus, as were all the specimens of 'Paranthropus'. (OH-5) from Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Originally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' by Louis and Mary Leakey. Note the megadont premolar and molar teeth
Evolutionary Theory
Evolutionary theory rejects a "link" - this assumes a linear series of relationships, which is not how species evolve
Agnostic relationship
Exists where individuals are in conflict with each other
Figure 8.7
Facial reconstruction of a homo erectus found in the Republic of Georgia. Skull dated to 1.7 MYA. Did facial reconstruction to show the humanness of some hominins.
Framing and Play*
Framing: A cognitive boundary that marks certain behaviors as "play" or as "ordinary life" Play: A framing that is consciously adopted by the players, somehow pleasurable, and systemically related to what in non-play by alluding to the non-play world and by transforming the objects, roles, actions, and relations of ends and means characteristic of the non-play world
Early founders of US anthropology
Franz Boaz - Father of American anthro. Critic of the race concept and a critique of evolutionary anthro (cultural evolutionism) Margaret Mead - Culture and personality Zora Neale Hurston - portrayed racial struggles in the early 20th century American South, and published research on Haitian voodoo.
Definition of a State
Full-time specialists usually with a central government and at least one city. Only possible after the invention of agriculture
Personal Identity Traits
Gender, job, family, ethnicity, race, culture religion, sexual orientation, dialect
Horticulturalists Marriages
Generally bride service
Pastoralists Marriages
Generally bride wealth
Building a State Society
Generally forms due to conquest, colonization, or "unification"
Genetic Drift +RANDOM
Genetic Change Due to Change
Genotype Vs. Phenotype
Genotype - The genetic information about particular biological traits encoded in an organisms DNA - inside Phenotype - The observable measurable, measurable overt characteristics of an organism - Outside
Darwin's FIVE DISCIPLINES
Geology, paleontology, taxonomy, and systematics, demography and biology.
Bridewealth (why not "brideprice"?). What does it look like in gift or market economy?
Gift society- groom's family are in "debt" to the bride's family which establishes a lasting bond and relationship Market economy- gifts have a price and therefore once paid back distinguishes any past/ future times when people can connect. "Brideprice" would make a gift economy into a market economy putting a payable price on the bride and then exclusion from further connection with others.
Malinowski described the Trobriand Islanders idea of possession as: "To possess is to
Give
Sacrifice*
Giving something of value to the invisible forces or their agents
Australopithecines (Gracile Vs. Robust)
Gracile - More human like no crest, steeper (bulbous) forehead, long snout Robust - Large face muscles (jaw), short snout, elongated forehead ---- Picture is Robust
Communities (fission-fusion social organization)
Group organization changes throughout time, depending on environment and time.
The first hominin to travel throughout Africa and out-of-Africa was
H. erectus
JAMES HUTTON
He was what you would call a geologist but his biggest contribution was that he looked at the Thames River in England, he came up with the idea that the river banks were eroding as the years went by. But how did he measure erosion? He measured it every year and took into consideration the time of year/weather etc and calculated an estimate figuring out how different environmental factors influence the rate of erosion. This became Hutton's idea of Uniformitarianism The church of course disregarded Hutton's ideas because his estimate of the earths age was far longer then that said in the bible
Equal Sexual Division of Labor
High divorce rate and affairs for women, more women in leadership roles, lower rates of domestic violence. Does not mean equal social status
Agricultural consequences
High population densities, more cooperation required, increased disease transmission, poor health outcomes, increased vulnerability to local and global climate change, conflict with other cultures
Males who are sexually impotent either because they were born intersex with ambiguous genitalia or because they underwent castration are known in India as
Hijra
THOMAS MALTHUS
His theory was based on Demography (the classification of people) it's a hierarchical way of classifying people for ex: male, female, upper middle class, lower middle class, have you gone to college. In format, It is virtually the same as Taxonomy, as you go on you get a more narrow focus. He also looked at Demography
When anthropologists look at an object according to how, where, why, and for whom it was produced, which dimension are they looking at?
History
First known recorded language
Hittitc 8700 years ago
What are the four epistemes of anthropology introduced in the lecture?
Holism, Contextualism, Structuralism (emergence), Processualism
Homo Erectus (Acheulian Culture and Cooking)
Homo erectus: The species of large-brained, robust hominins that lived between 1.8 and 0.4 mya (pg 112) -Traditionally, the appearance of H. erectus in the fossil record has been linked to the appearance of a new stone-tool tradition: the Acheulean Tradition. Achelean stone tools come in a variety of forms, but the "hand-ax" is the most characteristic. Achelean bifaces are shaped from stone cores perhaps twice the size of Oldowan cores -Some claimed that H. erectus used fire to cook meat (pg 114-115)
Homology Vs. Homoplasy
Homology - Genetic inheritance resulting from common ancestry Homoplasy - Traits species share but are not related -- have these features because of similar environmental pressures (shark fin and dolphin fin)
Human Universal
Homosexuality is a human universal
So-called "honor and shame" cultures"
Honor is important to aristocrats and gangsters - a beheading is a great dishonor
Hopi verb conjugation vs. English verb conjugation
Hopi - factual / currently happening, future tense, and general tense English - past, present, future
The existence of Maya today is an example of how the Maya empire
How a society transforms
Medical Anthropology
How culture shaped health and treatment, what is and isn't an illness
Anthropocene
How humans are changing the world and by how much they are changing it "The current geological epoch wherein anthropogenic agency is one of the prominent forces affecting global landscapes and climates" (pg 73)
Market Integration
How much you sell or trade to get what you need
Epistemology
How we know what we think we know
Human Races
Human races are sociological, not biological
Structuralism examples - conceptions of conception and oogenesis/spermatogenesis & also directionality in language
Idea that egg plays a passive or negative role (floats along / trapping / wasteful), while sperm is much more active (penetrates / attacks / binds / productive) - when recent findings conclude that the egg is much more active in the process - forming a bridge
Parallel Cousin Marriage (rare)
Ideal Spouse: Mother's Sister's kid or Father's Brother's Kid: Keeps Resources
Cross-Cousin Marriage Benefits
Ideal spouse: Mother's Brother's kid or Father's Sister's Kid: keeps last name
Aspects of Religion
Ideas and practices that postulate reality beyond that which is immediately available to the senses
What kind of magic is the Korean belief "Don't eat chicken when you're pregnant or your child will be born with chicken skin" an example of?
Imitative / Homeopathic
Imitative magic vs. contagious magic (examples? Vietnam Memorial?)
Imitative/homeopathic Magic (Law of Similarity) Its leading principle, as we have seen, is that like produces like, or in other words that in effect resembles its cause Example: Don't eat chicken when you are pregnant or your child will have chicken skin (similarity) Contagious Magic (Law of Contact) "Proceeds upon the notion that things which have once been conjoined must remain ever afterwards, even when quite dissevered from each other, in such a sympathetic relation that whatever is done to the one must similarly affect the other." Examples among us moderns - the vietnam memorial in DC. Objects are put on the sites in commemoration. We find this wall to be "sacred"
Thomas Hunt Morgan
In 1908 Thomas Hunt Morgan repeated Mendel's work with fruit flies. His team discovered that all genes are chromosomes and that both genes and chromosomes ae transmitted during reproductive cell division. (he coined the term genes/genetics)
CHARLES DARWIN
In England at the time Darwin was alive, England was the central area/hub where scientists (or naturalists at the time) gathered to discuss their ideas. So Darwin decided he would go around the world and gather samples and when these scientists had a question they could consult "Darwins Collection" however after arriving at the Galapagos islands while collecting these samples Darwin's contribution to science turned out to be quiet different and eventually he penned "The Origin of Species" Darwins biggest contribution was the synthesis of the ideas from fellow scientists like Mendel and James Hutton and Charles Lyal, Carlous Linnaeus, and Thomas Malthus were saying.
Herto
In the middle awash region of Ethiopia. Hero has a tall braincase, a vertical forehead, small browridges, a retracted face, and a large brain. (160,000 yBP). When pieced together, looks modern
stereoscopic vision
Information sent to both hemispheres of brain
"Snow", "flying things", examples of grammatical categories
Inuit/Eskimo have 50+ words for snow
Surplus Production
Involved producing more food than bare minimum needed
Which kinship system is better or more accurate?
Iroquois relays more information.
Negative reciprocity
Is Characterized by each partner attempting to maximize profit
Prestige
Is earned through respect and socially sanctioned approvals
Pseudo Science
Is essentially fake or false science, something that looks scientific but isn't.
The nuclear family is the family that
Is formed by a married couple and their children
Neo-Darwinism
It is assumed organisms strive for optimal adaptive resources to environmental problems
Kung San
Kalahari Desert
Female excision in Sierra Leone as a rite of passage. What does it mean for the initiate? Is it an example of patriarchy or of the power of women? Or both? How so?
Leaders initiate inductees into higher social positions This is an example of the power of women. Often, political leaders won't make the women mad because they know they could do many bad things to them.
Written Record Benefits
Learning from past mistakes
Focal Vocabulary
Lexical elaboration that corresponts to an activity or item that is culturally central
Linguistic relativity hypothesis (Sapir-Whorf hypothesis) vs. linguistic determinism
Linguistic relativity: the language you were raised with influences your worldview v.s. determining your worldview
Chiefdom
Little social class and part time occupations
Neolocal Reaidence
Living away from both parent's family
Matrilocal Residence
Living near maternal kin (mother's family)
Patrilocal Descent
Living near paternal kin (father's family)
Dialects
Local or regional characteristics of a language. While accent refers to the pronunciation differences of a standard language, a dialect, in addition to pronunciation variation, has distinctive grammar and vocabulary
Pair Bonding
Long-term sexual relationships
Baseball is well known for superstition and
Magic
Every time Frank has a big exam, he eats the same breakfast, wears the same socks, and takes the same path to school. Frank is performing
Magic
Incantations and the manipulation of special objects are features of
Magic
Indexicality
Making culture, heritage and land part of the conversation
Family Tree: Triangle
Male
Later key figures in British anthropology
Malinowski (1884 - 1942)Ethnography - "The native's point of view. Functionalism Radcliffe - Frown (1881 - 1955) Structural Functionalism Evans - Pritchard (1902 - 1973) Anthropology as part of the humanities and for understanding across cultures
The belief that sacred power inheres in certain high-ranking people, sacred spaces, and objects is called
Mana
"Collapse"
Many famous past state societies collapsed due to the effects of climate change
Coming of Age in Samoa
Margaret Mead
Pidgin Language
No consistent grammar, arise from 2 different languages, is a second language
Egalitarian
No dictator or hierarchy
Liminality - what are the features of liminal experiences and liminal subjects?
No unique identity, subject to discipline, intense camaraderie with other liminal subjects, and confined to a space that symbolizes passage.
Does horticulture contribute to climate change?
No, due to the cyclic nature of the land burned
Nocturnal Vs. Diurnal
Nocturnal - Awake at night and sleeps during the day - less advances monkeys are nocturnal Diurnal - Awake during the day and sleeps at night - humans and more advanced monkeys are diurnal
Feature
Nonportable remnants from the past, such as house walls or ditches
NAGPRA is the
North American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.
Chimpanzee Relationship
Not descendant from but close cousins
Just as people pass through a number of socially recognized phases of life, which of the following have "careers" with recognizable phases, from their creation, exchange, and uses to eventually being discarded?
Objects
Material Culture
Objects created or shaped by human beings and given meaning by cultural practices (pg 7)
Natives and Country
Often have local ecological knowledge and long-term relationships with country. Usually more sustainable practices than state societies
Lucy
One of the most significant fossils: the 40% complete skeleton of an adult female Au. afarensis, found in East Africa
Sexual Dimorphism
One sex is larger on average than the other
Polyandry
One woman married to multiple men
According to the lecture on Levi-Strauss given in class, what is Levi-Strauss' main point about culture?
Orders reality
Saussure's big insight. What does this have to do with anthropology?
Perhaps his most influential contribution to linguistic and social theory was his distinction between language (langue) and speech (parole). Language, for Saussure, is the signifying system through which we communicate. Speech refers to actual utterances. Because we can communicate an infinite number of utterances, it is the system behind them that is important.. -- deals with structuralism
A key aspect of sedentism is
Permanent social inequality..
Family Tree: Ego
Person of interest
Phyletic Gradualism Vs. Punctuated Equilibrium
Phyletic Gradualism - Evolution of a species is gradual where species slowly grow away from each other through generation to generation - boundaries between species can't be drawn Punctuated Equilibrium - A theory claiming that most of evolutionary history has been characterized by relatively stable species coexisting in an equilibrium that is occasionally punctuated by sudden bursts of speciation, when extinctions are widespread and many new species appear
Pidgin and Language Inequality*
Pidgin: A language with no native speakers that develops in a single generation between members of communities that possess distinct native languages
Conservation
Planned management of a natural resource to prevent exploration, neglect, or destruction
Burin
Pointed tools used for engraving
The relationships and processes of cooperation, conflict, and power, which are fundamental aspects of human life, are encompassed by
Politics
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Agriculture Traits
Seasonal rituals, religion, sedentary, cities were possible, ritualized relationships, fictive kin, career specialization, trade, hierarchical leadership
Rites of passage - Stages of rites of passage
Separation: Symbolic detachment of the subject from a position in social structure or from a set of cultural conditions. Margin/Liminal: Inbetween stage Reincorporation: Returned to new stable position in social structure
Culture
Sets of learned behavior and ideas that human beings acquire as a member of society. human beings use culture to adapt to and transform the world in which they live.
The reproductive forms and functions of the body are referred to as
Sex
Bisexual
Sexual attraction to both males and females
How men and women have differing sexual forms is part of
Sexual dimorphism
Shaman vs. Priest
Shaman: A part time religious practitioner who is believed to have the power to contact supernatural forces directly on behalf go individuals or groups Preist: A religious practitioner skilled in the practice on religious rituals which he or she carries out for the benefit of the group
Mary Douglas - what does she mean by "there is no such thing as a free gift"?
She means that there is always a bond created by the gift
Homo erectus Traits
Shorter arms, narrower pelvis, no curved finger bones, longer legs and bigger arches
Stephsirrhines Vs. Haplorrhines
Stephsirrhines - includes lemurs and lorises - has upper lip attached to gums - tooth comb an grooming claw - dentation: ****** - Two horned uterus Haplorrhines - includes tarsiers, anthropoids, primates - upper lips are not attached - separated into categories 1. Tarsiers: small nocturnal primates that only eat animals food such as insects, birds, bats and snakes 2. Anthropoids: new world monkeys, old world monkeys, apes and humans
McKinnon's work on evolutionary psychology and genes
Studied work that pointed to genetics as the key-to-everything and showed that these works tell us more about cultural and ideological positions of the authors than the human genome. Debunks the idea of a "madonna-***** switch"
Semiotics
Studies of multidimensional communication
Homininae
Subfamily containing humans, chimpanzees and gorillas
Dowry
Substantial gifts to husband's family from the wife's family. (much less common)
Scientific Method
Systematic observation of the world.
Domestication
Taming animals to live and reproduce under human control
Objects embody physical traits as well as a
Temporal dimension
Foragers: Bilateral Descent
Tend to keep both last names and keep ties to both parental families. Clans are the exception
"Race" - what does it mean? What has it meant historically?
Term used to denote a particular subspecies - historically involved with segregation and subjugation.
What is an example, given in lecture, of a modern fetish in Western culture?
The Brain
Kulturbrille (Aka Cultural Glasses)
The Epistemologies of the cultures we study. Example - Crickets in Chapter 1 of Engelke -The way you see a situation, how you solve a problem is all about your point of view.
Natufians
The First Farmers and Herders were in the Middle East: The foragers.
Power
The ability to exercise one's will over others.
Bilingualism
The ability to speak two languages
Liminality*
The ambiguous transitional state in a rite of passage in which the person or persons undergoing the ritual are outside their ordinary social positions
Transformation Process
The idea that things at a site change - Soil erodes - humans move things - natural disasters
Market Pulls
The influences to get involved: money, education, resources
The idea of Country
The land and all that it encompasses, generally limited to native peoples
Handaxe
The most dominant tool in the Acheulian Complex, characterized by a sharp edge for both cutting and scraping
The nature/culture binary and its entailments (i.e., what things does it bring with it?)
The nature culture binary is the idea that our understanding of nature influences our culture, and our culture influences our understanding of "nature" - think culture influencing description of oogenesis/spermatogenesis.
What is the most likely explanation for why early Homo left Africa?
The need to find meat
Oldowan tools
The oldest known tools, made by chipping stones to produce a sharper edge. Made by Homo Habilis.
Australopithecus anamensis
The oldest species of australopithecine from East Africa and likely ancestor to Au. afarensis
Ethnocentrism*
The opinion that one's way of life is natural or correct and, indeed, the only true way of being fully human
Dispersal
The pattern of one sex leaving the group they were born into about the time of reproductive maturity
Irving Goffman
The person who said: "Social behavior is like a performance, with roles, lines props
Dual-inheritance Theory
The perspective that culture is evolutionarily important, evolves in a darwinian fashion, and that understanding gene-culture coevolution is the key to understanding human behavior
Is horticulture sustainable?
Yes, if population size is small
Indirect Observation:
You walk barefoot on asphalt one hot summer day and the asphalt burns your feet. During the winter, however, you wouldn't be afraid to walk outside
Which of the following environmental zones was NOT involved in the origin of food production in the Middle East?
Yucatan peninsula
A comparison of hypertension rates between African American's in Chicago., Nigerians and Jamaican's revealed
a and b only
Fossil remains
a and b only
Human biological diversity
a and b only
Diseases
a and c only
Taphonomy
a and c only
The origin of life and evolutionary theory
a and c only
non coding DNA
a and c only
the discussion as to whether or not humans are "different by degree" or "unique in kind" in comparison to other primates
a and c only
Lobola
a bridewealth, especially one paid with cattle
Louis Leakey, Mary Leakey
anthropologists that were the discoverers of the bones of early man in tanzania, more specifically in the olduvai gorge. They defined a creature called homo erectus (upright man). Evidence of early hominids in other parts of Africa was not found until 1959 by these two at the site of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. This specimen was originally named 'Zinjanthropus boisei' because he thought it was more closely related to humans than Australopithecus was. Further evidence of bipedalism in Australopithecus afarensis was found by Mary Leakey at Laetoli, Tanzania (3.7 mya)In the late 1980's Richard Leakey working at the site of West Turkana, Kenya finds the 'Black skull' which is named Australopithecus aethiopicus.
functionalism
approach focusing on the role (function) of sociocultural practices in social systems
Neandertals
archaic H. sapiens group inhabiting Europe and the Middle East from 130,000 to 28,000 B.P.
Agta
are an indigenous people who live in scattered, isolated mountainous parts of Luzon, Philippines. They are considered to be Negritos, who are dark to very dark brown-skinned and tend to have features such as a small stature, small frame, curly to kinky afro-like textured hair with a higher frequency of naturally lighter hair color (blondism) relative to the general population, small nose, and dark brown eyes. They are thought to be among the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines, preceding the Austronesian migrations. No status distinction, women hunt too.
Taxonomic categories and classifications
are generally based on a comparison of traits and the adaptations of the organism
Fossils
are very rare, only select environments can lead to fossilization
science and religious beliefs
depending on how an individual interpret their faith they will or will not have a conflict with science
Syntax
depending on position of wording you can mix words to mean the same thing
displacement
describing things and events that are not present; basic to language
heterozygous
different allele
subcultures
different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same complex society
Anthropologists believe that race is "real"—in other words, that it is not just a social construction—because
different socially-determined racial groups can have distinct biological outcomes due to prejudice and discrimination..
Acheulean
in southern Ethiopia.*bifacially flaked core tools. Flakes used to cut meat. Tools made by flaking off the stone, large cutting tools, used by H. Erectus/Ergaster. o A) ~1.4MYA -250,000YA; primarily H. erectus o B) large "handaxes" - bifacts o C) Clear plan in mind o D) Why so populat? ▪ 1) sharp edge for long time? ▪ 2) easy to hold? ▪ 3) prepare plan materials? ▪ 4) digging tools? ▪ 5) throw them? 1.6-1.4 MYA the Acheulean tool tradition begins in Africa, lasted until 250,000 years ago. Dominated by biface tools researchers call hand axes and cleavers, it was used for butchering large animals, hunting tools, weapons, or used in preparation of plant foods. They are made for specific uses.
Hominin
includes recent humans together with extent ancestral and related forms
religious specialists
individuals who guide others in their spiritual search and ritual practices; thought to be inspired, enlightened, or even holy, they command respect for their skills in contacting and influencing spiritual beings and manipulating or connecting to supernatural forces
In the United States, the current mode of production is
industrial capitalism
informal and formal sanctions
informal - controls, like sanctions, such as rules of etiquette formal - controls, like laws, that if neglected or broken, result in a punishment
Generalized reciprocity
is giving something without the expectation of return, at least not in the near term
A knowledge of evolution
is important in health decisions, understanding diseases and disease transmission tells us whether or not to be concerned with the Ebola virus and or the Zika virus
Junk DNA
is non- coding DNA and we are just starting to learn how this DNA affects the expression of traits
Negative reciprocity
is the attempt to get something for nothing-to haggle one's way into a favorable personal outcome.
Physical Anthro
is the biological study of the human body. How we work and why the human body is the way it is. This is also called biological anthropology. Physical anthropology is the study of human evolution and variation, both past and present They look at the bodies of human beings, what their bodies are adapting to, how they are adapting.)
Reciprocity
is the give-and-take that builds and confirms relationships.
Adjudication
is the legal process by which an individual or council with socially recognized authority intervenes in a dispute and unilaterally makes a decision.
Material culture
is the objects used and made in any society.
Exogamy
is the practice of seeking a spouse outside one's own group (marrying outside own group)
Phonology
is the study of the sound use in speech
Negotiation
is when parties themselves reach a decision jointly.
Allopatric Model
living in different places One such example is lizards living on an island, if there are no physical barrier one lizard can cross the island to mate with the other, but let's say there is a physical barrier on the island, a mountain ranger pops up that the lizards cannot get around, these lizards are no physically isolated. The female lizard side is dry and desert-like, while the male is wet and rainy, these are two different environments. The males offspring are going to adapt to the weather, over a long period of time, so is the females. And then, let's say over even more time that mountain range disappears, the male's offspring and the female's offspring will not be able to mate because these offspring became two different species. These lizards have speciated.
Blade
long, thin, flat and have a sharp edge. Longer cutting edge.Took time to manufacture
witchcraft
magical rituals intended to cause misfortune or inflict harm practiced by individuals embodying evil spirit power or those collaborating with malevolent supernatural beings
Pleistocene
main epoch (2 m.y.a.-10,000 B.P.) of evolution of Homo
Levi-Strauss - the sorcerer and his magic
o what does L-S attribute the healing (Quesalid)? Or the decision to release the boy accused of witchcraft? The Shaman "taken" by thunder and lightning The boy accused of sorcery after girl has seizure - the defendant who serves as a witness, gives the group the satisfaction of truth which is much greater than justice (his execution) Quesalid, the unwitting shamen - he didn't become a great shaman bc he cured his patients, he cured his patients bc he had become a great shaman.
Balanced reciprocity
occurs when a person gives something, expecting the receiver to return an equivalent gift or favor at some point in the future
In the neo-evolutionary typology of political organization, a band is a
oncentralized group of people who have a low population density and participate in foraging.
An acephalous society is
one without a governing head, generally with no hierarchical leadership
Those who are eligible to make a claim under NAGPRA include
only federally recognized Native American groups or tribes.
"How do we know?", p.354
our brains are twice the size of earliest hominins, primates have smaller brains so birth is less complicated, painful, stressful, dramatic than humans. Rotational birth is the key to evolutionary solution for birth of large brained babies, as well as pelvic modifications
Looting
people digging for artifacts usually in destabilized regions to sell on the black market or to private collectors
ritual
religion in action; it is what people do, such as praying, meditating, saying the rosary, going to the temple, making an offering of flowers, etc.
Primates have a long period of dependency after birth because they
rely more on learned behaviors for survival
Aging a skeleton (the age an individual was when they died)
requires looking at multiple aspects of fossil remains from the teeth to the pelvis to the skull
Globalization
reshaping of local conditions by powerful global forces on an ever-intensifying scale
Which one of the traits listed below is not used to define the order Primates?
retention of five digits on the hands and feet
Breccia
rock consisting of angular fragments cemented together
homozygous
same allele
What are the barriers to people's acceptance of science?
scientific knowledge is often contradicted by individuals and groups due to economic issues
Rift Valley
separation of chimp and gorilla ancestors from homo ancestors
Sexual preferences, desires, and practices are encompassed in the study of
sexuality.
Homologous Traits
shared phylogenetic history similar underlying structures can be modified for very different functions.
Culture-Bound Syndrome
sickeness and therapies to them that is bound to a certain cultural group
Richard Leaky
son of Mary and Louis. In the late 1980's he was working at the site of West Turkana, Kenya and finds the 'Black skull' which is named Australopithecus aethiopicus
The differing density of stones used to build the Great Pyramids suggests that
specialized engineering and technical knowledge was held by some in Egypt
Anterior foramen magnum
spine enters neck
Structuralism (as in "structuralist anthropology" a la Levi-Strauss) - main tenets and also criticisms.
structuralism is the methodology that implies elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a broader, overarching system or structure - deep structures form meaning in culture Criticisms : because it made assumptions about the universal structures of the human mind, there was a concern with how cultural and social structures were changed by human agency and practice.
William Labov
studied "black" english (ebonics) and found that it had its own complex internal structure
ethnosemantics
study of lexical (vocabulary) categories and contrasts
Rituals are..
stylized performances involving symbols that are associated with social, political, and religious activities
code switching
switching back and forth between one linguistic variant and another depending on the cultural context
Kinship is
system that organizes people in families based on descent and marriage.
Anthropologists define consumption as
the act of using and assigning meaning to a good, service, or relationship
Basic Primate Phylogeny Tree Haplorhines
tarsiers, monkeys, apes, humans cataryhines old world monkeys platyrhines new world monkeys
What is the term for the ordering of organisms into categories, such as orders or families?
taxonomy
religion
textbook: an organized system of ideas about the spiritual sphere or the supernatural, along with associated ceremonial practices by which people try to interpret and/or influence aspects of the universe otherwise beyond their control; lecture: a set of rituals, rationalized by myth, which mobilizes supernatural powers for the purpose of achieving or preventing transformations of state in people and nature; beliefs and patterns of behavior by which people try to control the part of the universe that is otherwise beyond their control
power
the ability to exercise one's will over others and make them do things even against their own wants or wishes; can be physical, mental, or emotional
locomotion
the ability to move from place to place. - Slow quadrupedal climbing - Vertical clinging & leaping - Arboreal & terrestrial quadrupedalism - Semi brachiation - Brachiation - Knuckle walking - Bipedalism
Bipedalism
the ability to walk upright on two legs
All of the following can affect primate social behavior, EXCEPT
the absolute length of the tail of monkeys, over 12" is key
Cultural Authenticity
the accuracy of a culture - tourists will see a production of culture in certain areas
Mosaic Evolution
the concept that major evolutionary changes tend to take place in stages, not all at once. It is a pattern in evolution in which the rates of evolution in one functional system vary from those in other systems. For example, in hominid evolution, the dental system, locomotor system, and neurological system, evolved at markedly different rates.
art
the creative use of the imagination to enjoy, interpret life, to entertain and express cultural identity
For early humans, the ability to domesticate animals depended upon
the docility of the animal being domesticated..
Relativism
the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute.
Socioecology looks at the relationship between animals, their behaviors and
the environment they live in (food availability, predators, seasonal variation, etc.) and their adaptations
Why do we have a mismatch between our genetic constitution and our modern lifestyles?
the environment we live in today is very different from the environment in which our species evoved
genocide
the extermination of one people by another deliberately
Status
the level your at royals religion military merchants farmers
socialization
the lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture
world religions
the major religions of the world; - Christianity - Islam - Judaism - Hinduism - Buddhism - etc
acculturation
the massive cultural change that occurs in a society when it experiences intensive firsthand contact with a more powerful society; always involves an element of force
Participant Observation
the method anthropologists use to gather information by living as closely as possible to the people whose culture they are studying while participating in their lives as much as possible
Regarding the evolution of New World Monkey's
the migration hypothesis states that New World monkey's migrated down from North America millions of years ago
Transformist Hegemony
the national program to define nationality in a way that preserves the cultural domination of the ruling group while including enough cultural features from subordinated groups to ensure their loyalty
Niches and the example of the two monkeys
the niche of the monkey's included the food they ate and this affected maturation times, brain size and stomach size and configuration
mutations are
the only source of completely new genetic variation
The best way to sex a skeleton is to look at the
the pelvis
The trade model of state formation suggests that people trade because
the people want objects or raw materials not available at home
Witchcraft
the performance of evil by human beings believed to posses an innate, nonhuman power to do evil, whether or not it is intentional or self aware
prosimians
the primate suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers
Enculturation
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
enculturation
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
globalization
the process in which all parts of the earth are becoming interconnected in one vast interrelated and all encompassing system (internet, wal-mart, skype, mcdonalds)
modernization
the process of cultural and socioeconomic change by which developing societies acquire some of the characteristics of Western industrialized/post-industrialized societies; involves the application of science and technology, commercial farming, industrialization, urbanization, and communication
politics
the process of determining who gets what, when, where, and how
Transformation Processes
the way in which sites change over time, idea that things change at a site, can be man-driven or natural. Two types are cultural and natural Cultural: how humans/human behavior change landscapes, an example is mining Natural: how natural disasters change landscapes, examples include flooding, earthquakes, hurricanes, etc
Phenotype
the way it looks outward appearance (blonde hair brown eyes)
political organization
the way power, as the capacity to do something, is accumulated, arranged, executed, and structurally embedded in society; the means through which a society creates and maintains social order and reduces social disorder; there are two types: decentralized and centralized
What is the most likely explanation as to why Homo erectus moved out of Africa?
their reproductive success and higher population densities lead to the need to move out and find new sources of water, shelter and food
The methods used to study primate behaviors
theology, the study of animals under natural conditions is seen as the most informative
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
theory that different languages produce different patterns of thought
Four stages of primate complexity
1. Pre-Monkeys 2. Monkeys/Apes/Humans 3. Apes/Humans 4. Humans
Miocene
23 mya
Dryopithecus
A genus of dryopithecid apes found in southern France and northern Spain
Niche Construction
A critical aspect involves changing and constructing the world around us
Problems with the concept of culture
A definition of what culture implies a hierarchy
Australopithecus garhi
A late australopithecine from East africa that was contemporaneous with Au. africanus and Au. aethiopicus and was the likely ancestor to the Homo lineage
Australopithecus sediba
A late species of australopithecine from South Africa that may have descended from Au. africanus, was a contemporary of Au. robustus, and expresses anatomical features found in Australopithecus and in Homo.
Ardipithecus ramidus
A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of a peri-honing complex, a primitive trait intermediate between apes and modern humans
Ardipithecus ramidus (4.4 mya)
A later pre-australopithecine species from the late Miocene to the early Pliocene; shows evidence of both bipedalism and arboreal activity but no indication of the primitive perihoning complex.
Human Behavioral Ecology
A perspective that focuses on how ecological and social factors affect behavior through natural selection
The Scientific Concept of Race
A population or group of populations within a species that has measurable, defining biological characteristics and low statistical measures of similarity
Artificial Selection
Human selection of specific animal traits
All of the following are true regarding the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis except:
It views language as a product of unilinear evolution
Sedentism
Lack of mobility, staying in one place: sometimes a choice, but more often is forced
Language and Power
Language determines power and who is considered civilized in a particular state
Patrilineal Descent
Last name stays on the paternal or father's side of the family
Rhinarium
Moist fleshly pad of nose
Post-Marriage Patterns of Residence
Monogamy: 1 spouse Polygyny: 1 husband, Many wives Polyandry: 1 wife, many husbands
Monogamy vs. Polygamy
Monogamy: A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to only one spouse at a time Polygamy: A marriage pattern in which a person may be married to more than one spouse at a time
Complex Societies leave traces in the archaeological record of:
Monumental architecture such as temples or pyramids, elaborate burials, artifact concentrations that indicate occupational specialization, regional settlement hierarchies with at least three levels
Which genus best fits the description "small- brained, robust, hominid with a mixed grassland, plant foods"
Paranthropus
Au. robustus
Paranthropus; robust Australopithecus species (2.0?-1.0? m.y.a.), South Africa
Vertical transmission
Parent to child
Structural power is
Power that not only operates within settings but also organizes and orchestrates the settings in which social and individual action take place.
Egalitarian Social Relations*
Social relations in which no great differences in wealth, power, or prestige divide members from one another
Syntax
The arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Anthropomorphism
The attribution of human characteristics to non human animals (talking to your cat like he's a human)
In the United States, when men were serving in World War II,
The birth rate dropped
canine-premolar honing complex
The dental form in which the upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars when the jaws are opened and closed
Sedentism
The practice of living in one place for a long time. The majority of the Western population belong to sedentary cultures
Steno's law of superposition
The principle that the lower the stratum or layer, the older its age; the oldest layers are at the bottom, and the youngest are at the top
Rituals - defining features. What is their role in establishing or undermining power? How do rituals establish/inculcate authority?
They have the same features as other rites of passage, but they establish authority from ritual deference
Plesiadapiforms
Thought to be the first primates. Possess some but not all primate charachteristics. Fossil finds from the Paleocene period.
convergent evolution
To analogous traits adaptation to solve similar ecological problems. (smilodon) placental mammal (thylacosmilus) marsupial mammal Both animals adaped to catch large prey with teeth and claws.
Graphology
the study of handwriting
Acheulean
Lower Paleolithic tool tradition associate with H. erectus
A symbolic system socially enacted through rituals and other aspects of social life is
Religion
Cooperation and Market Integration
When families start to accumulate more money they tend to cooperate less
New World Monkeys (Platyrrhines)
- 2.1.3.3 dental formula - Nose form - Latin America - Diurnal - Arboreal - Tropical Forests
Ardipithecus Ramidus
- 4 MYA - Partly upright walker - Increasing brain size - Had big toe like modern humans but not in the right spot
The Neolithic Revolution
- 400-2,000 years ago - Beginning of agriculture - Domestication of Farming and Crops (most modern domestication)
Archaic Homo Sapiens
- 500,000 -200,000 ya - possessed features found in homo Erectus and Homo sapiens - humans spread across the globe
Hominoids
- A biological superfamily that includes humans, great apes, and gibbons
Hominins
- Humans and immediate ancestors had: - Ability to walk upright - ability to control emotions Bones: - straight bone legs - spinal column enters in the bottom of the skull - wider hips (stable base)
Primate Evolutionary Trends
- Increase in brain size - Reduction in projection of face/ sense of smell - Increasing dependence in sight - Reduced number of teeth - Increasing period of infant dependence - Greater dependence on learned behavior
Major benefits of group life
- Protection vs Predators - Better access to resources - Access to potential mates
Australopithecus Afarensis (Lucy)
- Roamed 3 MYA - Changes in dentation to look more like a U (Human Shape) - 375 cm3 (35% of the modern human brain capacity) - Lucy is a very intact fossil
Exaptation
- Shaped by nature for one thing then evolve again for another - Wings originally used cool off birds then adapted to fly
Aboreal Hypothesis
- Stereoscopic vision - Grasping hands - Nails = Adaptive niche of life in the trees
Essentialism
- The belief, derived from Plato, in fixed ideas or forms, that exist in perfect unchanging in eternity. Actual objects in the temporal world such as cows or horses are seen as imperfect material realizations of the ideal form that defines their kind - there are hard lines between species; they are separate and unchanging (humans are not related to anything - The idea of "Cowness" --- the view that living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are
band
- a group of related households (usually kin groups) who *occupy a common region* that does not yield their sovereignty (overall, supreme power) to another group or collective - the oldest and least complicated form of political organization used by cultures that were *traditionally hunter-gatherers/foragers*, nomadic, egalitarian, and in small numbers - population densities are usually less than one person per square mile - have *no leader*, chief, president, etc and no representatives or legislators - *make and enforce their own rules* (typically based on oral tradition) - order is maintained by mediation (elder), gossip, ridicule, and face-saving; these activities maintain order because a member wants to avoid being talked about or ridiculed - song duels
tribe
- a kin-ordered group of independent communities occupying a specific region, sharing a common language and culture - sacrifices household autonomy to the larger order group - associated with farming (horticulture) and pastoralism where there are larger groups and a greater population density - communities come together to form alliances for various purposes, often to gain protection in the event of an attack or to carry out a raid, or to pool resources in times of scarcity - population densities can be as high as 250 per square mile - often associated with social and political problems and unrest - order is maintained by gossip, criticism, and the threat of withdraw of cooperation of the tribe - order is also maintained by the belief that disease is caused by antisocial actions - witches are common; one wants to avoid being labeled a witch so you behave in a socially acceptable behavior
Archaic Humans
-500,000-300,000 years ago, changes in morphology and material culture suggest emergence of one or more new variety of Homo -Class homo erectus traits of robustness decreased and cranial capacity increased -Brow ridges became smaller and more separated with reduced postorbital constriction -Anthropologist classify archaic humans in one of two ways: -They may all be put into one category of archaic homo sapiens, a broad category that assumes that we ourselves evolved directly out of this group -Or separated into two different species Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis
Genus Astralopithecus
-A span of over 2 million years in the fossil record -Most researchers hypothesize the human lineage emerged from the australopithecus
Hominoidea
-African Apes (gorillas and chimpansees) -Asian Apes (orangutans and gibbons) -Humans -All have large bodies and brains except gibbons -Apes and humans: No tails, adaptations in the upper body allows full rotation of the arm and greater hand movement, allowing them to hang and swing among branches. The initial adaption lead to bipedal walking
Processualism
-All things are processes unfolding in time and, as such, they must be understood across time (snapshots will not do). -Metaphor: Think about watching a table throughout time, you would see it as a tree, then chopped wood in the workshop, then a store, then a home.
The fetish
-An object or item that is more than just the object. Often the object is thought of as sacred and has special powers. -Example: The brain is a fetish within our culture. Showing scientific information about the brain convinces instantly. -Example: Wooden cross, book of mormon, the brain, rally cap
The Multiple Dispersals Model (MD)
-Argues that modern humans left Africa in multiple waves, and edges out the others given the current fossil and DNA evidence -In This model the initial; movement out of Africa occurs approximately 1.8 mya
Structuralism
-Higher level structures are more than the sum of the properties of the lower level parts. -Metaphor: Na+ and CI- on their own are deadly. Together, they are necessary for life - we would call this life-giving property an -"EMERGENT" property of NaCI. (cs. "Meaning" as an emergent property). -Example: Starlings murmuration video **Ruth Benedict patterns of structure - famous anthro book
Sexual Divisions of Labor
Women tend to do more child care activities and double work if she gives birth
Dominance hierarchy
-The ranking of access to desired resources by different individuals relative to one another -Often the hierachy is obvious, and an "alpha male" has priority over other members
What are the 4 general approaches to categorize human races scientists came up with?
-The trait-based approach -The geographic origins approach -The adaptational approach -The population-based approach
The Significance of Culture
-We cannot say with certainty when it appeared -Human activity is based on social interdependence and intensive cooperation, which depends on communication -Cultural meanings allow for group memory, establishing patterned ways of doing things, and metaphysical thought -By 50,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans created images on cave shelter walls and rocky outcrops that some scholars interpret as art
*Levallois
A distinctive method of stone tool production used during the Middle Paleolithic, in which the core was prepared and flakes removed from the surface before the final tool was detached from the core.
Joint Family
A family pattern made up of brothers and their wives or sisters and their husbands (along with their children) living together.
phylogenetic tree
A family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist among groups of organisms
Gender refers to biology- male or female
...
Gender stratification increased among the sedentary Hoansi San groups
...
Gender..
...
Gernerally speaking, women are the main producers in agricultural societies.
...
Ifugao
...
Kuikuro
...
Members of foraging bands:
...
Pastorlists tend to have a tribe or chiefdom level of political organization
...
Plural marriage
...
Sex refers to the cultural construction of male and female characteristics
...
Slash-and-Burn
...
Status in Chiefdoms societies are achieved rather than kinship based.
...
The Four Evolutionary Processes
1) Mutation: the creation of a new allele for a gene when the portion of the DNA molecule to which it corresponds is suddenly altered 2) Natural Selection: A two-step, mechanistic explanation of how descent with modification takes place; (1) every generation, variant individuals are generated within a species as a result of genetic mutation, and (2) those variant individuals best suited to the current environment survive and produce more offspring than other variants 3) Gene Flow: The exchange of genes that occurs when a given population experiences a sudden expansion caused by in-migration of outsiders from another population of the species 4) Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies from one generation to the next caused by a sudden reduction in population size as a result of disaster, disease, or the out-migration of a small subgroup from a larger population (pg 152)
Population Genetics
A field that uses statistical analysis to study short term evolutionary change in large populations
A species with a sagittal crest on the skull and very large molars has likely adapted to
A diet dominated by hard seed sand and grasses as seen in Paranthropus
Lineage
A descent group who can demonstrate their common descent from an apical ancestor
Orrorin tugenensis (6 mya)
A pre-australopithecine species found in East Africa that displayed some of the earliest evidence of bipedalism.
Rites of Passage*
A ritual that serves to mark the movement and transformation of an individual from one social position to another
The Culturally-Constructed Concept of Race
A set of cultural or ethnic factors combined with easily perceived morphological traits (skin color, body shape) in an artificial "biologized" category
Matrilineage
A social group formed by people connected by mother-child links
Health
A state of physical, mental and emotional well being with an absence of disease or disability that would interfere with such well being
Colorism
A system of social identities negotiated situationally along a continuum of skin colors between white and black
Contextualism
A thing must be understood in its context - The Blobfish/cricket
Taxonomy and Systematics
A way of classifying living organisms and identifying their biological relationships.
Homologies
Are physical traits inherited from a common ancestor, although they are not necessarily used for the same purpose
The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected in which of the following?
All of these: the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell, the presence of color vision in most species, a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals, binocular vision
American individualism
American paradigm that personal identity and free choice/liberty are the most important. Example of Downton Abbey in Engelke chapter 3. The was the cusp of subordination vs. individualism.
Who are the two Scriptural figures mentioned in lecture who, according to the lecture, demonstrate anthropological principles (of cultural relativism and of ethnographic sensibility)?
Ammon in Alma 17; Jesus Christ
disease
An abnormal state in which the body is not functioning normally
A matrilineage reckons descent from
An ancestral woman
Post-National Ethos
An attitude toward the world in which people submit to the government of the capitalist market while trying to evade the governmentality of nation states
Australopithecus (or Kenyanthropus) platyops
An australopithecine from East Africa that had a unique flat face and was contemporaneous with Au. afarensis
Australopithecus
An early hominin genus , representing as many as 10 species, found in East and South Africa 4-1 MYA
Australopithecus Aethiopicus
An early robust australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor
Homo erectus
An early species of Homo and the likely descendant of H. habilis; the first hominin species to move out of Africa into Asia and Europe
Aptation
Any useful feature of an organism
Pongidae
Asian: Orangutan
What are the main adaptive differences between the australopithecus and paranthropus species?
Australopithecus--> Gracile or slim Paranthropus--> Robust with large molars, large sagital crest, face, jaws *Diet specialized for heavy chewing*
"We are parrots" - what does this mean?
Bororo men are important in society (like the feathers of parrots in rituals) Bororo society is matrilineal which puts women in charge (parrot feathers are used in rituals, and parrots are kept around for this purpose only) men use this saying to comment on their condition.
Analogous Traits
Different phylogenetic history different structures used for similar functions examples: bats wing is modified from bones of hand bird wing are modified from bones of forelimb
Direct Observation:
Direct observation is something that happened to you, you've seen it. For example, gravity, you don't wake up every morning wondering if gravity is going to work, you've felt/saw/experienced gravity and know it's going to work.
Discontinuous Vs. Continuous Variation
Discontinuous Variation - A pattern of phenotypic variation in which the phenotype (Flower color) exhibits sharp breaks from one member in of the next Continuous Variation - A pattern of variation involving polygeny in which phenotypic traits grade imperceptibly from one member to the population to another without sharp breaks
Jenny is an African American. She has been saving up for months for some designer shoes, but when she goes to purchase them, the cashiers at the department store call the police because they think she has stolen the credit card she is paying with. This is an act of
Discrimination
In the chapter on blood, Engelke argues that race is a biological reality based in genetics.
False
Worldview
Encompassing pictures of reality created by the members of societies
Endogamy vs Exogamy
Endogamy: Marriage within a defined social group Exogamy: Marriage outside a social group 442
What was the "cricket" that Engelke was referring to while talking about with his informant?
Engelke talked about the game, informant talked about the insect
Nootka basic sentence vs. English basic sentence construction
English: subject - predicate Nootka: result - agency/entity doing something - how it happened
Kin Selection Benefits
Ensures help for grandchildren. Gains access to more relationships. In-Laws
Intersubjectivity
Establishing shared experiences
Intersubjectivity
Establishing shared experiences of indignity internationally
The point of Anthropology 101 is to tell you the correct position that you should take on emotionally and politically charged topics.
False
What is the primary method of sociocultural anthropology?
Ethnography
Taking the perspective of the other
Ethnography.
Ethnographic Fieldwork*
Ethnography: An anthropologist's written or filmed description of a particular culture Fieldwork: An extended period of close involvement with the people in whose language or way of life anthropologists are interested, during which anthropologists ordinarily collect most of their data
according to Engelke, cultural relativism requires you to accept everything that other people do that you might otherwise find unjust or wrong.
False
According to the Engelke in the chapter on Civilization, anthropologists rightfully believe that people from rural Idaho are "backwards" compared to people from large metropolitan areas (like Chicago and New York)
False
Because the Fatwah Council (FC) is not a legal authority, if a person disagrees with the decision, they will usually go to another sheik for a better opinion.
False
In Chiefdoms societies status is earned and based on age, gender and achieved talents.
False
In his book review of Patrick Tierney's book Darkness in El Dorado, Marshall Sahlins praised the work of both Patrick Tierney and Napoleon Chagnon (aka "a man called bee")
False
Family Tree: Circle
Female
Margaret Mead (1901-1978)
For her best-known work, Coming of Age in Samoa, Mead interviewed young girls on the island of Ta'u, which led her to conclude that adolescence in Samoan society was much less stressful than in the United States; in The Fateful Hoaxing of Margaret Mead, Derek Freeman claimed that she was lied to in those interviews. She also studied three tribes in New Guinea — the Arapesh, Mundugumor, and Tchambuli — for her book on Sex and Temperament in Three Primitive Societies.
The division of humans into African, Asian, American, and European races is categorization based on
Geographic Region
Early civilizations that depended on water resources gave rise to
Hydraulic despotism
Indexicality
In-group slang, swearing, specific dialect, "job interview"
Male-Biased Sexual Division of Labor
Low divorce rate and affairs for women, little women in leadership roles, higher rates of domestic violence
Matrilineal Descent
Last. name stays on the maternal or mother's side of the family
Which of the following is not associated with sedentary farming?
Low population density
Biocultural Anthropology
Looking at biology across multiple cultures: ex. growth stunting across culture
Charles Cooley
Looking glass self: that a person's sense of self develops through interactions with others
Horticulturalist Lineage
Lots of flexibility in order to gain resources
Which of the following occurs when exchange rates are governed by supply and demand
Market
Inequality is most closely connected to which economic theory
Marxism
Matrilocal Residence Benefits
Matrilocal residence and bride service are generally paired
The Walbiri used repetitive symbols to create
Meaning
Semantics
Meaning and use of words In different places EX: this is the shit from a friend = good this is the shit from dad = bad
Diaspora
Migrant population with a shared identity who live in a variety of different locales around the world; a form of transborder identity that does not focus on nation building
Hominoids first appeared during the
Miocene
Syncretic Acculturation
Mixing of two cultures
Tarsier: Strepsirhines & Haplorhines
Mixture or anthropoid and prosimian traits - Dry Nose - Partially closed eye socket Nocturnal Only carnivorous primates - Eat insects and small vertebrates
When the components of a word denote different meanings, such as the difference between mom, moms, mom's and moms', we are speaking of word
Morphology
Creole
Native speakers, specific grammar, specific words from each used language
Haplorhines: Monkeys, Apes, Tarsiers
Most of the primate adaptations - vision > olfaction - eyes surrounded by bones - fused midline of lower jaw - diurnal - except Tarsiers - except Owl Monkey - Soical - except orangutan - Larger brain
Mousterian
Mousterian Tradition: A Middle Paleolithic stone-tool tradition associated with Neanderthals in Europe and southwestern Asia and with anatomically modern human beings in Africa (pg 121)
What is the difference between to Out-of-Africa and Multiregional theories of modern human origin and migration?
Multiregional theories that modern human evolved through interbreeding and gene flow. Out-of-Africa theory argues that there was no gene flow but rather that each modern form simply replacing other species.
The first place where anthropologists studied objects and art were
Museums
Myth and Society*
Myth: Stories that recount how various aspects of the world came to be the way they are. The power of myths comes from their ability to make life meaningful for those who accept them. The truth of myths seems self-evident because they effectively integrate personal experiences with a wider set of assumptions about how the world works Society:
Same Sex Behavior
Not only seen in human and probably not originally prohibited by religion
Communitas - what does it have to do with rites of passage?
Not same as "community" - it is the experience of unstructured society, and creates a "sacred" component to the right of passage.
"Uncivilized"
Not sedentary, not practicing a main form of religion, not speaking the main language
parapithecid
Primates from the Oligocence period. Seems ancestral to New World monkeys.
When anthropologists look at an object according to the inequality reflected in its production, in which dimension are they looking at it?
Power
What are the most primitive primates?
Prosimians
Upper Paleolithic
Refers to the most recent part of the Old Stone Age, associated with early modern Homo sapiens and characterized by finely crafted stone and other types of tools with various functions
Replacement Vs. Regional Continuity Model
Replacement Model - new species emerge while others die out Regional continuity model -The hypothesis that evolution from Home erectus occurred gradually throughout the traditional range of H. erectus
Kanogesha ritual - what is it for and what features of a rite of passage does it include?
Ritual: The construction of a small shelter of leaves about a mile away from the capital village - They sit on a posture of shame where they are washed with medicines - they treat him as the lowest of the low for the last night before he becomes chief. Includes Separation Liminal and Reinc. stages
Ritual deference
Rituals are often written down / involve some sort of music / and are generational to invoke authority from past experience.
ROBERT HOOK
Robert Hooke tested the idea that fossils wee the remains of ancient life by studying the microscopic structure of wood. Since fossil wood had a structure identical of that of living trees, Hooke concluded fossil wood came from once living trees
ROBERT HOOKE
Robert Hooke tested the idea that fossils were the remains of ancient life by studying the microscopic structure of wood. 1) Since fossil wood had a structure identical of that of living trees, Hooke concluded fossil wood came from once living trees.
What ways of thinking does SAE tend to orient speakers away from?
SAE orients speakers away from non-utilitarian non-functional thinking
Site/Region
Site: A precise geographical location of the remains of past human activity Region: a bigger idea of where an artifact/location would be; collection of geological sites in a larger space, more geographically defined EX: found in the village of Brockport in the western New York region
Horticulture
Slash and burn cultivation, no plow animals/machinery
Founder Effect
Small population moves and reproduces to become more isolated
Kinship Systems
Social relationships that are prototypically derived from the universal human experience of mating, birth and nurturance
Cold Illness
Something abnormal or unexplainable, treated with hot medicines: ex. fright
Gene Flow
Spread of genes across populations or the flow of genes between two populations.
Code Switching
Switching between two languages within a conversation
What must be considered when choosing a radiometric dating method?
The half-life of an isotope limits its usefulness to a certain date range
Natural Selection (finches +turtles)
The idea that animals that are physically better suited to their environment will survive and live to reproduce. Darwin looked at finches on the Galapagos islands and noticed that despite their close proximity the finches looked very different wherever he went, he then realized that this was because these finches had evolved to become better suited to their environment/needs and those they had not died off. Moreover, he also saw both a tortoise and a sea turtle and though to himself these are two different animals yet they look different? Why? And noted that these differences helped them for ex. a sea turtle has flippers to help it glide easier through the water.
In Levi-Strauss' essay The Sorcerer and His Magic, Quesalid, the main character of the last of the three stories did what?
The story of how he healed the person by biting his cheek, and putting a feather in his mouth. Sucking out the disease
Linguistic Determinism*
The strong version of the linguistic relativity principle, it is a totalizing view of language that reduces patterns of thought and culture to the grammatical patterns of the language spoken
Eugenics
The study of genetics with the notion of improving human biology and biological potential (ex. Nazis)
Archaeology
The study of historic or pre-historic human populations through the analysis of material remains
Archeology Anthro
The study of past societies and their cultures, especially the material remains of the past such as tools, food remains, and places where people lived.
Socio-linguistics
The study of the ways in which culture shapes language, language shapes culture, and particularly the intersection of language with cultural categories/systems of power like race, gender, class and age
Language*
The system of arbitrary symbols used to encode one's experience of the world and of others
Excavation
The systematic uncovering of archaeological remains through removal of the deposits of soil and other material covering them and accompanying them (pg 175)
Threshold of Vulnerability
The threshold between society stability and collapse
What are some examples of increasing behavioral complexity in upper Paleolithic humans?
Tool sophistication (Auchelelean tools & Blades). Religion and culture transmitted across generations. Large Geographic Range
Kula ring (& Malinowski):
Trading system where necklaces and bracelets are gifted. Have sentimental value but no real useful value. Necklaces go clockwise, armbands go counterclockwise - Trobriand Islands
Horizontal transmission
Transmission between people of the same generation
Anthropoid adaptive radiation followed an extinction event
True
Apes and humans have the same number of teeth
True
Apes and humans have the same number of teeth.
True
As described in Ahmadu's article, according to the Kono, the practice of female excision is a rite of passage in which the male aspects of genitalia are removed so that the initiate will become more fully feminine.
True
Bands and Tribes are considered egalitarian.
True
Bands tend to be egalitarian
True
State formation is associated with health declines due to increasing diseases
True
Homoplasy
Two similar traits are seen in two non-related wings ( birds and bat wings)
The use of force to harm someone or something is
Violence
Folks associated with Kultur conception of anthropology (Germany)
Von Humboldt (1767 - 1835) Herder (1744-1803) Boas/Malinowski
Rosalind Franklin
Was working independently in a lab with x rays of the chromosomes, x rays are emitted in a spherical way, which magnified the image, and caused to project out and made small things bigger. She discovered the double helix DNA strand. Humans have 46 chromosomes and 23 chromosomal pairs. If you're a guy you have XY, and if you're female your XX, therefore, woman are homozygous/homogametic. Men are heterogametic Human traits are not mendalian because they are not discreet, our genes influence one another.
Washoe kinship & Inupiaq Kinship - how does kinship work in each of these? "milk" kinship - what is it and how does it work?
Washoe - All siblings and cousins are referred to by the terms for brother and sister Inupiaq - Similar to inuit and eskimo kinship Milk kinship - often times a child is breastfed from more than one woman - it is not permissible to marry someone who was breastfed from the same woman.
Austrolopithecus aethiopicus (2.5 mya)
West Turkana, East Africa interesting mix of ancestral and derived characteristics cranium - projecting face (like graciles), huge sagittal crest (like robusts), 410 cc brain (like graciles: as small as A. afarensis, huge cheek teeth (like other robusts)-large temporalis muscles for chewing
Biomedicine
Western forms of medical knowledge and practice based on biological factors
Marx - the fetish of the commodity:
What: Object that is imbued with a power beyond what it is - a cross, a flag How might American myths support it?
Levi-Strauss - "culture orders reality"
Whatever their true origin, these divergent interpretations come from individual consciousness not as the result of objective analysis but rather as complementary idea resulting from...
Language Death*
When a language dies out, is no longer existent
Bottleneck
When population rapidly decreases the ones left have to create a new population
Haldane's Rule
When you have an animal like a mule if the animal is going to be absent, rare, or sterile it's going to be male. Because the female chromosome (XY) is more stable. If two species are separately more than 50,000 generations (about a million years) They will no longer be able to produce viable offspring. You have species X and Y and they have a physical barrier and between them and for 50,000 generations they meet up they cannot reproduce, however, if they come back together around 25,000 generations THEN Haldane's rule occurs and if there is offspring they have hybrids that are most likely female or, rare, sterile, or absent male. However, if two species come back together before 25,000 years (before Haldane's rule) these species can mate, have offspring, and their offspring is viable can survive and reproduce. Ex. The red wolf.
In early public records, the word "Christian" commonly appeared next to the names of Europeans but was later replaced by
White
Mating System
Who organisms are having sex with
Three examples from Evans-Pritchard regarding how witchcraft is a useful explanation
Witchcraft caused a granary to fall on people sitting under it at a specific time Pots cracking during firing "if a man is killed by an elephant, Azande say that the elephant is the first spear and that witchcraft is the second spear and that together they killed the man."
Polyandry
Women having more than one husband (quite rare)
Gender and Class Inequality
Women hit the glass ceiling Poorer people can't afford healthcare and are in impoverished neighborhoods with drugs
CARLOUS LANEAUS +Taxonomy
Worked for the Catholic church as a monk and he wanted to go out and see what the difference was between all living creatures on the planet. He thought of Kingdom, and Phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. He was a monk and like other monk's he wrote the Bible by hand (printing hadn't been invented yet) and he got the inks from plants and bugs and the monks had to make It themselves. Thus, the monks had to be familiar with all the plants and animals to make the ink to write the bibles. He started drawing each one of these plants and every variation.
The conceptualization of the world offering a set of unquestioned assumptions about it and how it works is called
Worldview
Pastoralists Animal Use
Would drink/use blood of animals and produce milk
The original affluent society (what is it? What are the key properties of it?)
Written by Sahlins Pushing back against the idea that human beings are driven by limitless wants and desires. Why is this assumption important? (esp to us "moderns") Shows that we are selfish because we have been "told we are" and have been raised in such a society. Hunters and gatherers did not have limitless wants. Likewise, most dominated societies take time to desire these "wants" that we push on them.
Cuneiform clay tablets provide us with
a biased account of early life in city-states.
Primates in general share all the of following traits, EXCEPT
a body designed for bipedal locomotion
A group of people descended from a single ancestor are known as
a clan.
The short limbed muscular bodies of H. neandertal populations indicate an adaptation to
a cold, harsh climate, and a physically demanding lifestyle
Anthropologists look at objects
as capable of conveying meaning.
Adaptive radiation
b and c only
body art
can be divided into five categories: - painting - tattooing - scarification - piercing - body reshaping
In primate societies, the social group includes some individuals who hold more social power and influence than others
dominance heirarchy
gracile
e.g. Au. africanus; less robust, i.e., smaller and slighter than Au. robustus
robust
e.g. Au. robustus and Au. boisei; having large, strong, sturdy bones, muscles, and teeth
Homo habilis
earliest (2.4?-1.4? m.y.a.) member of genus Homo
Oldowan
earliest (2.6-1.2 m.y.a) stone tools; sharp flakes struck from cores (choppers)
Ardipithecus
earliest recognized hominin genus (5.8-4.4 m.y.a), Ethiopia
How people make, share, and buy things and services is studied by
economic anthropologists.
The natal family is the
family you were born into.
Franz Boas
father of modern American anthropology; argued for cultural relativism and historical particularism
What is themes likely way in which Homo habilis used their stone toos
for the quick and efficient scavenging of animals killed by other predators
People who practice which way of life work the least?
foragers.
law
formal rules of conduct that, when violated, lead to negative sanctions
speciation
formation of new species
Piltdown
fossil find considered an important link in human evolution until it was shown to be a fake in 1953
Families that are corporate groups
function as groups of real people who work together toward common ends
The selection for larger brain sizes in the genus Homo
gave Homo increased cognitive abilities, making stone tools and out competing smaller brained hominids
The cultural expectations of how males and females should behave is
gender.
Specialized versus Generalized species
humans are one of the most generalized species on earth
"missing link"
idea of this between chimps and humans is based on the false assumptions that humans evolved from chimps and gorillas. All three genera evolved from a common ancestor that was not a chimp, gorilla, or human
"Identity" as a cultural concept - what does it mean? How universal is it?
identity is the set of qualities, beliefs, personality, looks and/or expressions that make a person (self-identity) or group, and isn't necessarily universal
Understanding the difference between belief, pseudoscience and science is
important in making decisions on a daily basis regarding health, nutrition, etc.
Morpheme
in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)
Values change across time:
jati (caste) and change across time of relative valuations Castes are not fixed, but you can't change your caste: represents change in society, not change of society.
What is the status of our closest primate relatives?
many primate species are threatened by habitat destruction and the bush meat trade
sexual dimorphism
marked differences in male and female anatomy and temperament
Uxorilocal (matrilocal)
matrilocal residence or matrilocality is the societal system in which a married couple resides with or near the wife's parents.
Relative to anthropoids, hominoids have
no tails
Transhumance is
regular seasonal movement in relation to an ecological need..
Analogy
similarities between species that are the result of similar adaptation to similar selective pressures -analogies are NOT the result of common ancestry -Wings on birds and bats -the process which leads to analogies is called convergent evolution
microlith
small stone tool usually made of flint or chert and typically a centimetre or so in length and half a centimetre wide
The fact that Orangutans are for the most part solitary can best be explained by
socioecology
all of the following is accurate regarding cells EXCEPT
somatic cells determine the sex of an individual
polytheism
the belief in multiple gods and/or goddesses
monotheism
the belief in only one supremely powerful divinity as creator and master of the universe
animatism
the belief that the world is animated by an impersonal supernatural power; the power is abstract to the extreme and beyond the reach of the senses
Stratigraphy
the branch of geology concerned with the order and relative position of strata and their relationship to the geological time scale · the analysis of the order and position of layers of archaeological remains. · the structure of a particular set of strata
Mutation
the only source of new alleles mutations can be adaptive, maladaptive or neutral (it depends on the environment) for ex the albino alligator OR Sickle Cell: The Geography of Sickle Cell Anemia and Association with Malaria 120 t0 30 percent of people living in equatorial Africa have the S (sickling-capital S co-dominant gene) gene.
stratigraphic correlation
the process of matching up strata from several sites through the analysis of chemical, physical, and other properties
Earwax is a monogenic trait...
they are heterozygous for this trait
all of the following are true as regards polygenic traits EXCEPT
they are simple, monogenic traits
baboons have been of particular interest to anthropologists because
they are terrestrial, live in large groups and live in a savanna environment
rite of intensification
this involves the group; these are actions that bring people together for a common purpose, such as to give thanks, worship, celebrate, or provide comfort to one another, etc; ex: church service, Mass, celebrating Christmas, going to a wedding or funeral, etc
Typical males have and X and Y sex chromosome and typical females have two XX's
this leads to males agin more genetic disorders because males do not have a matching pari of sex chromosomes
Extended Family
three or more generations in one house
Genetic variation is human populations around the world
we are a remarkably homogenous species
All of the following are the three themes that are important to remember regarding the history of life on earth, EXCEPT
we are the dominant species and we have a very long evolutionary history
If we see change in allele frequencies in a pulsation over time
we know that some or all of the process of evolution are affecting the population
Cro-Magnon:
● Ancient people discovered in the vezere river in France ● Associated with tools of the upper Paleolithic which is the last part of the Old Stone Age these people need to send it to 13 other specimens discovered 1872 and 1982 Southwestern France responsible for production of impressive works of art ● Cro-Magnon, France (1868) ○ 8 individuals, burials, grave goods ○ 27,000 YA ○ C-M 1, male, more modern features: ■ Smaller brow ridges and higher forehead ■ Thinner cranial bones ■ Smaller, flat face ○ Classified: Homo Sapiens sapiens
Evidence suggests that genes giving rise to modern humans evolved in Africa between
100-200 kya
Turkana Boy
12yr boy, about 5'4 feet tall, same proportions as peoplewho live in the tropical savannas today, long legs, short arms, narrow hips and shoulders.
Pliocene
5 mya
Eocene
54 mya
Paleocene
65 mya
Relative to australopithecines, Homo species
All of these: Have larger brains, smaller faces, smaller teeth, larger skulls
Paleolithic humans were different from Neanderthals by
All of these: Their exploitation of a wider range of prey species. Developing more complex shelters. Developing more complex tools. Living at higher population densities.
Regarding aspects of primate maturation, learning, and behavior, primates have:
All of these: a more efficient means of fetal nourishment, longer periods of gestation, reduced numbers of offspring
Arboreal quaruped
Animals that use all 4 limbs while walking and running on tree limbs
H. heidelbergensis
Archaic Homo Sapiens. 900 to 300 kya. Larger brains and more modern skulls. Long, low skull, no chin, large browridges, acheulean tools. Evidence to hunting game.
Taxonomic order (largest to smallest grouping)
Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Primates first appeared during the
Eocene
The upper Paleolithic tools shifted from bladed tool technology to more rounded flakes
False
The first hominin associated with stone tools was
H. habilis
"Archaic Homo sapiens" refers to which of the following dspecies
H. heidelbergensis
At Atapuerca (Spain), there is the earliest evidence for hominins burying their dead. What species is this site associated with?
H. heidelbergensis
Vertical Economy
In the Middle East (as in Peru and Mesoamerica) = varied environmental zones in close proximity. Allowed broad-spectrum foragers to use different resources. People, animals, and products moved between environmental zones. precondition for the emergence of food production. As people transported seeds between environmental zones, mutations, genetic recombinations, and human selection led to new kinds of wheat and barley.
Flint knapping
Is the process of making stone tools
With glacial retreat, foragers pursued a more generalized economy, focusing less on large animals. This was the beginning of the..
Neolithic revolution
What have very large, highly sexually dimorphic body sizes and live largely solitary lives?
Orangutans
The earliest works of art, religious or spiritual behavior, and burials, were seen during the..
Paleolithic
propliopithecid
Primatesfrom the Oligocene period.. Seems ancestral to Old World Monkeys
Stereoscopic vision
Seen an object with both eyes at the same time. Lends to depth perception
Which of the following is a trend in hominin evolution since australopithecines?
Sexual dimorphism has decreased
Egalitarian
Status is not inherited. Status is based on age, gender, talents, achievements. Generally foragers
What is evidence that the Australopithecus species had a form of bipedality?
The shape of arm and leg bones (morphology). A. afarensis foot prints (laetoli tracks, tanzania)
Chins are an exclusively modern human trait
True
Oldowan tools are associated with hunting and extractive foraging techniques
True
The transition to modern humans occurred during the middle pleistocene
True
Ebu gogo
are said to have been small, hairy, language-poor cave dwellers on the scale of this species. Believed to be present at the time of the arrival of the first Portuguese ships during the 16th century. Claimed to have existed as recently as the late 19th century
Compared to prosimians, anthropoids generally:
depend less on olfaction and more on vision
Compared to monkeys, apes:
generally have larger body sizes and lack a tail
Occipital bun
is a prominent bulge, or projection, of the occipital bone at the back of the skull. Occipital buns are important in scientific descriptions of classic Neanderthal crania. While common among many of humankind's ancestors, primarily robust relatives rather than gracile, the protrusion is relatively rare in modern Homo sapiens.
Taung child
is the fossilised skull of a young Australopithecus africanus individual. It was discovered in 1924 by quarrymen working for the Northern Lime Company in Taung, South Africa. Raymond Dart described it as a new species in the journal Nature in 1925.
Mountain gorilla social groups are usually composed of:
one or two silverback males, a few adult females and their immature offspring
Sedentism
sedentary life in villages. Deliberate cultivation most likely came in response to documented climatic changes
Primate
teeth are generalized because primates are omnivorous
