ANTH 121

Frederick Catherwood

-1839 -explored Mayan sites and drew pictures

Giuseppe Fiorelli

-1860-1875 - slowed down and thought about conservation -poured plaster to get casts of bodies

Alfred Kidder

-1915-1929 -southwest North America (New Mexico and Arizona) -Pecos ruin -good recovering -brought in specialists

Mary Leakey

-2nd generation archaeologist under Wheetley -East Africa early humans

John Wesley Powell

-Bureau of American Ethnology -Ancestors of Native Americans built the mounds

Heinrich Schliemann

-German -obsessed in finding Troy (Odyssey) and its treasures -Priam's treasures

*Examples of organic material*

-cotton -wood -silk -leather

*Preservation factors*

-matrix -contact metals - localized conditions

*Examples of inorganic material*

-metal (gold, silver, bronze, iron, and copper) -glass -ceramic -brick -stone

Name the four subfields of anthropology

1. Archaeology 2. Biological Anthropology 3. Cultural Anthropology 4. Linguistic Anthropology

Places of Great Discoveries

1. Egypt 2. Mesopotamia 3. Greece 4. Italy

*Women Pioneers*

1. Harriet Boyd Hawes 2. Anna O. Shepard 3. Tatiana Prokouriakoff 4. Dame Kathleen Kenyon 5. Mary Leakey

19th Century Developments

1. Prehistory 2. Age of the Earth 3. Three Age System (Bronze, stone, and iron ages) 4. Human evolution via natural selection

*New Excavation Techniques*

1. careful excavation 2. better recording 3. paying attention to layers 4. saving artifacts 5. analysis of findings 6. training 7. publishing

Parts of context in archaeology

1. matrix 2. provenience 3. association

*Key concepts of new archaeology*

1. project design 2. deductive 3. testing 4. explanatory 5. cultural process

Margaret Conkey

1984- Gender archaeology. Looked at gender roles from past times.

CJ Thompsen

A danish curator

Ian Hodder

Father of Post-Processual Archaeology; Contextual Archaeology; originally a Processualist but not satisfied with the limitations of it; interested in cultures role in shaping human behavior

After 14 years of work, this scholar was able to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs in 1822

Jean-Francois Champollion

----- trained under Mortimer Wheeler, adopted his excavation method, and is best known for excavations at Jericho and Jerusalem.

Kathleen Kenyon

Ceren

Mayan site, good preservation, volcanic eruption

Ecofacts

Natural materials that give environmental information about a site

Moundbuilders

North American societies that built burial mounds over tombs

Ian Hodder and his students were some of the first to advance influential arguments for the school of archaeological thought called

Postprcessual archaeology

Antequarians

Rich white men in Europe

The travel writing of American Lawyer and diplomat John Lloyd Stephens, published in the 1840s, revealed the ruined cities of what civilization for the first time?

The Maya

CJ. Thompsen, a Danish scholar, was responsible for classifying artifact collections and, based on those classifications, he created a conceptual scheme known as

The Three Age System

Many 19th century scholars were obsessed with the moundbuilders, a mythical civilization that supposedly built the mounds and earthworks located in what is now

The United States

Who is considered to be the first person to have conducted a scientific excavation of an ancient site?

Thomas Jefferson

Giovanni Belsoni

Tomb robber

Tutankhamen

a good preservation due to the dry conditions in Egypt

Rosetta Stone

a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.

New Archaeology/Processual Archaeology

an approach to archaeology based firmly on scientific method and supported by a concerted effort aimed at the development of theory

William Stukeley

antiquarian who drew drawings

Cabinets of Curiosity

cabinets owned by the rich folk containing scientific findings

V. Gordon Childe

cultural-historical archaeologist in Europe

Acidic soil

destroys bone, wood, and metals

Context

exact recorded location of an artifact, ecofact, and features.

Harriet Boyd Hawes

excavated at Crete. First in Greece.

Lewis Binford

father of new archaeology

Andes Mountain

good preservation due to extreme cold

Peat Bogs

good preservation due to extreme wetness

Matrix

material surrounding the artifact, ecofact, or features

Artifacts

objects used, modified, or made by people.

*Examples of Ecofacts*

planted things, hunted animals

The widespread acceptance in the later 20th century that the material remains of the past should be protected and conserved has inspired the development of

public archaeology

A key breakthrough in the use of scientific methods to date archaeological remains was Willard Libby's 1949 invention of

radiocarbon dating

The study of the arrangement of superimposed layers of rock or soil is called

stratigraphy

Taphonomy

study of site formation processes

Uniformitarianism

the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.

*Examples of artifacts*

tools, pottery or weapons