ANTH 111 Concept Check 1-3

Biological Anthropologist

An anthropologist who studies the human fossil record, genetics, and evolution to answer questions about human origins.

Linguistic Anthropologist

An anthropologist who studies the origins of language, how language shapes thoughts, and the power of language in forming relationships and cultural worldviews.

Historical particularism argues that technology and economy drive other parts of culture, such as family life, religion, and politics. (T/F)

False

example of lower paleolithic characteristic

H. habilis and the Oldowan Tool Industry

What is meant by the phrase "the homeyness of culture"?

It refers to the idea that culture is what is familiar and what feels like home.

Relative dating -example

Stratigraphic Dating (the Law of Superposition)

Culture is durable, bounded, and integrated, yet it is also is subject to constant change, mobility, contest, and variability. (T/F)

True

Dendrochronology is a method of chronometric, or absolute dating. (T/F)

True

Encephalization refers to a progressive increase in brain size over time and correlates with an increase in behavioral, cognitive, and cultural complexity in early human development. (T/F)

True

Excavation is a destructive methodology (T/F)

True

example of characteristic of upper paleolithic

Venus Figurines, more advanced cave art, artifacts made with bone and antler.

gene

a bit of DNA that controls an attribute or trait

genotype

a complete set of genetic material found in an organism

Which description BEST defines participant observation?

a practice in which an anthropologist directly participates in the everyday life of the culture being researched

alelle

a version of a gene

Consider the following scenario. An energy company is planning to expand its business by adding buildings on the banks of the Ohio River. As they begin to survey the land, they notice pottery shards, spear points, and other artifacts scattered on the ground. What type of anthropologist would be notified?

archaeologist

Which term refers to the process of acquiring knowledge about the norms and values of one's own culture?

enculturation

ancestral characteristics example

humans' forward facing eyes

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what?

think about reality

The primary goal of an anthropologist is best described as which of the following?

to ethically and accurately represent a culture through the perspective and worldview of the culture studied

polygenic traits

traits that are controlled by multiple genes instead of just one

Which term refers to language that is associated with specific social groups such as those based on ethnicity, age, or gender?

vernacular

analogous structures example

wings of butterflies and bats

A good way of describing natural selection is "Survival of the fittest" (T/F)

False

Communication is synonymous with the term language (T/F)

False

Which does not support or help explain the Evolutionary mismatch theory?

A. Dental cavities appear in response to highly grain-based diets due to the lack of specific types of bacteria needed in the mouth to break down sugars. B. Humans' transition from being farmers to hunters and gatherers is implicated in this mismatch. (correct) C. human bodies are best suited to the environments in which they spent much of their evolutionary history. D. Lactose intolerance emerges as humans start drinking milk from domesticated cattle for the first time.

The variations seen in modern humans are largely the result of adaptations to the environment. Which of these is NOT an example of an adaptation?

A. Differences in the amount of melanin in the skin in relation to geographic latitude B. Andeans who live in high altitudes having higher concentrations of hemoglobin in their blood C. Tibetans compensating for low oxygen levels by taking more breaths per minute D. The prevalence of hemophilia in certain population groups (correct)

Which statement BEST explains how H. floresiensis could have a brain the size of an orange (380 cc) and yet make tools, hunt, and use fire?

A. There is evidence of handedness, or brain lateralization, in H. floresiensis. B. H. floresiensis were taught these skills by other hominin species. C. Island dwarfism provides an evolutionary explanation for the small body size. (correct) D. The H. floresiensis population had a genetic disease called microcephaly.

Which of these is NOT an accurate description of a linguistic anthropologist?

A. explores both formal and informal patterns of speech in a culture B. examines the role of language in sociocultural life with a focus on larger cultural processes C. focuses on the development of language in nonhuman primates (correct) D. explores language as an expression of cultural worldviews

Which event does NOT meet the criteria for being considered a rite of passage?

A. getting a promotion B. graduating from high school or college C. getting married D. going to work every day (correct)

All of the following are primate characteristics EXCEPT:

A. opposable thumb B. flat nails C. relatively small brain size (correct) D. relatively slow reproductive rate E. depth perception

Anthropologists are committed to describing and understanding the diversity of humans and their culture. Which of the following would NOT be considered a research area of anthropology?

A. researching cultural behavior as it relates to social class B. exploring ancient civilizations through excavation C. understanding gender roles in an Indigenous society D. determining the relatedness of two different dinosaur species (correct)

Which of the following best defines language?

A. systems of categories that people use to organize their knowledge of the world B. the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver C. a community of speakers sharing a common grammar and vocabulary D. an open-ended system of communication with a set of rules that allows an infinite number of meanings (correct)

Which of these characteristics of hominin species

A. tree climbing along with brachiation B. bipedalism along with a larger brain (correct) C. quadrupedalism along with brachiation D. bipedalism along with a smaller body size

Choose the statement that is NOT correct...

A. Cultural practices include gestures and speech. B. Culture is innate and based in biology. (correct) C. Culture is learned and shared. D. Culture can be passed down through unconscious processes.

linguistic universals

Common elements found in all human languages, attributable to human anatomy, perception, and cognition.

Chronometric Dating Example

Radiocarbon Dating (Carbon-14)

cultural relativism

The anthropological approach of understanding a culture on its own terms.

Holism

The anthropological approach to understanding how the elements of a culture are interconnected

An emic perspective attempts to capture the viewpoint of the people being researched. (T/F)

True

Phrases like "we crossed paths once before" or "I'm on top of the world" are examples of metaphor. (T/F)

True

Pollen deposits associated with Neanderthal burial in Shanidar Cave, Iraq are evidence for intentional burial practices. (T/F)

True

There are multiple groups of chimpanzees displaying different forms of rudimentary culture (T/F)

True

How was the natural world viewed by most Europeans before the 19th century?

as a static hierarchy that included God, angels, humans, and other life forms

The scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus is called _______________ and includes ____________.

binomial nomenclature; the genus and the species

symbols are...

can be an object, image, gesture, vocalization, or event conventionally associated with a particular meaning can provide a kind of shorthand code for expressing complex ideas can mean different things to different people

Shared values, ideas, technologies, adaptation to the environment, and belief systems are best defined as what?

culture

Consider the following scenario. Noor and Aniya became roommates in a college dorm. Noor was raised Muslim, and Aniya grew up in a Catholic family. They both were taught ways to pray that reflected the rituals and beliefs of their respective cultures. As roommates, they found it was very difficult to understand each other and to accept their differences. The difficulty or inability to accept the practices or beliefs of another would be described as what?

ethnocentrism

Which term describes the mindset or belief that one's own cultural knowledge, traditions, and beliefs are better than that of another culture?

ethnocentrism

The term _______ refers to all species considered to be in direct lineage to modern humans, while the term _____________ refers to all present and extinct great apes.

hominins; hominids

derived characteristics example

humans' habitual bipedalism

The types of archaeological survey include all of the following EXCEPT:

metaphysical

language ideologies

pertain to things such as the rules of grammar, the cultural meaning of words, language as it relates to power and gender, and how language is taught.

Performativity

refers to the power of language to make things happen

What term describes the return of human remains or cultural objects to the culture they originated from?

repatriation

Folk Taxonomies

structure meaningful distinctions within a culture. They reflect the ways humans categorize things, which is central to our perceptions, thoughts, actions, and speech.

Darwin's theory of evolution has been __________________ by molecular and genetic science.

supported and strengthened

homologous structure example

the 5 digit hand of humans and spider monkeys

phenotype

the visible expression of the genotype (also influence by the environment)

linguistic relativity

the way that language varies across cultures, reflecting different environmental, historical, and sociocultural conditions.