ANTH 1150 Pearson Questions Chapter 2

Why is "culture history" a more apt term than "cultural evolution"? "Cultural evolution" implies that culture change is an external process whereas "culture history" implies that culture change is an internal process. "Cultural evolution" implies that cultures improve over time whereas "culture history" implies that cultural change is neutral. "Cultural evolution" implies that cultures change over time whereas "culture history" implies that cultures remain static. "Cultural evolution" implies that cultural change is biologically driven whereas "culture history" implies that cultural change is politically driven.

"Cultural evolution" implies that cultures improve over time whereas "culture history" implies that cultural change is neutral.

Which of the following best illustrates a reactive adaptation? - A society borrows musical styles from neighboring cultures and integrates them with their own. - A minority cultural group violently reacts against oppression from the dominant cultural group. - A society constantly develops, defines, and directs its cultural and ethnic identity as cultural changes take place. - A child learns her culture by watching older members of her community perform and discuss tasks.

A minority cultural group violently reacts against oppression from the dominant cultural group.

Which of the following is an example of a revitalization movement? - A shaman performs a traditional healing ceremony for a member of the colonial elite. - Religious leaders from a dominant culture require members from a subordinate culture to convert. - A prophet from a colonized cultural group leads his people in a return to traditional cultural practices. - Religious officials from two different cultures exchange ideas and beliefs in order to improve social circumstances.

A prophet from a colonized cultural group leads his people in a return to traditional cultural practices.

How does a subculture differ from a counterculture? A subculture is the dominant culture in a society; a counterculture is an oppressed minority culture in a society. A counterculture is the dominant culture in a society; a subculture is an oppressed minority culture in a society. A counterculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a subculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society. A subculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a counterculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society.

A subculture is a group with different ways of life from the people in the larger society; a counterculture is a group that is in active opposition to the culture of the larger society.

How does assimilation differ from acculturation? Acculturation involves abandoning one's culture voluntarily whereas assimilation involves being forced to abandon one's cultural identity. Assimilation involves abandoning one's culture voluntarily whereas acculturation involves being forced to abandon one's cultural identity. Assimilation involves abandoning much of one's culture for the dominant culture whereas acculturation involves maintaining much of one's original cultural identity while still interacting with the dominant culture. Acculturation involves abandoning one's culture for the dominant culture whereas assimilation involves maintaining one's original cultural identity.

Assimilation involves abandoning much of one's culture for the dominant culture whereas acculturation involves maintaining much of one's original cultural identity while still interacting with the dominant culture.

What are the implications of the idea that cultures are integrated? Cultural changes will tend to produce better environmental adaptations. All members of a society share cultural models more or less equally. Changes in one cultural sector are likely to lead to changes in another. It is impossible to introduce new elements into an already established culture.

Changes in one cultural sector are likely to lead to changes in another.

How do evolutionary biologists today differ from the social Darwinists of early cultural anthropology? Evolutionary biologists today believe that while all human cultures are equally complex, not all human groups have culture. Evolutionary biologists today believe that all humans equally possess the capacity for culture and adaptation. Evolutionary biologists today believe that while all human beings possess culture, some cultures are more evolved than others. Evolutionary biologists today believe that all human cultures are equal and that they are all advancing at an equal rate.

Evolutionary biologists today believe that all humans equally possess the capacity for culture and adaptation

People who support the concept of polarization believe which of the following? Globalization is prompting cultural variety as societies combine elements from different cultures. Globalization is producing a single world culture. Globalization is causing non-European cultures to resist joining a single world culture. Globalization is not occurring to the extent that many anthropologists claim.

Globalization is causing non-European cultures to resist joining a single world culture.

How has globalization changed over the last few hundred years? Globalization today is happening on a much smaller scale than it did in the 1500s and 1600s. Globalization today is happening faster and on a larger scale than ever before. Globalization today is happening at a slower rate than it did in the 1500s and 1600s. Globalization today involves the spread of Asian cultures rather than the spread of European cultures.

Globalization today is happening faster and on a larger scale than ever before.

How does the idea of homogenization differ from hybridization? In the homogenization model, people are resisting membership in a global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures. In the homogenization model, people are resisting membership in a global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures. In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, people are resisting membership in such a global culture.

In the homogenization model, globalization is creating one uniform global culture. In the hybridization model, globalization is creating cultural diversity as people combine elements from multiple cultures.

How does colonization or conquest typically result in cultural change? The colonizers and the indigenous groups form a new culture that contains an equal balance of cultural practices from both the colonizers and the colonized. The colonizers and the indigenous groups form a new culture that does not contain the cultural practices from their old cultures. The colonizers often adopt many of the cultural practices of indigenous peoples. Indigenous peoples are often forced to conform to at least some of the cultural practices of the colonizers.

Indigenous peoples are often forced to conform to at least some of the cultural practices of the colonizers.

In what way was social Darwinism based on faulty reasoning? It was based on the false premise that cultures become less advanced over time. It ignored outside events and developments that allowed some cultures to dominate others. It failed to bring Western societies into its analyses. It failed to apply models of biological change to cultural development and change.

It ignored outside events and developments that allowed some cultures to dominate others.

How are many indigenous cultures affected by globalization? Many indigenous cultures are gaining lands and resources as a result of globalization. Many indigenous cultures are losing their traditional ways of life as a result of globalization. Most indigenous cultures remain completely unaffected by globalization. Many indigenous groups are growing stronger as their culture is spread and appreciated around the world

Many indigenous cultures are losing their traditional ways of life as a result of globalization.

How does gender affect cultural distinctions within a society? - Men and women typically have different tasks to do in the home and the community. - Women typically do not participate in the culture of society. - Gender typically does not cause cultural distinctions within societies since men and women perform the same roles in most cultures. - Men typically do not participate in the culture of society as fully as women do

Men and women typically have different tasks to do in the home and the community.

Why did Edward Tylor stress the idea that members of a society, rather than simply individuals, acquire culture? - People learn and transmit culture through their interactions with one another. - Only societies that have advanced through several levels of civilization can be considered to have culture. - Cultural acquisition is a formally organized process involving many participants. - People must be formally organized socially and politically before they can develop a culture.

People learn and transmit culture through their interactions with one another.

What does it mean for culture to be adaptive? Cultures tend to become more sophisticated and civilized over time. People go to great lengths to keep their culture static in order to preserve their traditional ways of life. Members of a culture change their personal practices from day to day in order to meet their changing needs. People make cultural changes in response to the environment that enhance their chances of survival.

People make cultural changes in response to the environment that enhance their chances of survival.

What do the long-term problems caused by the technological innovations of the Industrial Revolution reveal about culture? - Some cultures are not integrative. - Not all cultural practices are learned. - Cultures can thrive even if they are not shared among most members of a society. - Some cultural practices may be maladaptive.

Some cultural practices may be maladaptive.

Which of the following is characteristic of all definitions of culture? - They discuss how culture changes due to external and internal forces. - They recognize the important role of the individual in forming cultural ideas. - They focus, at least in part, on how some cultures are more advanced than others. - They include statements about human behavior, group activities, and shared knowledge and beliefs.

They include statements about human behavior, group activities, and shared knowledge and beliefs

Which of the following is an example of syncretism? Jewish immigrant groups from Russia maintained their ethnic and religious identity, while adopting some cultural practices from the mainstream, dominant culture. Neighboring cultural groups in Mesoamerica exchanged agricultural methods and technology. West Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves combined the characteristics of spirits from their native religions with those of Catholic saints to create new religious beliefs and practices. Native Americans followed the teachings of a prophet who promised social improvement.

West Africans brought to the Caribbean as slaves combined the characteristics of spirits from their native religions with those of Catholic saints to create new religious beliefs and practices.

Which of the following statements about culture and globalization is accurate? - Globalization focuses on economic exchange and political ideology and excludes other aspects of culture. - While many forces of globalization are tied to only a few dominant cultures, the opportunity for resistance from local cultures also exists. - Every culture is transmitted equally through the processes of globalization. - The culture spread through globalization is homogeneous and monolithic.

While many forces of globalization are tied to only a few dominant cultures, the opportunity for resistance from local cultures also exists.

Which of the following is the best example of a symbol? a member of a culture recognizes that smoke rising in the distance indicates a fire has started a member of a culture hums to himself while he works outdoors a member of a culture cries while experiencing grief or pain a member of a culture displays a flag to indicate allegiance to her country

a member of a culture displays a flag to indicate allegiance to her country

An American woman assuming that it is her responsibility to make breakfast and change the baby's diapers illustrates which of the following? - acculturation - a naturalized concept - the process of assimilation - syncretism

a naturalized concept

The way culture is shared may vary according to which of the following? a person's gender, but not social status or age a person's age or gender, but not social status a person's social status and age, but not gender a person's age, gender, or social status

a person's age, gender, or social status

A child plays a game in which she imitates her mother cooking dinner. This illustrates which of the following? an informal process of enculturation a formal process of cultural learning an informal method of acculturation the formal application of cultural knowledge

an informal process of enculturation

An indigenous group is colonized by a European culture. Within the span of two generations the indigenous group has given up its traditional culture for the culture of the colonizers. This indigenous group's experience illustrates which process of culture change? enculturation syncretism acculturation assimilation

assimilation

In one society, canoes and fishing techniques are used to provide a dietary mainstay for the community, whereas in another they are central to leisure activities. In the first society, canoes and fishing techniques would be part of the society's __________. cultural knowledge cultural core cultural norms material culture

cultural core

When people design homes, they consider the relationships of the people who will live there, whether specific areas should be public or private, the local climate, and available building materials. All of these considerations draw on which of the following? - cultural knowledge - social skills - individual preferences - environmental adaptations

cultural knowledge

Which of the following have the greatest impact on globalization today? Christian missionary movements multinational corporations environmental protection agencies the United Nations and World Health Organization

multinational corporations

In addition to cultural knowledge, culture includes which of the following? an individual's attitudes and preferences for certain ways of life the genetic inheritance that helps people function in their social and physical environments people's social and cultural skills and behaviors the biological needs human beings share as a species

people's social and cultural skills and behaviors

People who support the concept of hybridization believe that globalization is accomplishing which of the following? transmitting Western culture at the expense of cultural variation preserving traditional cultures around the world from Western domination prompting non-European cultures to resist a single world culture promoting cultural vitality as societies combine elements of a global culture with their traditional cultures

promoting cultural vitality as societies combine elements of a global culture with their traditional cultures

Which of the following illustrates the premise that cultures are integrated systems? - differences in the cultural knowledge possessed by occupational classes - a society that uses formal and informal enculturation processes - the ability to make warm clothing for use in cool climates - religious laws that dictate how food should be obtained, processed, and consumed

religious laws that dictate how food should be obtained, processed, and consumed

Which of the following is brought about through the sharing of cultural models and norms? - social cohesion - a diversity of subcultures - advanced civilizations - the elimination of individual differences

social cohesion

Which of the following fall under the category of cultural behaviors? - the religious beliefs, ethical values, and origin stories of a specific community - only those actions that occur with a high frequency in all societies and show little cross-cultural variation - the activities involved in acquiring food, creating shelter, and providing leadership - a society's shared moral code as well as the personal values of individual members

the activities involved in acquiring food, creating shelter, and providing leadership

Which of the following is an example of cultural diffusion? ancient renderings on cave walls in Europe, South Africa, and Australia the inception of agriculture in the Americas and Middle East the simultaneous invention of writing systems in widely separate regions the adoption of pottery styles and motifs by neighboring villages

the adoption of pottery styles and motifs by neighboring villages

Tessa is a development anthropologist. Which of the following is a project she might work on? advising a multinational corporation on how to better infiltrate the global market tracing the history of colonial influences on indigenous populations researching the effects of culture change on the neurological development of young children working with local farming communities to create more efficient irrigation systems in dry climates

working with local farming communities to create more efficient irrigation systems in dry climates