ANTH 121
Frederick Catherwood
-1839 -explored Mayan sites and drew pictures
Giuseppe Fiorelli
-1860-1875 - slowed down and thought about conservation -poured plaster to get casts of bodies
Alfred Kidder
-1915-1929 -southwest North America (New Mexico and Arizona) -Pecos ruin -good recovering -brought in specialists
Mary Leakey
-2nd generation archaeologist under Wheetley -East Africa early humans
John Wesley Powell
-Bureau of American Ethnology -Ancestors of Native Americans built the mounds
Heinrich Schliemann
-German -obsessed in finding Troy (Odyssey) and its treasures -Priam's treasures
*Examples of organic material*
-cotton -wood -silk -leather
*Preservation factors*
-matrix -contact metals - localized conditions
*Examples of inorganic material*
-metal (gold, silver, bronze, iron, and copper) -glass -ceramic -brick -stone
Name the four subfields of anthropology
1. Archaeology 2. Biological Anthropology 3. Cultural Anthropology 4. Linguistic Anthropology
Places of Great Discoveries
1. Egypt 2. Mesopotamia 3. Greece 4. Italy
*Women Pioneers*
1. Harriet Boyd Hawes 2. Anna O. Shepard 3. Tatiana Prokouriakoff 4. Dame Kathleen Kenyon 5. Mary Leakey
19th Century Developments
1. Prehistory 2. Age of the Earth 3. Three Age System (Bronze, stone, and iron ages) 4. Human evolution via natural selection
*New Excavation Techniques*
1. careful excavation 2. better recording 3. paying attention to layers 4. saving artifacts 5. analysis of findings 6. training 7. publishing
Parts of context in archaeology
1. matrix 2. provenience 3. association
*Key concepts of new archaeology*
1. project design 2. deductive 3. testing 4. explanatory 5. cultural process
Margaret Conkey
1984- Gender archaeology. Looked at gender roles from past times.
CJ Thompsen
A danish curator
Ian Hodder
Father of Post-Processual Archaeology; Contextual Archaeology; originally a Processualist but not satisfied with the limitations of it; interested in cultures role in shaping human behavior
After 14 years of work, this scholar was able to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphs in 1822
Jean-Francois Champollion
----- trained under Mortimer Wheeler, adopted his excavation method, and is best known for excavations at Jericho and Jerusalem.
Kathleen Kenyon
Ceren
Mayan site, good preservation, volcanic eruption
Ecofacts
Natural materials that give environmental information about a site
Moundbuilders
North American societies that built burial mounds over tombs
Ian Hodder and his students were some of the first to advance influential arguments for the school of archaeological thought called
Postprcessual archaeology
Antequarians
Rich white men in Europe
The travel writing of American Lawyer and diplomat John Lloyd Stephens, published in the 1840s, revealed the ruined cities of what civilization for the first time?
The Maya
CJ. Thompsen, a Danish scholar, was responsible for classifying artifact collections and, based on those classifications, he created a conceptual scheme known as
The Three Age System
Many 19th century scholars were obsessed with the moundbuilders, a mythical civilization that supposedly built the mounds and earthworks located in what is now
The United States
Who is considered to be the first person to have conducted a scientific excavation of an ancient site?
Thomas Jefferson
Giovanni Belsoni
Tomb robber
Tutankhamen
a good preservation due to the dry conditions in Egypt
Rosetta Stone
a huge stone slab inscribed with hieroglyphics, Greek, and a later form of Egyptian that allowed historians to understand Egyptian writing.
New Archaeology/Processual Archaeology
an approach to archaeology based firmly on scientific method and supported by a concerted effort aimed at the development of theory
William Stukeley
antiquarian who drew drawings
Cabinets of Curiosity
cabinets owned by the rich folk containing scientific findings
V. Gordon Childe
cultural-historical archaeologist in Europe
Acidic soil
destroys bone, wood, and metals
Context
exact recorded location of an artifact, ecofact, and features.
Harriet Boyd Hawes
excavated at Crete. First in Greece.
Lewis Binford
father of new archaeology
Andes Mountain
good preservation due to extreme cold
Peat Bogs
good preservation due to extreme wetness
Matrix
material surrounding the artifact, ecofact, or features
Artifacts
objects used, modified, or made by people.
*Examples of Ecofacts*
planted things, hunted animals
The widespread acceptance in the later 20th century that the material remains of the past should be protected and conserved has inspired the development of
public archaeology
A key breakthrough in the use of scientific methods to date archaeological remains was Willard Libby's 1949 invention of
radiocarbon dating
The study of the arrangement of superimposed layers of rock or soil is called
stratigraphy
Taphonomy
study of site formation processes
Uniformitarianism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes.
*Examples of artifacts*
tools, pottery or weapons