ANTH 402 Section 3, ANTH 402 Ch 10
Hierarchical nesting
occurs when an ethnic group is part of a larger collection of ethnic groups, which together constitute a higher level of ethnic identity
role incongruity
occurs when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on (when a student has some idea of what a good student does and achieves but does not seem to get these things done or get his or her grades up)
structural violence (190)
occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure
structural violence
occurs when the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within the social structure
Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)
often two blinded groups, one with a placebo (not always practical, can be dangerous or use too many volunteers)
Potassium-argon dating is best used to date
old fossils or rocks.
Pibloktoq (Arctic Hysteria)
one culture-bound syndrome exemplifying the complex synergy that can be in place between culture and biology in which affected individuals suddenly begin screaming and making animal-like noises, tearing off their clothes, running away, throwing things, and possibly rolling in the snow or jumping in icy water - treated as a physical malady by the arctic people - mostly occurs in the winter and could stem from a calcium deficiency or vitamin A overdose
Genetic data from fossils and living groups of people tell us that
one small population of modern people left Africa about 60 ka and first traveled along the southern coast of Asia and then into Eurasia.
communitas couvade (260)
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
communitas
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another.
Communitas
sense of boundedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
communitas
sense of boundedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
genotype
set of genes carried
Red Queen Hypothesis
sexual selection allows hosts to evolve at a rate that counters the rapid evolution of parasites (evolutionary arms race)
consanguineal (type of consubstantial kinship type) (289)
share same blood
commensality
shared eating
epidemiological transition
shift from an epidemiological profile highlighting infectious diseases with high mortality rates to one in which non-infectious or chronic diseases with low mortality but high morbidity rates feature centrally
Organisms that reproduce early tend to have
short gestation times and large litters.
acclimatization
shorter term, reversible self-protective changes (ex. beach summer tan)
disaffiliative
signaling or placing distance between an individual and a particular group
disaffiliative
signals a distance between an individual and a particular group. -ex. punk hair dos
The first mammals were
small and nocturnal.
Genetic drift is strongest in
small populations.
fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long-term
fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary but often long term
fosterage (300)
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary yet often long-term
fosterage
social but not legal adoption, sometimes temporary, often long-term
social death (229)
social rejection, example of a hexed person
what is infertility linked with
social structure issues. It ties in with poverty. It ties in with a lack of access to medical care as well, because certain diseases, if they go untreated, will lead to infertility.
Closed societies
societies in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth
closed societies
societies in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth
anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types
Anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a monster); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
anomaly
something that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories. -it is unclassifiable or combines traits from two more categorical types.
resilience
strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations
resilience
strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations.
taboo
strictly prohibited
affiliative
symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture.
homeopathic views
symptoms are treated by intensifying them with the idea of helping the body to do what it needs to do anyhow to get rid of the problem (fighting fire with fire -- example- wrapping up a person with a fever in a really warm blanket)
couvade
symptoms of pregnancy and birth experienced by fathers
Scientists use ________ to construct phylogenies.
systematics
When scientists use phylogenies to name species and classify them into hierarchical categories, they create
taxonomies.
what is an extender of biological capacity?
technology (cooking, clothes, inventions)
18. Long
term studies of female baboons found that those who spent ___________ time with others in their group had more reproductive success.-a lot of
Assimilation Model
the hypothesis that modern human anatomy arose first in Africa as a change within a species and then spread through gene flow to populations outside of Africa. The gene pool of the non-African populations was thus assimilated into an expanding population of modern humans out of Africa
hygiene hypothesis (169)
the immune systems of children who are exposed to more microbes (ie. around numerous other children, around animals) have greater tolerance for the irritants that trigger asthma and allergies
embodiment
the literal "making physical" of culture
embodiment (240)
the literal "making physical" of culture
Embodiment
the literal 'making physical' of culture
embodiment
the literal 'making physical' of culture
embodiment
the literal 'making physical' of culture - Cultural practices can become so ingrained that we don't even realize how cultural our actions are
Assimilation
the merging of members of one ethnic group into another, with the consequent abandonment of the former group's identity
If a population is in stasis, then
the most common type of individual is consistently favored by stabilizing selection.
Intellectual (Cognitive) Approach to Religion
the notion that religious beliefs provide explanations for puzzling things and events; PROBLEM: James Frazer's theory presents magic, science, and religion as alternative worldviews but many "scientists" also believe in and practice religion
fitness
Ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment given existing environmental pressures (high fertility, low mortality)
Homo erectus used ________ tools.
Oldowan and Acheulean
Which of the following correctly describes prepared core tools?
They include a variety of different kinds of tools made by modifying the shape of the original core.
Which of the following is true of large mammalian carnivores in Africa?
They often scavenge for meat rather than hunting.
Which of the following is true of geneticists at the beginning of the twentieth century?
They thought that inheritance was fundamentally discontinuous.
Which of the following statements about Upper Paleolithic tools is correct?
They took more time to make and are more standardized compared with earlier technologies.
Which of the following statements is true of monkeys while forming coalitions?
They will act altruistically on behalf of allies.
sex
a biologically differentiated status. Sex has to do with genitals and chromosomes.
genetic adaptation
a change in the frequency of genes in the gene pool over time (generation to generation) in response to selective pressures resulting from natural selection
syndemic
a cluster of health problems that work together synergistically, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other
performative
a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but crates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
Performative
a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
performative
a communicative act that does not just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
cultural consonance
a construct developed by William Dressler // is the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
7. Extracted foods are __________.
c. foods such as roots and tubers that are high in protein but require some processing before they can be eaten
22. At the zoo, you impress your friends by pointing out that, compared to opossums, elephants:
c. have babies later in their lives
10. In the wild, most primate females will see __________.
c. most of their offspring die before maturity
11. The neocortex ratio is defined as __________.
c. the ratio of the size of the neocortex to the rest of the brain
15. Natural selection does not eliminate the aging process because ______________.
c. there is a complicated and beneficial trade-off between living longer and time investment in reproduction
16. The maximum number of molars (large cheek teeth) found in each quadrant of primates' dentitions is _________.
c. three
Allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
allostatic load (211)
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
allostatic overload
cumulative, multi-system physiological dysregulation that results from exposure to challenges over the life course and places an individual at greater risk for poor health
mismatch of biology to modern life
for most of the time food has been sought after due to survival and people would try to store food (as fat) for when food was scarce; now people are super anti storing fat and seek food for taste; fat phobia
Couvade
male participation in pregnancy, sometimes as demonstrated through the male experience of food cravings or morning sickness
couvade
male participation in pregnancy, sometimes as demonstrated through the male experience of food cravings or morning sickness
couvade
male participation in pregnancy, sometimes as demonstrated through the male experience of food cravings or morning sickness.
14. The occurrence of infanticide among langurs, suggests Sarah Hrdy, is an evolved strategy that enhances __________.
male reproductive success
For male soapberry bugs, behavioral plasticity is costly because
males will sometimes make mistakes about the local sex ratio and behave inappropriately.
plasticity
malleability, developmental range
stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign
Stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)
Animals with long life histories, like primates, grow for a long time at the expense of their
early fertility.
To better understand primate societies, we need to investigate the way primates find mates and care for their offspring. This is known as their
mating system.
Avunculate
matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children
avunculate
matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children
avunculate (285)
matrilineal relationship between a man and his sister's children
The genetic data indicate that modern humans and Neanderthals
may have interbred to a limited degree.
Early primates likely evolved to exploit new niches provided by
flowering plants.
disease ecology (176)
focuses on the immediate or proximal environment, including a germs immediate habitat, and on the content in which such germs are spread; takes a close-up views of disease transmission
Dominance hierarchies occur among females when
food is clumped and defensible.
Dependence on meat may facilitate
food sharing.
Transnationals
members of an ethnic community living outside their country of origin
genetic adaptation
more/less advantageous for survival
Artificial Countries
multinationality countries created by external powers; usually applied to former colonies
Adaptive radiation occurs when
multiple new species are produced because subpopulations adapt to new environments.
Which of the following increases genetic variation?
mutation
endemic (171)
native to a given population (ie. malaria)
what is the cause/mechanism of genetic adaptation?
natural selection (low mortality, high fertility with advantageous trait)
what is vitamin N?
nature
Homo Sapien Sapien pushed...
neanderthals from niche or assimilated
androgynous
neither clearly male nor clearly female
when is genetic adaptation realized?
next generation
is developmental adjustment directly inheritable?
no
are individual risk and population level risk the same thing
no! just because an individual is a member of a given population does not mean that he or she will have the same outcome that is seen at the population level
abiotic
non-living
herd immunity
occurs when a significant portion of the population is vaccinated and that gives protection for individuals who haven't been immunized; "chains of infection are disrupted"
Population pressure
the sum of factors within a population that reduce the ability of an environment to support the population, therefore resulting in migration or population decline
allopathic standpoint
the symptom is countermanded (fighting fire with water-- example-- giving someone with a fever an ice bath)
Witchcraft
the use of psychic powers to harm others by supernatural means
Conflict Theory of Inequality
theory holding that stratification benefits mainly the upper stratum and is the cause of most social unrest and other conflicts in human societies
Functional Theory of Inequality
theory holding that stratification is a way to reward individuals who contribute most to society's well-being
Sociality is costly to primates because
there is greater competition for resources.
For natural selection to occur, variation must exist. This is true because without variation
there is no way for change to occur between generations.
Characters are more likely to exhibit continuous variation when
they are affected by alleles at more than one locus.
Primate females always invest in their young because
they are committed to parental investment by their physiology.
La Chapelle-aux-Saints Neandertal
walked with a bent-knee gait--not able to speak; later disproven; Now believed that the nose was an adaptation to cold, as well as the body length and stature.
fight or flight reaction (208)
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival
social soundness
when aid groups work with the community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures
Role incongruity
when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on
role incongruity
when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on
status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed.
Status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves
status inconsistency
when others view a person in a way that is inconsistent with the way she or he expects to be viewed; when a person is not ascribed the status she or he feels that she or he deserves
dysregulation
when our normal regulatory processes are disturbed of discombobulated
stereotyping
when someone takes a population level statistic and applies it across the board to any individual belonging to that population, that someone is steretoyping
epidemiological polarization
when the epidemiological profile of the poor entails high levels of mortality from infectious disease and lots of death at young ages, while the rich live longer and die later from non-infectious diseases
matrilocal residence
when the newlywed couple is meant to reside with the wife's kin
neolocal residence
when they form a new household entirely
patrilocal residence
when they live with the husbands father
13. Primate females generally raise their offspring __________.
with little to no assistance from males
Primate mothers modify their investment in their offspring
with the mother's need to conserve resources.
partible paternity
women would have sex with many different men in order to produce all their favorable traits. -all those men would act as fathers to the baby.
ethos
worldview, fundamental value set
ethos
worldview, fundamental value set. -Americans= self over society -Japanese= society over self
colostrum
yellow liquid before milk
is genetic adaptation directly inheritable?
yes
human biological variation is...
1. regional/clinical 2. non-concordant (doesn't appear in distinct clumps)
how long ago were humans hunter gatherers?
10,000 years ago
how long ago did complex human traits develop?
100,000 years ago in Africa
Dog Domestication
15,000 years ago
1. The human brain accounts for about 2% of our body weight, but it consumes about _____ of our metabolic energy.
20%
Denisovans
A newly discovered group of archaic Homo sapiens from southern Siberia dated to between 30,000 and 50,000 years ago.
commensality
- sharing a meal or breaking bread together, signifies and creates and helps maintain relationships - without food sharing, many of our social relations would lack glue
consanguineal kinship
DNA/genetic matter
Transitive
Describing a property of triadic (three way) relationships in which the relationships between the first and second elements and the second and third elements automatically determine the relationships between the first and third elements
bilaterally symmetrical
Describing an animal whose morphology on one side of the midline is a mirror image of the morphology on the other side
prehensile
Describing the ability of hands, feet, or tails to grasp objects, such as food items or branches
sexual dimorphism
Differences between sexually mature males and females in body size or morphology
Viviparity
Giving birth to live young
________ had large, robust bodies with relatively long arms and legs and may have been adapted to run long distances.
Homo erectus
Paleontologists state that Homo erectus was fully committed to terrestrial life because
Homo erectus had the same body proportions as people who live in tropical savannas today.
Evidence that Homo erectus ate meat includes the fact that
Homo erectus lived in areas where fruits and plant food were not always available.
Which genus of early hominins had huge molars for extremely heavy chewing?
Paranthropus
Neocortex
Part of the cerebral cortex; generally thought to be most closely associated with problem solving and behavioral flexibility
Which of the following statements is true?
Patterns of courtship, mate choice, and parental care vary greatly within the primate order.
antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
mating systems
The form of courtship, mating, and parenting behavior that characterizes a particular species or population
mandible
The lower jaw
olfactory
The sense of smell
canine
The sharp, pointed tooth that lies between the incisors and premolars in primates. 4 in total
Multiregional Continuity Model
The shift to modern humans took place regionally and did not involve replacement.
Neocortex Ratio
The size of the neocortex in relation to the rest of the brain
social organization
The size, age-sex composition, and degree of cohesiveness of primate social groups
premolars
The teeth that lie between the canines and molars. 8 of them
relativism
things make sense in context, judging others by their own standards
when is developmental adjustment realized?
this generation/life
closed societies
those in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth or anchored in a rite of passage from which there is no going back
racialism
to "see" race (evaluative, visual)
what are environmentally induced epigenetic events?
toxins, food/diet, lifestyle, activity
polygenic traits
traits controlled by two or more genes
index trait
traits that attract
Ecological hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence include the ability to
use complex behavior to acquire or access hard-to-find or extracted food.
hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence include the ability to
use complex behavior to acquire or access hard-to-find or extracted food.
The Omomyidae were a group of early primates that
were similar to modern tarsiers.
condordance
what we are vs. what we feel we should be
what we eat is ___________ determined and variable
what we eat is BIOCULTURALLY determined and variable
fight or flight reaction
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival
Fight or flight reaction
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes (a stress response) for a fight or for fleeing the scene; thought to aid species survival
flight or fight
when a stressed individual is immediately prepared via internal changes for a fight or for fleeing the scene. -triggered by cortisol and epinephrene. -thought to aid species survival
social soundness (195)
when aid groups work with community leaders and members to create a good fit between programs and cultures
Convergent evolution occurs
when natural selection produces similar adaptations independently in different species.
role incongruity
when one is not living up to expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on
role incongruity
when one is not living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has been elected to take on.
fight or flight reaction
which prepares the stressed individual immediately, via internal changes, for a fight or for fleeing a stressful scene, was an aid to survival
Variation in female reproductive success among primates suggests that:
while we can learn a lot about reproduction from our primate cousins, humans have different constraints on reproduction, both biological and cultural.
leukocytes
white blood cells
leukocytes (166)
white blood cells that work to keep invaders at bay
Derived features of anatomically modern humans included
a rounded skull.
racism increases...
allopathic load
3. Catarrhines __________.
are made up of all the apes and Old World monkeys
ethnology
comparison of cultures
Which of the following factors is hypothesized to contribute to the intelligence of primates?
competitive pressures produced by sociality
culture (EB Taylor)
complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as members of society
The term genetic distance refers to the
computed dissimilarity between two homologous genetic sequences.
darker the skin, the lower the
consonance, higher stress
The observation that chickens and humans are bipedal but not part of the same taxonomic group is an example of
convergent evolution.
allocare
cooperative species parenting - increased chances of survival
allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress. -a higher allostatic load places an individual at a higher risk for poor health -obesity, infertility, etc.
allostatic load
cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation resulting from chronic stress; a higher allostatic load places an organism at a higher risk for poor health
what is the opposite of relativism?
ethnocentrism
affinal kin
not in one's lineage, but are real kin b/c they have been created as such through law. -husband, wife, adoption, etc.
Epidemiological Study
observes visual behavior instead of controlled groups (good for health effects studies, however flawed in that there is no randomization - confounding variable)
liminal
occupying a threshold. -standing in limbo between social statuses -the middle phase of a rite of passage
liminal (258)
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses, the middle phase of a rite of passage
Liminal
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
liminal
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
liminal phase
occupying a threshold; standing in limbo between social statuses; the middle phase of a rite of passage
lymphocytes (166)
remembers invaders (type of leukocyte)
Even though natural selection was named after the artificial selection that plant and animal breeders use, it really refers to the
selective retention of variation in a population.
Meaning response
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries
meaning response
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries
meaning response (228)
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief (to the cultural meaning) that a practice or process carries (see placebo effect)
morbidity, mortality
sickness, death
open societies
societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)
Ranked society
society that has a limited number of high-ranking social positions that grant authority; groups are ranked relative to one another, with the highest rank bringing the highest rewards in prestige, power, and sometimes wealth
Stratified society
society with marked and largely or partly heritable differences in access to wealth, power, and prestige; inequality is based mainly on unequal access to productive and valued resources
some ________ positions entail more long-term stress than other ________ positions
some SOCIAL positions entail more long-term stress than other SOCIAL positions
anomaly
something that deviates from what is standard, normal, or expected.
ostundo
spanish words for fright which takes the soul away
agency (191)
the ability to impose one's will or make significant choices
commensality
the act of shared eating
Behaviors are more likely to be canalized if
the behavior is seen in a variety of environments.
stress response
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures. -includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems. -key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines.
Stress
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run; key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines, including epinephrine
stress
the body's immediate response to environmental pressures; includes reactions of the nervous, hormonal, and immune systems; protective in the short run; key biochemicals entailed are cortisol and catecholamines, including epinephrine
Origin myths
the collective history of an ethnic group that defines which subgroups are part of it and its relationship to other ethnic groups
Unequal parental investment is favored when
the cost of acquiring additional mates is low for males.
Ethnogenesis
the creation of a new ethnic group
Accomodation
the creation of social and political systems that provide for and support ethnic group differences
cultural consonance (220)
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one therefore aspires to (when cultural consonance low - stress)
Genocide
the deliberate attempt to eliminate the members of an ethnic category or cultural tradition
environmental reservoir (171)
(ie. soil or water) hold the germ until a host comes in contact with it
genetic kin
- Nowadays in the west, the blood that begets kinship has been replaced in the popular mind with genetic material
the Hua example
- The hua of papua new guinea have food sharing rules - Women do not eat men's food and vice versa - when preparing food, someones nu (or vital essence) is contained in what they serve. (their breath, sweat, hands etc. are literally apart of the dish) - when someone prepares food or grows in the garden and we eat it, IT IS LIKE EATING THAT PERSON
what are the two forms of consubstantial kin
- blood kin - genetic kin
the 3 kinds of kinship
- classificatory - affinal - consubstantial
Margaret mead and her impact upon understanding sex vs gender
- she wrote "sex and temperament" and "male and female" - She asked if the same beliefs that US people held about how male and females should and should not act was found across all cultures. If it was, then there could be a basis to the notion that sex begets gender. If beliefs and practices differed culturally however, then the hypothesis that sex determines gender is false - in conclusion, the hypothesis that sex determines gender was false
Zuni example of the Ihamana ('two spirit' person)
- the Ihamana is the male who dresses and works as a woman - the Ihamana serves an integral productive function and is needed within certain cultures. It is an extremely respected position
closed societies
- those in which a person's social status is ascribed; often it is based on birth or anchored in a rite of passage from which there is no going back - closed societies favor or have more forms of fixed body decoration and modification
what explains the upward trend in weight worldwide
- we are all consuming cheaper food that contains more calories and in turn makes us pack on the pounds - our physical activity levels have immensely decreased in comparison to the days when it used to take hard physical labor not only to get food but to prepare it - industrially produced food is mismatched to our evolved digestive and metabolic physiology and biochemistry
QUICKENING
- when a fetus begins to move in a way that can be felt by the person carrying it in her body - This is usually when a baby's life is said to begin
Notes
-a high ranking mother will become a grandmother at a younger age than will a low-ranking mother. -high ranking females in a small group have the best reproductive success. -young males generally out rank old males.
high-demand/low-control roles
-workers who have less control over their job have more health problems.
11. In the primate order, twins are common among __________.
. marmosets and tamarins
The current estimate for the first appearance of Homo heidelbergensis is between
1 Ma and 500,000 years ago.
Anthony Wallace's Classifications of Religion
1) Individualistic 2) Shamanistic 3) Communal 4) Ecclesiastical
Social and Cultural Effects of Globalization
1) Population Growth 2) Migration and Inequalities in the Global Economy 3) Multinational Corporations 4) Westernization
Five Ways to Spot Fake News
1. Look for unusual URLS 2. Dissect the layout 3. Dig deeper (who supports it?) 4. Cross-check for credibility 5. Reverse image source
what two reasons demonstrate why the U.S. idea that weight is a personal achievement is wrong
1. Social structural factors such as poverty and lack of neighborhood parks foster much overweight and obesity here 2. Weight is co-created by people in social relations
What are the 4 main kinds of anthropology?
1. biological 2. linguistic 3. ethnology 4. archaeology
what are the 3 features of culture?
1. habitual 2. learned/acquired 3. shared
what are the three main parts in a rite of passage
1. separation (individuals are separated from their initial social role) 2. liminal phase (transitional stage // the person is 'betwixt and between' social statuses) 3. reintegration (reincorporated into society // rebirth)
toxins
A chemical compound that is poisonous or toxic
Strategy
A complex of behaviors deployed in a specific functional context, such as mating, parenting, or foraging
Neandertals
A distinct group within the genus Homo inhabiting Europe and Southwest Asia from approximately 30,000 to 125,000 years ago.
territories
A fixed area occupied by animals that defend the boundaries against intrusion by other individuals or groups of the same species
hind-limb dominated
A form of locomotion which depends mainly on the hind legs for power and propulsion
Sexual Selection
A form of natural selection that results from differential mating success in one gender
Intersexual Selection
A form of sexual selection in which females choose who they mate with. Attractiveness of males apply
Intrasexual Selection
A form of sexual selection in which males compete with other males for access to females. More about male competitiveness
Dominance Matrix
A square table constructed to keep track of dominance interactions among a group of individuals
gum
A sticky carbohydrate produced by some trees in response to physical damage
diurnal
Active only during the day
nocturnal
Active only during the night
affiliative vs. disaffiliative (275)
Affiliative: military uniform worn properly vs. Disaffiliative: punk hair styles
where in the world is there the most genetic diversity?
Africa
Homo heidelbergensis lived in
Africa and Europe.
frugivore
An animal whose diet consists mostly of fruit
gummivore
An animal whose diet consists mostly of gum
insectivore
An animal whose diet consists mostly of insects
heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait/given gene
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait/given gene
androgynous vs. transgendered (245)
Androgynous: neither clearly male nor clearly female vs. Transgender: cross or straddle border between male and female
What does genetic data from fossils found at Denisova Cave indicate?
Denisovans, a population that predates 50,000 years, share a common ancestor with Neanderthals postdating the Neanderthal-human split.
couvade
Ex: just as fatness implicates more than one person, pregnancy, too is not a private bodily state but a group one (men become pregnant too)
Neolithic demographic transition
Farming resulted in increasing population size High birthrate and earlier weaning with grains cooked into mushes
GLAD bad science reporting
G - get past clickbait L - look for crazy claims A - analyse sources D - determine outside expert opinion
According to the biological species concept, why do species tend to remain the same over long periods of time?
Gene flow keeps individuals similar to each other.
9. Tarsiers are classified in the suborder__________.
Haplorrhini
nu
Hua people Papa New Guinea - essence of oneself into the food they grow and give to others to eat
The cortical bone on the femur of ________ has a humanlike pattern of thickness.
Orrorin tugenensis
agency
People who are high in social hierarchy have much less ________. They have less ability to impose their will or make choices than the people who are at the top
Primates are found mainly in tropical regions. Which of the following is true of tropical environments?
Primate foods are affected more by seasonal changes due to rainfall than by changes due to temperature.
In primates, females usually provide far more parental investment than males. Why?
Primates are mammals, and in mammals, females lactate and males do not.
social justice
Promotes equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions.
Primiparous
Refers to a female who has given birth for the first time
Caste
Stratification system in which membership in a stratum is in theory hereditary, strata are endogamous, and contact or relationships among members of different strata are governed by explicit laws, norms, or prohibitions
Class
System of stratification in which membership in a stratum can theoretically be altered and intermarriage between strata is allowed
T or F: genetic adapation is geographically advantageous
T
agency
The ability to impose one's will or make significant choices
cultural evolution
The adaptive changes of cultures in response to environmental changes over time - if enough people refuse a cultural recommendation due to it becoming dysfunctional or when it stops fitting well with other components of the culture, evolution can occur!
molars
The broad, square back teeth that are generally adapted for crushing and grinding in primates
During the last 65 million years, which of the following occurred?
The climate first warmed, then cooled, and most recently became variable.
Early Modern Homo sapiens
The first moderns ....After Archaic Homo sapiens in Africa • Some overlap in time with the Late Archaic Neandertals in Europe • More modern.... approaching the looks of contemporary populations
incisors
The front teeth in mammals. 8 in total
Out of Africa Hypothesis
The hypothesis that modern humans (Homo sapiens) evolved in Africa and spread to other continents, replacing other Homo species without interbreeding with them.
Social Intelligence Hypothesis
The hypothesis that the relatively sophisticated cognitive abilities of higher primates are the outcome of selective pressures that favored intelligence as a means to gain advantages in social groups
dental formula
The number of incisors, canines, pre molars, and molars in the upper and lower jaws
secondary compounds
Toxic (poisonous) chemical compounds produced by plants and concentrated in plant tissues to prevent animals from eating the plant
Bone, antler, and teeth are known to have been used to construct which types of tools?
Upper Paleolithic
binocular vision
Vision in which both eyes can focus together on a distant object to produce three dimensional images
stereoscopic vision
Vision in which three dimensional images are produced because each eye sends a signal of the visual image to both hemispheres in the brain. Requires binocular vision
voluntary vs. imposed (stigma)
Voluntary: tattoo (US) vs. Imposed: Nazis forcing non-arians to be tattooed to identify them as such
What can be said about the phylogeny of the early hominins?
We do not have a secure, agreed upon phylogeny for early hominins, but we can still understand the general patterns of early hominin evolution.
What is Pangaea?
a single landmass that contained all present-day continents
Allopatric speciation occurs when
a subgroup is physically isolated from the mother population and gene flow can no longer occur.
holon
a system that is simultaneously a whole unto itself and a part of something larger
natural selection results in...
adaptive change
what is affected by stress response?
aids species survival - affects nervous, hormonal, immune system
affiliative
an act or mark (ex. a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture
affiliative
an act or mark that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture
Nationality
an ethnic group that claims a right to a discrete homeland and to political autonomy and self-determination
Features showing that Australopithecus afarensis is a hominin include
bipedalism.
monogenic
determined by a single gene
Classifactory Kinship
fictive, "as if" relation
ultimate causes
in the end; where the buck stops
10. Regarding predation of primates:
it is still unclear how often primates are preyed upon in the wild.
The phenotype of an individual refers to
its visible characteristics.
12. Colobines primarily feed on __________.
leaves
stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (e.g., a tattoo on a visible part of one's body, a sign on one's clothing)
stigmatized
marked for rejection, generally with a visual sign (ex. a tattoo on the body or a sign on one's clothing)
Taphonomists have suggested that the Olduvai bone and stone-tool sites were not the result of the mass death of a large number of animals because
mass deaths usually involve members of a single species, but the Olduvai sites contain members of different species.
mizuko kuyo
memorial service for water child. -the fetus or stillborn is placed under the house and believed to have its soul carried back by water. -shrine with dolls -abortion is seen as a delay in the baby's life.
examples of modern-bound syndromes
menopause, road age, anorexia
microevolution
minor scale evolution
The mtDNA and Y chromosome evidence favors the viewpoint that
modern humans evolved in Africa.
In general, larger continents have
more extreme temperatures than smaller continents.
Compared with humans, after weaning, chimpanzees are
more self-sufficient at food acquisition.
An animal's use of a strategy, in a biological sense, is the product of __________.
natural selection
Throughout the animal world, after the act of mating has been completed, most species follow a strategy in which _____________ actively care for the young.
neither female nor male
androgynous
neither male nor female
complex adaptive systems
networks of dynamically interrelated parts where info flows - creates emergent, surprising, creative behavior
anomaly
omething that does not fit into preconceived cultural categories, is unclassifiable, or combines traits from two or more categorical types (the latter also is sometimes termed a 'monster'); has power because it disturbs, or represents a disturbance in, our culturally influenced sense of order
Cortisol
one biochemical central to the stress response
Which type of social group has the most sexual dimorphism in canine size?
one male, multifemale
stress response (208)
one's immediate physical response to environmental pressures
Which of the following bones can provide evidence that a fossil animal was bipedal?
pelvis, femur, skull
example of a permanent body decoration vs non-permanent
permanent- teeth filling, lip-stretching plates, ear lobe plugs etc. non-permanent- nail paint, hair cut etc.
comportment
personal bearing/conduct; demeanor; behavior (ie. geishas, playing charades (cowboy, rapper, etc), genders)
closed society
personal status is ascribed based on birth or rite of passage
phenotype
physical expression of genes
status inconsistency
ranking high on some dimensions of social class and low on others
18. When a monkey responds to a threat or attack by attacking or threatening a low
ranking individual that was not involved in the conflict, this phenomenon is called ______________.-d. redirected aggression
pandemic (173)
reaches all over world (doesn't describe severity but how large infection)
what is the opposite of holism?
reductionism
social structure
refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it
social structure (190)
refers to the way in which a society is structured or built from the relationships between the classes or groups of people within it
according to our class material, what is talent?
refining, failing, grit, passion - not determined solely by genes
Ancestral rituals
rituals in which the conscious purpose is to worship, honor, or beseech the deceased ancestors of a kin group
taboo (247)
rule against coming in contact with someone, often due to it being a well of power (anomaly)
Taboo
rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power
taboo
rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power
taboo
rule against coming in contact with something, often due to it being a well of power.
Taphonomists have determined that the Olduvai bone and stone-tool sites were likely not deposited by moving water because the
sediments surrounding the bones and tools are not graded by size and weight.
Which of the following decreases genetic variation?
selection
The fact that all modern breeds of dog stem from wild wolves is evidence that
selection can use abundant hidden variation to move a population beyond its initial range of variation.
meaning response
self healing attributable to knowledge or belief that a practice or process carries
Rites of passage
separation, transition (liminal), reincorporation
system
set of dynamic interrelated parts functioning together as a whole
15. "Parental care" in the primate order includes _______________.
sheltering young from the elements and from predators
epidemiological transition
shift of epidemiological profiles
Analogous characters are similar because of
similar selection pressures acting on unrelated species.
rite of passage
simply a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or group of people from one social status to the next (a first haircut)
open societies
societies with inbuilt class mobility
Open societies
societies with inbuilt class mobility (or at least the myth of such)
surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers (gestational surrogates) can carry (gestate) children for their legal mothers
surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purpose
surrogate
stand in mother or father for procreative purposes; surrogate mothers can carry children for their legal mothers
surrogate (transnational gestational surrogacy) (300)
stand-in mother or father for procreative purposes
Establishing a link between social complexity and cognitive ability across species requires the use of a(n)
standardized measurement of cognitive ability.
Mate guarding of females by males in soapberry bugs probably functions to
stop other males from mating with them.
Myths
stories that recount the deeds of supernatural powers and cultural heroes in the past
Resilience
strength in the face of otherwise stressful situations
epidemiology
study of disease distribution and determinants
epigenetics
study of interactions between genes and their environment that "bring pheonotype into being"
Humans have a nearly insatiable appetite for sugar, fat, and salt because
such appetites were adaptive in ancient environments.
adaptations
survival-enhancing change in a system triggered by atypical, stress-producing change in environment
adaptation
survival-enhancing change in response to environmental pressures
affiliative
symbolize ones affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture - military uniform worn properly for example OR women shaving their legs in order to fit in
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits w' the lifestyle that ones culture recommends and aspires to be (lower CC, higher stress)
Cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to
primary health care (195)
the primary mover in the primary health care approach is prevention, or preventing problems before they happen; key routes to prevention involve water, food, and adaptive immunity
culture
the totality of each human group's shared, learned heritage (social, political, economical, religious, cosmological, linguistic, health etc)
Passive Assimilation
the voluntary social absorption of one ethnic group by another ethnic group
homo neanderthalensis denies...
them of our species appellation
paradigm
theoretical framework that guides scientists in deciding what questions to ask and forms a lens through which scientists interpret data
racism
to judge based on imputed race
traits associated with race are...
visually salient
Which of the following is true of the behavior of the great apes?
It includes tool use and foraging on foods that are difficult to process.
8. Nonhuman catarrhines live in __________.
Asia and Africa
Australopithecus africanus is most similar to which of the following species?
Australopithecus afarensis
does culture or biology impact comportment modes around the world more? (how we move)
BOTH impact comportment modes. it is true that some of how we move is determined by the makeup of our bodies, but culture plays a key role in the diversity of comportment modes around the world
opposable
Being able to touch all fingers on the hand with the thumb
Gender
Cultural construction. It defines masculinity and femininity for us. Variously entails expectations of how a person will move, dress, modify the body, and so on.
Which of the following statements is true of a properly done phylogeny?
It reflects the evolutionary history of living species.
Sex
Biologically differentiated status. Has to do with genitals and chromosomes
Based on fossil evidence, what is the relationship between the evolution of bipedalism and large brains in hominin evolution?
Bipedalism preceded large brains by millions of years.
Catalhoyuk
Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification.
syndemic
Entails not just one health problem but a cluster of problems that work together, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other synergistically. Ex: HIV/AIDS
During which era did the first primates with modern features evolve?
Eocene
epidemiological transition vs. epidemiological polarization (186, 188)
Epidemiological transition: shift from an epidemiological profile highlighting infectious diseases with high mortality rates to one in which non-infectious or chronic diseases with low mortality but high morbidity rates feature centrally vs. Epidemiological polarization: when the epidemiological profile of the poor entails high levels of mortality from infectious disease and lots of death at young ages, while the rich live longer and die later from non-infectious diseases
During the height of the last glacial period (around 30 ka), which of the following occurred?
Eurasia teemed with animals like woolly mammoths, woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, aurochs, musk oxen, and horses.
Neanderthals lived in
Europe and western Asia.
phenotypicaly expressed traits occur in higher proportions in the...
NEXT generation
does race exist biologically?
NO
communitas
Intense community spirit, a feeling of great social solidarity, equality, and togetherness; characteristic of people experiencing liminality together
health-wealth gradient
If a child is doing poorly in school, in might be because they have many stressors at home due to money affecting their health. -this is a cycle and causes the child to become poor like their parents. -they have smaller capacities of working memory
Birds and mammals have very different typical reproductive strategies. What is a key reason for this?
In birds, both males and females can provide a great deal of parental investment for the young, because both can incubate the egg(s) and both can bring food to the chick(s).
Why is continental drift important to our understanding of primate evolution?
It can facilitate speciation.
The oldest fossils suggesting a transition to anatomically modern human fossils are found in
Jebel Irhoud, Omo Kibish, and the Middle Awash.
Which of the following is an example of stabilizing selection on size?
Large and small individuals are selected against to a similar degree.
2. Lemurs exist in the wild in __________.
Madagascar
Variance in reproductive success is a key driving factor in evolution. How does this affect sexual selection in mammals
Male variance can be much greater than female variance, so males are potentially under very strong sexual selection.
lineage (matrilineage, patrilineage) (285)
Matrilineage: descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage; Patrilineage: descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
Cargo cults
Melanesian revitalization movements in which prophets claim to know secret rituals that will bring wealth
conspecifics
Members of the same species
Which of the following is true of mitosis?
Mitosis produces identical daughter cells.
Some mammals give birth to one offspring at a time, and others to larger litters. Since more offspring per birth could mean higher reproductive success, why doesn't natural selection favor large litters in all mammals?
Reproducing involves a number of trade-offs, including quantity (number) versus quality of offspring. Larger litters mean lower-quality individual offspring.
role incongruity vs. status inconsistency (221)
Role incongruity: occurs when one isn't living up to the expectations entailed in the role one has been placed in or has elected to take on vs. Status inconsistency: when someone belongs to a profession that was valorized when he or she entered it but is no longer held in such high esteem (doctors sometimes report feeling this way); directly relates to how others view someone
what does cultural consonance result in
STRESS! When we have not achieved the things that we had in mind to achieve by a certain point, or the things that our culture has taught us to want to achieve, that results in STRESS!
alkaloids
Secondary compounds produced and kept in plant tissues to make the plant distasteful or even poisonous to herbivores
Agricultural Revolution
The time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
maxilla
The upper jaw
Which statement about the platyrrhine primates is correct?
They are also called the New World monkeys.
Transgendered
a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female
transgendered
a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female
transgender
a person who crosses or straddles the border between male and female.
epidemiological profile
a profile or picture of a given group describing what diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing or have experienced, and to what degree
Redirected Aggression
A behavior in which the recipient of aggression threatens or attacks a previously uninvolved party
role incongruity
Conflict between the individual's values and the obligations of the role.
strepsirrhine
Any member of the group containing lemurs and lorises.
haplorrhine
Any member of the group containing tarsiers and anthropoid primates
what percent of human variation within races
80-85%
The limbs of all mammals contain three bones. This is an example of a(n) ________ trait.
homologous
Rice Domestication
Domesticated in East Asia more than 10,000 years ago along Yangtze River in eastern China.
4. Studying living primates to understand the behavior of our ancestors is known as reasoning by _________.
homology
avunculate
the special relationship in some societies between a man and his sister's son.
Which of the following statements is true of Upper Paleolithic peoples?
They constructed shelters including those of mammoth bone and hide.
anthropology
the study of all of humankind (cultures of past, present, future)
epidemiology (166)
the study of disease distribution and its determinants
17. Apes sometimes obtain food not otherwise available to them. An example of this is ______________.
a. breaking open nuts using a stone
mizuko kuyo
- a buddhist service meant for unborn children where they are buried under their house in order to send them back to the watery spirit world - This ceremony is not just there for the comfort of parents, but it is essential for the protection of the water child. It helps protect it and ensures that it will come back when the time is right
blood kin
- blood can be used to mean any type of bodily fluid in some cultures such as breast milk, semen etc. to connect people - a menstruating woman might put her blood in soup in other to tie herself to another person
the three functions of bodily decoration and modification
- communicate (what a person stands for or can communicate important facts about social position) - protect (if a certain shape or figure is meant to protect you, you can go about your activities without feeling nervous) - transform (transform a person from one status to another)
what are the functions of gender crossover roles
- economic - spiritual - socially mediating - role modeling functions
what is the history of fat-phobia
- in the US plumpness was considered to be a great thing at one point in time. you wanted to gain weight instead of lose in the early twentieth century. - Rise in fat hatred is contributed to WWI - At the time, fat people were thought to be selfish and hoarding their own food. Lack of self control. They contradicted the cultural message that we should all pull together and that everyone would have to make sacrifices - the easier it got to be fat, the more we favored thinness
when is kinship established in the west vs with the Hua
- in the west, kinship is seen as being established before birth and it is a never ending tie - with the Hua, kinship is built up over time by the constant sharing of substances and filling each other up bodily with nu. if this exchange stops, a relationship is broken (even if it's between family members)
example of Kim Anderson experiencing radicalized stress that impacted her health
- kim anderson was pregnant and one would expect a great outcome for her baby considering that she came from a good background and had received an excellent education - KIM ANDERSON EXPERIENCED RACIST TREATMENT EVERY DAY OF HER LIFE THAT CONTRIBUTED TO HIGH STRESS AND THUS HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON HER CHILD - health problems among black people are the results of our racist culture
do kin terms vary across cultures in what they accomplish?
- no! although kin terms, and so kin roles, vary across cultures, what kin terms accomplish does not - kin terms map out the rights and obligations that people have toward one another as kin - Kin terms are used to remind people of their responsibilities as members of their family as well as to remind them of the rights others have to expect certain kinds of behavior from them
open societies
- those with inbuilt class mobility - have more flexible forms
functions of gender crossover roles (249-)
1) economic; 2) spiritual; 3) socially mediating; 4) role modeling functions
2. Natural selection maintains a costly physiological feature only if __________
b. it confers an essential adaptive advantage
functions of body decoration (including performative) (280-1)
1) to communicate - who they are/ what they stand for; 2) to protect - sense of safety; 3) to transform - from one status to another - performative: a communicative act that doesn't just describe a situation but creates it, as when pronouncing a couple married makes them married
3 functions of body decoration
1) transform--> transform a person from 1 status to another. 2) protect 3) communicate
Modern human cranial capacity is usually at least
1,350 cc.
what are scientific studies confounding variables?
1. selection bias 2. conflict of interest 3. selected use of data
what are the dimensions of variation for body decoration and modification
1. voluntary or imposed 2. affiliative (normative) or disaffiliative (deviant) 3. flexible (temporary) or fixed (permanent)
deviants of variation
1. voluntary/imposed 2. affiliative (normative) or disaffiliative 3. flexible (temporary) or fixed (permanent)
Because of the finds in Dmanisi, Republic of Georgia, paleoanthropologists know that hominins left Africa by
1.8 Ma.
Homo erectus appeared in the fossil record about ________ years ago.
1.8 million
consubstantial skin
2 kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial (e.g., nurturance, love) or material (e.g., bodily fluids such as breast milk, DNA, blood)
how many genes does the average human have?
20-25,000 genes
Paleolithic Cave Art
30,000+ year old drawings deep inside dark caves; darkness (absence of visual stimuli) allowed for focus on inner mental experience
Systema Naturae (1735)
4 lipids (blood, phlem, yellow and black/bile) associated with temperment
The very first hominins date to about ________ years ago.
6 million
Modern humans are thought to have migrated beyond Africa and spread throughout the world about
60 ka.
homo sapien sapien
60-50,000 years ago
Genetic data indicate that the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees lived about
8 Ma.
Fertile Crescent
A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates
Sexual Selection Infanticide Hypothesis
A hypothesis postulating that infanticide has been favored by sexual selection because males who kill unweaned infants are able to enhance their own reproductive prospects if they 1) kill infants whose deaths hasten their mothers' resumption of cycling, 2) do not kill their own infants, and 3) are able to mate with the mothers of the infants that they kill
Lavallois Technique
A lithic technology which involved preparing a core to produce a particular size and shape of flake. Identified from 200,000 BP and associeted with Neanderthals.
Bachelor Males
A male that has not been able to establish residence in a bisexual group. Tend to live alone or in all male groups
pair bonding
A mating system in which a male and female form an exclusive mating relationship
polyandry
A mating system in which a single female forms a stable pair-bond with two different males at the same time
polygyny
A mating system in which a single male mates with many females
Estrus
A period during the reproductive cycle of most mammals (and most primates) when the female is receptive to mating and is capable of conceiving
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent - cheap/easy and doesn't work (low variation)
solitary
A term used for animals that do not live in social groups and do not form regular associations with conspecifics
The earliest anatomically modern Homo sapiens fossils come from ________ and are dated to about ________ years ago.
Africa; 190,000
folivore
An animal whose diet consists mostly of leaves
Which of the following statements about the interglacial periods of the early Middle Pleistocene is true?
Animals moved from Africa to Eurasia.
closed societies vs. open societies (279)
Closed societies: those which a person's social status is ascribed vs. Open societies: those with inbuilt class mobility (or at least idea)
10. The neocortex is __________.
c. a layer of gray matter covering the entire forebrain in mammals
RNA
DNA's biochemical helper which: fetches/delivers proteins for DNA, some kinds can regulate expression of genes
________ are characterized by small incisors and large premolars with sharp crests.
Folivores
Extracted Foods
Food that is embedded in a matrix, encased in a hard shell, or otherwise difficult to extract
who is considered the founder of anthropology?
Franz Boaz
Which of these is the MOST widely supported explanation for the small body size and mixture of primitive and derived traits of Homo floresiensis?
H. floresiensis is a result of evolutionary dwarfism.
Archaic Homo Sapiens
Hominins dating from 500,000 to 200,000 years ago that possessed morphological features found in both Homo erectus and Homo sapiens
Imagine you are a paleoanthropologist. You have found a fossil that dates to 150 ka in Africa, and it has a chin. How would you classify this specimen?
Homo sapiens
Imagine you are a paleoanthropologist. You have found a fossil that dates to 190 ka in Africa, and it has a high, rounded skull; a cranial capacity of 1,400 cc; and long, thin femora (thigh bones). How would you classify this specimen?
Homo sapiens
Imagine you are an archaeologist working in the Czech Republic. You have found remains of a hearth within a large structure that appears to have been constructed with the bones of a woolly mammoth. Which hominin species is responsible for this site?
Homo sapiens
Which of the following statements is true of reproductive isolation?
It can occur because of changes in courtship behavior.
Which of the following statements is true of sexual selection?
It favors traits that increase the ability to compete for mates.
are sex and gender connected?
NO! - gender is not always tightly linked to sexual expression (a female doesn't always like a male etc.) - we must define gender and sex as separate entities if we are to use them to make intellectual progress in unpacking how's, what's, and why's of gender diversity
About 300,000 years ago in Europe, some features of H. heidelbergensis included double-arched browridges, average cranial capacity of 1,390 cc, and a face that bulges out, or is prognathic, about midway. These features are shared with
Neanderthals.
Homo Floresiensis
Nicknamed "Hobbit" for its diminutive size, a possible new species of Homo found in Liang Bua Cave, on the Indonesian island of Flores.
Third-Party Relationships
Relationships among other individuals
Which of the following statements is correct?
Selection can lead to cumulative, long-term change.
sex vs. gender (242)
Sex: has to do with genitals & chromosomes vs. Gender: cultural construction defining masculinity/femininity
Dominance
The ability of one individual to intimidate or defeat another individual in a pairwise encounter
Theory of Mind
The capacity to be aware of the thoughts, knowledge, or perceptions of other individuals
Neolithic
The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution. It follows the Paleolithic period. "New Stone Age"
Most primates rely more on visual stimuli and less on olfactory stimuli than do other mammals. Which of the following is one line of evidence for this?
The primate visual sense is highly developed while the olfactory apparatus is reduced, especially in diurnal primates.
basal metabolic rate
The rate of energy use required to maintain life when an animal is at rest
Which of the following is correct?
The strength and direction of selection depend on the environment.
what does the stress response entail
The stress response entails reactions of the nervous system, the hormonal system, and the immune system
social soundness
This initiative called on all aid groups to take up the specific goal of the community involvement- of connecting with community leaders and members and working to create a good fit between programs and cultures.
What makes primates useful models for understanding human evolution?
We share many of the same adaptations as other primates.
Multinational corporation
a corporations that has most of its employees, produces and sells most of its products or services, and generates most of its gross revenues outside the national boundaries of its "home" country
gender
a cultural construction. It defines masculinity and femininity for us. Gender entails how a person will move, dress, modify the body, and so on. - GENDER IS A KEY ORGANIZING PRINCIPLE FOR SOCIAL LIFE
Ethos
a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values
ethos
a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values
ethos (235)
a culture's overall worldview or fundamental values
Subnationalities
a dependent subgroup within a larger nationality that lacks the concept of a separate homeland and makes no claim to any inherent right to political autonomy and self-determination
infectious disease (170)
a disease that results from the presence and activity of a pathogenic microbial agent that can be passed from one person to another
25. We can understand the stress levels of female baboons by looking at this graph, from which we can conclude:
a female who lacks male support will be greatly stressed when her group is overtaken by a strange male because there are no males to protect her from the new leader.
quickening
a fetus begings to move in a way that can be felt by the person carrying it in her body. -some cultures say this is when a baby's life begins.
Totemism
a form of communal religious organization in which all members of a kin group have mystical relationships with one or more natural objects
Civilization
a form of complex society in which many people live in cities
Homeland
a geographical region over which a particular ethnic group feels it has exclusive rights
Treponematoses
a group of related diseases caused by the bacteria Treponema, which causes pathological changes most often to the cranium and tibiae
Cro-magon
a hominid of a tall erect race of the Upper Paleolithic known from skeletal remains found chiefly in southern France and classified as the same species (Homo sapiens) as present-day humans.
catecholamines
a key category of biochemicals, which includes what used to be called adrenaline, now referred to as epinephrine.
Priest
a kind of religious specialist, usually full-time, who officiates at large-scale, bureaucratically organized rituals that keep the population in proper relationship to deities or cosmic forces
placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
Placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment
placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment.
placebo effect
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributable to biomedical treatment. -"Meaning response"
placebo effects (228)
a measurable, observable, or felt improvement in health that is not directly attributed to biomedical treatment
In the language of adaptive explanations, what is meant by the term strategy?
a mechanism that leads to particular behaviors in particular contexts
Ethnic group
a named social group based on perceptions of shared ancestry, cultural traditions, and common history that culturally distinguishes that group from other groups
emergence
a novel (new) pattern/property
proximate cause vs. ultimate cause (188)
a proximate cause is an event which is closes to, or immediately responsible for causing, some observed result. This exists in contrast to a higher-level ultimate cause (or distal cause) which is usually thought of as the "real" reason something occurred
Revitalization movement
a religious movement explicitly intended to create a new way of life for a society or group
Imagine you have found a skull with an ape-size brain, sagittal crest, very large back teeth, and large cheekbones. Based on this information, this is most likely a specimen of
a robust australopith.
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
Rite of Passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
rite of passage (254)
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or a group of people from one social status to the next - example- the first haircut brings a baby either from being a non-human organism to a human being in many cultures - social birth !!!
rite of passage
a set of ritual acts intended to move a person or group of people from one social status to the next. 1) separation from their initial role. 2) transitional 3) re-birth
taboo
a social or religious custom prohibiting or forbidding discussion of a particular practice or forbidding association with a particular person, place, or thing. (cannibalism, adultery, flowers etc.)
political economy (188)
a social science dealing with political policies and economic processes, their interrelation, and their influence on social institutions
antibody (166)
a special protein that disarms the invading cell by neutralizing it or calling phagocytes to eat it
antigens (166)
a specific substance that covers an invading cell that identifies it as such
surrogate
a stand-in mother or father to help build their families
political economy
a theoretical perspective that considers phenomena or processes in political and economic context; rather than to focus on proximate factors, the focus is on the ultimate causes
Effective deception requires
a theory of mind.
Neanderthals are known to have used
a wide range of Mousterian tools.
15. Chimpanzees are found in the wild only in __________.
a. Central Africa
25. Primates are preyed upon by other animals. Even though it's not clear how often primates fall victim to predators:
a. arboreal monkeys that live in large groups are at the lowest risk for predation.
8. The social intelligence hypothesis states that intelligence evolved in primates __________
a. as a result of the rigors of social life
19. Selection pressure that influences a life history trait will _____________.
a. tend to affect all other life history traits
8. Unequal parental involvement in caring for offspring is likely favored when __________.
a. the evolutionary fitness of an offspring raised by only one parent is relatively high
24. You are invited to observe a group of four female vervet monkeys named Ann, Betty, Cindy, and Dana. As you watch the group, you hear a distant call of another vervet monkey. Betty, Cindy, and Dana look at Ann, who turns in the direction of the call. From this behavior, you surmise that:
a. vervet monkeys may understand kinship relations.
lamarckism
acquired characteristics which can be inherited (jean baptist lamarck)
acute, chronic (171)
acute disease: comes fast and leaves fast (if doesn't kill, ie. cold) vs. chronic disease: lasts for long time (ie. HIV/AIDS)
health is a product of the interaction of biology and culture, and is a key indicator of...
adaptation
At the end of the Cretaceous era, mammals diversified to fill a broad range of ecological niches. This is an example of
adaptive radiation.
agriculture and animal domestication generally brings...
advanced civilization
humans capacity for culture came...
after our spread
Adaptations are defined as the components of an individual organism that
allow it to survive and reproduce.
affinal kin
also not in ones lineage, but they are real kin because they have been created as such by the law (adopted sons and daughters are affinal kin)
mutation
alterations in duplication - miscopied genes
do contemporary humans bear a much higher stress level than our foraging ancestors did?
although some claim this to be true, we don't know this for sure! people's responses to events are culturally relative (what stresses people out depends on cultures // all of us have different stressors)
Affiliative
an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'
affiliative
an act or mark (e.g., a body decoration or modification) that symbolizes one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture; antonym is 'disaffiliative'
Secular ideologies
an ideology that does not rely on the will of supernatural powers but justifies inequality on the basis of its society wide benefits
Placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure
placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure
placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not biomedical and does not effect a clinical cure.
placebo
an inert substance or an act that is not part of the biomedical tool kit, such as the prayerful laying on of hands or other forms of faith healing, the placebo is the act or item that's not doing anything
placebo (228)
an inert substance or an act that isn't part of the biomedical toolkit
What are the 6 basic emotions?
anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise
Ethnic boundary markers
any overt characteristics that can be used to indicate ethnic group membership
19. The hominoids are otherwise known as ______________.
apes and humans
The hominin H. heidelbergensis represents
archaic H. sapiens of the early Middle Pleistocene.
Which of the following is a feature associated with bipedal locomotion?
arched feet
16. Selection will tend to favor a fast constellation of life history traits (short life, larger litters of offspring, etc.) in species that ______________.
are at a high risk for predation
Gametes
are the sex cells, or eggs and sperm.
open societies
are those with inbuilt class mobility
why does the stress response exist
as humankind evolved over time, it was selected for because it was very helpful.
Magic
as proposed by Sir James Frazer in 1890, it has two logical assumptions: 1)Imitative Principle - "Like produces like" - if an object resembles a person and it is mutilated by a sorcerer, then the same thing will happen to the person (voodoo) 2)Contagious Principle - "Power comes from contact" - things once in contact with someone can be used in rites and spells to make things happen to that person
what is the order of human development?
austrapethecus afarensis -> homo erectus -> homo sapiens
9. For the most part, primates have __________.
b. a long period of infant dependence after birth
14. Senescence is ___________.
b. aging
13. The occipital, parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes make up the __________.
b. cerebrum
24. You're watching TV with your mom when a preview for TLC's Sister Wives comes on. Your mother expresses horror and says that polygamy isn't natural, and you explain that:
b. one-male, multifemale groups are quite common as a system of social organization in primate species.
20. The primate order can be defined by:
b. prehensile hands, highly developed visual sense, and a long juvenile period.
6. Ecological hypotheses about the evolution of intelligence in primates include __________.
b. the need to plan routes to diverse and changing food resources
20. On an excavation with your professor, you come across the skullcap of a fossil primate and some long bones. The skull is larger than your professor expected for the primate's body size. From this information, you suggest that:
b. the primate likely had a long life span.
Foraging efficiency refers to __________.
b. the quantity of nutrients gotten per unit of time
In part, a mating system can be defined as __________.
b. the way animals find mates
9. The ability to predict what another individual will do based on the knowledge of the other's mental state is known as the ____________
b. theory of mind
The rapidly fluctuating climates of the Pleistocene may have caused some populations of hominins to
become fully isolated and even more specialized.
Behaviors are more likely to be canalized if
behavior is seen in a variety of environments.
An organism expresses antipredator tactics regardless of the number of predators in the environment. This is an example of
behavioral canalization.
Animism
belief in spiritual beings
ethnocentrism
belief in superiority of ones culture over another
cortisol
biochemical central to stress response (experience sudden surge)
transmembrane conductance regulator (180)
biological structures that move (conduct, transfer) things across membranes, such as the intestinal membrane, regulating their movement or flow across these membranes; certain TRs are implicated in resistance and susceptibility to cholera and in cystic fibrosis
sex
biologically differentiated status - genitals/chromosomes
Sex
biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment
sex
biologically differentiated status of male or female, related to genital and chromosomal endowment
sex
biologically differentiated status of male or female.
biological determinism
biology = destiny (limiting factors such as gender, race)
Australopithecines were
bipedal primates.
anemia and agriculture
blood is deficient in iron; caused by diet, poor iron absorption, parasitic infection or blood loss
we put culture into practice via our __________
bodies
hosts (170)
bodies, for agents to live in
Fossils are formed when
bone is mineralized by interaction with surrounding rock.
14. The primary locomotor pattern of the gibbon is __________.
brachiation
milk kin (291)
breast milk solidifies kinship where ties already exist (or don't)
affinal kinship
by contract/law
consubstantial kinship
by shared substance
5. Which of the following is an example of animal intelligence?
c. A vervet monkey hides a cache of food and returns to eat it later.
what can a heightened allostatic load result in
can lead to long-term immune suppression, infertility, atherosclerosis or hardening of the arteries, and heart disease among other things. It can also promote abdominal obesity by affecting the pattern in which the body stores fat. Diabetes is also an outcome and hyptertension
Ultimate causes
causes further removed but precipitate an event
carbohydrates
certain organic molecules with the formula CnH2nOn including common sugars and starches
In diploid organisms
chromosomes occur in homologous pairs.
closed vs open societies
closed-favors fixed body decoration and modification. A person's social status is ascribed at birth or through a rite of passage. open- flexible forms of body decoration. Inbuilt class mobility.
Compared with the Eocene, the Oligocene was characterized by
colder, more variable global temperatures.
shared intentionality includes
collaboration, responding to and enforcing social norms
Homologous chromosomes
come in pairs.
epidemic (172)
comes upon population - usually spreads quickly
Homologous characters are similar because of
common ancestry.
three functions of body decoration
communicative, protect, and transform
The diversity seen in behavior among closely related species is most likely due to ecological pressures. Similar behaviors seen in distantly related species is likely due to convergence. Which of the following research approaches utilizes these concepts as its foundation?
comparative method
political economy perspective
considers phenomena or processes from a position much farther back.
infraorder
contains several superfamilies
how did we get culture?
control of fire/environment, brain development, tool use/making, language
enographic/ethnology
cross-cultural comparisons to understand the significance of cultural variation and test for universality (refers to a groups shared, learned heritage - aka "sociocultural" or "cultural" anthropology)
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or felinity; culture ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity.
Gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
gender
culturally recommended scripts for enacting masculinity or femininity; cultural ideas about what tangible sex differences mean
culture-bound syndromes
culturally unique, culturally named conditions. They bring together, as syndromes, a variety of symptoms, most of which would otherwise (in the mainstream US) be written off as stress and many of which may not have any biomedically related explanation for concordant or concurrent expression
cultural determinism
culture alone determines who we are
culture cannot happen without our ___________
culture cannot happen without our BODIES - to maintain social relationships we use our bodies - how we dance, eat, sleep, dress all embody culture
Mosterian Tools
culture in which neandertals produced tools using the Lavallois technique
21. The neocortex ratio is not correlated with _____________.
d. altruistic behavior
12. In terms of the primate order, the neocortex ratio suggests that __________.
d. animals living in large groups have larger neocortex ratios than those living in smaller groups
17. There's a large diversity of social and mating groupings in the primate order, including all of the following except _______________.
d. monoandry
8. The group into which a primate is born is called its ___________ group.
d. natal
23. One theory for the purpose of primates' large brains is the social intelligence hypothesis, which says that great intellectual flexibility was needed to successfully navigate the social world of primates. A valid point to make in critiquing this theory is that:
d. orangutans are generally solitary creatures.
3. Intelligence in animals primarily connotes __________.
d. the ability to solve problems flexibly
industrial melanism
darkening of populations of organisms over time in response to industrial pollution
With food sharing comes increased paternal care. Therefore, what other characteristic do we expect to evolve with this pair of traits?
decreased sexual dimorphism
Inequality
degree to which individuals, groups, and categories differ in their access to rewards: 1)wealth 2) power 3) prestige
patrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
matrilineage
descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage
matrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the female lineage
patrilineage
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
patrilineages
descent group in which heredity is figured through the male lineage
lineage
descent group with shared ancestry
lineages
descent group with shared ancestry
Radiometric techniques provide researchers with the ability to
determine the age of a sample.
paleolitic revolution
development of tools, culture, art
Peas were a useful subject for Mendel's experiments because they have a number of
dichotomous traits.
anomaly
did not fit into preconceived, categorically separate gender ideals
status inconsistency
directly relates to how others view someone (occurs when a doctor enters their field that was valorized when they entered it, but is no longer held in high esteem, OR when someone appears to be living well but is deeply in debt in reality)
epidemiological profile (185)
disease profile/picture of a given group - it identifies what diseases/health challenges they're experiencing or have experienced and the level of intensity. Also, tries to explain why; these profiles shift over time...
replacement hypothesis
disease, driven out, replaced or absorbed into a population (assimilation)
cultural bound syndromes
disorders found only in particular cultures - written off as "stress"
11. Primate groups provide safety from predators in terms of the "three D's," which include all of the following except __________.
diurnal
anomaly (245)
doesn't fit into perceived categories
ecosystem
dynamic set of relationships among/between biotic populations and abiotic environment - seeking homeostasis, occupying a unique niche
phagocytes (166)
eat/chew up invaders (type of leukocyte)
commensality (255)
eating together to creat and cement a bond, sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance
commensality
eating together to create and cement a bond -sometimes a shared substance.
Commensality
eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance
commensality
eating together to create and cement a bond; sometimes this bond is literally one of shared substance
Some researchers believe that primates (on the whole) are very intelligent because of __________.
ecological factors associated with the location and processing of hard-to-find food
functions of gender crossover roles
economic, spiritual, socially mediating, and role modeling.
assistive reproductive technology (ART) (301)
egg donors, etc.
gametes (290)
eggs and sperm
gameates
eggs and sperm // contribute to the idea that kin is only linked through genetics
example of a culturally relative physical malady
empacho- the most common among latin american cultural origin that entails a kind of stomach distress when food gets stuck to the inside of ones stomach or intestine - this can happen to anyone in the world, but depending on the culture, people may interpret the symptoms entailed quite differently
capacity of connection refers to...
empathy, awareness of consciousness, ritual capability - meaning, developed from advantageous traits
Intrasexual selection favors traits that
enhance direct competition among individuals of the same sex.
syndemic (193)
entails not just one health problem but a cluster of problems that work together, reinforcing and often exacerbating each other synergistically
epidemiological triangle (171)
environment - agent - (vector) - host
The social organization and behavior of a species are directly influenced by
environmental factors.
The phenotypic frequencies of a character sometimes form a smooth, bell-shaped curve because
environmental variation smooths out the gaps between phenotypes.
racism is an artifact of...
european imperialism
Between 4 and 2 Ma we see some of the distinctive features that differentiate hominins from apes. These features include
evidence of bipedal locomotion.
voluntary stigmata
ex. people elect to get tattoos in the USA.
imposed stigmata
ex. people were forced to get tattoos as a symbol of being an outcast.
energy cycles
exchanges of energy, carrying capacity, effectively self-sustaining. Continuous multidirectional feedback to adjust and adapt from information.
Androgynous
expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics
androgynous
expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics
androgynous
expressing both masculine and feminine characteristics.
facial expression of emotion (236)
eyes are more difficult to hide emotion (cheeks/mouth can be faked easier) - Japanese are more trained to read subtle emotions through eyes, Americans read mouth shows in text emoticons
Plesiadapiforms had several primitive features, including
eyes that were placed on the sides of their heads.
proximate cause
factors in the immediate vicinity of infectious processes
examples of anamolies
female body builder, men who wear dresses etc.
classificatory kin
fictive kin; people who are referred to with kin terms and said to be related but known by everyone not to be
classifactory (kinship type) (288)
fictive; people referred to with kin terms and treated as such, but known by everyone not to be
High ranking female baboons have much higher food intake than low-ranking female baboons. How can a female baboon compensate for her low rank and acquire more food?
forage on the periphery of the group, but with a cost: she will be more vulnerable to predators
Egalitarian society
form of society in which there is little inequality in access to culturally valued rewards
Among primates, a social organization consisting of multiple adult males with one adult female is
found only among the marmosets and tarmains.
adaptive immunity (168)
gained by vaccination or inoculation
genetic drift
general evolution in a gene pool to random chance
ecological selection
genetic adaptation in response to change in environmental pressures that makes a given trait advantageous
genotype
genetic makeup
Plant Domestication
genetic modification of a plant such that its reproductive success depends on human intervention
race
genetically distinct populations within a species
patogen
germ
agents (170)
germs - termed because they actively generate pathology in the body
geographical clines
gradient which different traits evolved
Darwin believed that when a new species arises, it does so by
gradually accumulating small changes.
The Adapidae were a group of early primates that
had smaller eye sockets than the Omomyidae.
In meiosis,
haploid cells are produced from a single diploid cell.
The United States
has decreased the number of imported primates in recent decades.
androgynous
having both male and female characteristics
Evidence that predation is important in primates includes
he observation that many primate species have antipredator defenses.
syndemics
health-related problems that cluster by population, race, time
historically bigger weight is attributed to...
healthy, strong, fertile, attractive, giving, rich, political power, familial power
Paranthropus robustus had skull structures specialized for
heavy chewing.
For most primates, reproductive success of a primate female depends largely on
her ability to acquire nutritive resources.
patrilineages
heredity comes down through the male line
matrilineages
heredity is figured through the female line
bilateral lineages
heredity is tracked through both men and women
17. Studies across a wide range of primate species show that the higher one is ranked as a female, the ___________________
higher one's chances are of reproducing successfully
systems thinking
holistic focus, highlights synergy (combined effects are greater than sum of parts)
1. The common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) is a __________.
hominoid
bipedalism
homo erectus, ability to walk
Humans and nonhuman primates share a suite of traits, including grasping hands and binocular vision, so their last common ancestor must have also shared this suite of traits. These traits in humans and nonhuman primates is therefore an example of
homology
anthrogenic
human generated (ex. malaria)
24. Our understanding of male mating strategies in primates may suggest that:
human males do not directly copy the strategies that work for their primate cousins.
Evidence suggests that Homo heidelbergensis
hunted large game such as woolly rhinoceros.
Ideologies
ideas and beliefs that legitimize and reinforce inequalities in stratified societies; Two Features: 1)Legitimize inequality by affecting people's consciousness, not by threatening or using physical coercion 2) They are believable to large numbers of people, based on existing cultural knowledge
symptoms and spread, attenuation (182)
if a pathogen's impact on host is less, the host will carry it on longer
proximate causes
immediate; very near; direct causes
adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen through innate or passive immunity
couvade
in some cultures men participate in pregnancy // the custom in some cultures in which a man takes to his bed and goes through certain rituals when his child is being born, as though he were physically affected by the birth.
open societies
inbuilt class mobility
genetic evolution
includes change due to drift, mutation, migration
All things being equal, fast maturation and early reproduction are advantageous because they
increase the length of the reproductive life span.
During reproduction, a female's energetic costs do which of the following?
increase, particularly during lactation
Data from Y chromosome studies
indicate that African populations are older than populations in other parts of the world.
Shanidar 1
individual found in "specific" Cave, Iraq. Skeleton. Evidence from the remains of partially blind, partially paralyzed individual. About 40 years old, male. Serious trauma to his body at different time periods. Extent of injuries so severe that he would never have survived without the care from someone else.
Fecundity is defined as the ability of a(n)
individual to produce offspring.
passive immunity (168)
infants acquire through the antibodies in breastmilk
reservoir hosts (171)
infected and infects! (ie. diseased rat who bites child)
innate immunity (168)
inherited - process of natural selection
A smaller animal is more likely to be a(n)
insectivore than a frugivore, because it requires higher-quality food than larger animals.
what are the subsistence types?
intensification, manipulation, technology
According to the biological species concept, a species is a group of organisms that
interbreed and are reproductively isolated from other like groups.
16. Sexual dimorphism arises from _________________.
intrasexual competition
antigens
invading cell "red flags"
The fossil specimen known as "Lucy"
is a 3.2-million-year-old australopithecine.
The postcranial skeleton of modern humans
is characterized by long limbs with thin-walled bones.
Stress
is one's immediate physical response to environmental pressures.
allostatic load
is the "cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation that results from exposure to challenges over the life course and that places individuals at greater risk for poor health
Radiometric dating is possible because
isotopes decay at a known rate.
affiliative
it (body decoration) will symbolize one's affiliation or identification with a particular culture or subculture
Ihamana
male Zuni who dresses and works as a woman
we have a cultural understanding that real kinships are rooted in DNA, so we will do anything to achieve that!
just a thought
Affinal kin
kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States
affinal kin
kin related by law, such as through adoption or marriage in the United States
consubstantial (kinship type) (289)
kin related through shared substance - immaterial or material
consubstantial kin
kin related through shared substance, whether immaterial or material
consanguineal
kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality
consanguineal kin
kin who share blood or are from the same bloodline; no other substance but blood is implicated in consanguineality, which is therefore a subset of consubstantiality
Homo erectus possessed some primitive characteristics of earlier hominids, including
large browridges.
Which of the following is an adaptation to nocturnality
large eyes
macroevolution
large scale evolution, can bring about whole new species
Primitive features of Homo heidelbergensis include a
large, prognathic face, lacking a projecting chin.
13. Apes, or hominoids, have a number of derived traits that they do not share with monkeys, including ___________.
larger brains
epigenome
layer of biochemical interactions surrounding our genes - turn genes on and of, effect expression
19. Males who provide care for their offspring have ____________ time to invest in competing for mates.
less
in regards to melanin, more sun =
less folate
in regards to melanin, more melanin =
less vitamin D
vectors (170)
links agents to hosts (ie. ticks, fleas, mosquitoes) brings agent to host
5. All New World monkeys __________.
live in the Western Hemisphere
Homo erectus was the first hominin known to have
lived in Europe.
Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans in the Middle East
lived side by side for thousands of years.
Sympatric speciation occurs when two populations
living in the same location experience different selection pressures.
biotic
living organism
developmental adjustment
long-term change in an organisms growth/biochemical processes dring development that occurs in response to environmental conditions which happens in that individuals lifetime
Animals that reproduce at later ages have
longer gestation times.
holism
looking at adaptations in context as a whole
oxytocin
love and friendship hormone
in many cultures, what is the main substance that connects people
love or nurturance!!
Adaptive radiations are associated with
macroevolution.
Basal metabolic rate is the amount of energy required for
maintenance of body processes at rest.
zoonosis (ie. via animal husbandry - cow/smallpox) ie. via habitat encroachment (176)
one that originated in an animal species, became more possible through livestock/domesticated animals; germ mutation that can infect another species (malaria/H1N1)
what is stress generally speaking
one's immediate physical response to environmental pressures
developmental process
organisms growing/maturing
non-random mating/sexual selection
organisms having a hand in reproductive selection
Ritual
organized, stereotyped, symbolic behaviors intended to influence supernatural powers
By becoming proficient at making Oldowan stone tools, scientists could demonstrate that the
original makers were probably right-handed most of the time.
Shaman
part-time religious specialist who uses his special relationship to supernatural powers for curing members of his group and harming members of other groups
classifactory kin
people who are not really kin but are treated as such. -your mom's best friend becomes "auntie"
consubstantial kin
people who are related to us b/c we share some substance in common. -DNA, bloodline, etc.
consubstantial kin
people who are related to us because we share some substance in common with them (these kin generally belong to one's lineage, or one's bloodline)
classificatory kin
people who really are not kin but who are treated as such
2 kinds of leukocytes
phagocytes (cells that chew/eat invaders) and lymphocytes (cells that help our bodies remember/recognize previous invaders and support our body in destroying them)
stigmatized
physically marked as targets for rejection (hands are cut off, forced to wear certain clothing, heads are shaved, they are tattooed etc.) - non-conformers throughout societal history have been stigmatized for not abiding by society's "laws"
stigmatized
physically marked as targets for rejection (non-conformers)
meaning responce
placebo healing
To understand how Mendelian genetics helps to explain evolution, we need to look closely at what happens to genes in populations that are undergoing natural selection. This is the domain of
population genetics.
biocultural diversity
population-based human variation generated in or reflecting of the dynamic, synergistic communion of biology and culture, neither of which can function without the other
what kind of kinship is common in the Hua?
post natal, dynamic and open society
what is the cause/mechanism of developmental adjustment?
pre-natal/childhood exposure, physical plasticity, organism development
mechanical systems
predictable system
concordance
predictable, co-occuring
What kind of kinship is most common in the contemporary United States?
prenatal, static, closed
fight or flight reaction
prepares the stressed individual immediately, via internal changes, for a fight or for fleeing a stressful scene. This was an aid to survival
communitas
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
balanced polymorphism
pressure for one form of an allele is affected by the pressure against that form
somatization
projection of mental attitudes/concerns onto the body so they are expressed as physical symptoms (ex. school anxiety)
Derived features of anatomically modern humans included a
protruding chin.
artificial selection
purposeful breeding for selective traits
paradigm shift
radical change in thinking (Lamarcks epigenetics did this for science)
non-linear
ramifications don't unfold in a predictable manor - surprises
When a juvenile distress vocalization is played for a troop of vervet monkeys and the mother of the juvenile orients toward the speaker, we can infer that vervet mothers
recognize the sound of their own kin.
agriculture affect in human society
reduced facial growth; reduced face and jaw; reduced mastication muscles; decreased stimulation of bone growth in face and jaws
transgendered
refusing to fit one standard or the other
affinal (kinship type) (289)
related by law (adoption or marriage in the US)
relatedness is __________-dependent
relatedness is CULTURE-DEPENDENT - in some cultures it might be expected than an uncle and son would be closer than father and son - this has to do with what kind of LINEAGE a given culture prioritizes as real or binding
6. As an order, primates have __________.
relatively larger brains compared to other mammals
Individualistic organizations
religious organizations based on personal relationships between specific individuals and specific supernatural powers who serve as the person's guardians and protectors; the aid of the powers is solicited when needed for personal goals
Ecclesiastical organizations
religious organizations in which a full-time priesthood performs rituals believed to benefit believers or the whole society, usually in large buildings dedicated to religious purposed or deities; found in complex societies; the priesthood is usually materially supported by institutionalized governmental authorities through taxation or redistributive tribute
Shamanistic organizations
religious organizations in which certain individuals have relationships with supernatural powers that ordinary people lack; the certain individuals use these powers primarily for socially valuable purposes to help and cure others
Communal organizations
religious organizations in which the members of a group cooperate to perform rituals intended to benefit all; there are no full-time religious specialists; leaders who direct or control the rituals are usually elders or respected members of the group on whose behalf the rituals are performed
Chromosomes are
replicated during cell division.
gametes
reproductive cells
gametes
reproductive cells (eggs, sperm)
just as sources of stress may differ, so do sources of _____________
resilience (some might conduct spiritual practices, others use humor, others use physical outlets etc)
Redirected aggression refers to
responding to a threat by attacking a lower-ranking individual who was not involved in the original incident.
Mitosis
results in a daughter cell that has the exact copy of the chromosomes of its parent.
mizuko kuyo (298)
ritual for miscarried baby/stillborn or aborted/"water child" to send soul back to the watery spirit world
Comunitas
sense of bondedness or community loyalty that people who go through a rite of passage together have toward one another
What is macroevolution?
the formation of new species
The genotype of an individual refers to
the alleles it carries.
Ethnic homogenization
the attempt to create a single ethnic group in a particular geographical region
Vision quest
the attempt to enlist the aid of supernatural powers by intentionally seeking a dream or vision
Global economy
the buying and selling of goods and services in an integrated global market
gender
the cultural construction of beliefs and behaviors considered appropriate for each sex
allostatic load
the cumulative multi-system physiological dysregulation that results from exposure to challenges over the life course and that places individuals at greater risk for poor health
cultural consonance
the degree to which one's lifestyle fits with the lifestyle that one's culture recommends and that one thereby aspires to. - a low level of cultural consonance induces stress.
Global trade
the direct or indirect exchange of goods and products between peoples from all regions of the world
epidemiological profile
the disease profile or picture of a given group; it identifies which diseases and other health challenges they are experiencing, or have experienced and to what degree.
epidemiological polarization
the division between the haves and have nots, or the transitioned and the non transitioned - is called by some "The Great Epi divide"
Sociological Approach to Religion
the effects of religion on maintaining the institutions of society as a whole by instilling common values, creating solidarity, controlling behavior, and so forth; Emile Durkheim argued that religion's main function was to promote social solidarity - bringing people together and enhancing their sense of unity, cohesion, and reliance on their society's customs; PROBLEM: religion often has effects that are not socially useful such as wars and persecutions; it is also a source of disunity: while unifying one group it sets them apart and against another group or belief system
Ethnic cleansing
the elimination or removal of an unwanted ethnic group or groups from a country or a particular geographical region; usually involves genocide and/or relocation of the population
The reproductive success of primate females is constrained mainly by
the energetic costs of pregnancy and lactation.
Segregation
the enforced separation of ethnic groups, in which the dominant ethnic group places legal restrictions on the actions of the members of the other group
social justice (ie. lead/heavy metal exposures, IQ/cognition, diabetes, food desert) (196)
the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the light to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups
social justice
the equitable distribution of basic human rights such as the right to healthful living conditions, and equal opportunities for equal outcomes among all social groups
Hind-limb dominance refers to
the fact that hind limbs do most of the locomotor work.
examples of unreal ideas/expectations within culture
the female and male bodies - women are expected to look like barbies - men are expected to be buff and muscular
Relocation
the forced removal of the members of a particular ethnic group from one geographical region to another
Psychological Approach to Religion
the notion that the emotional or affective satisfactions people gain from religion are primary; proposed by Bronislaw Malinowski who thought that it gave people confidence when they were likely to be unsuccessful despite their best efforts; a different psychological theory states religion is a way for us to cope with our ultimate mortality; PROBLEM: it may also create more anxiety and fear about supernatural beings that would otherwise not exist
Sociological Interpretation of Witchcraft
the notion that witchcraft enforces the norms and values that help individuals live harmoniously with one another; witches are typically the embodiment of the antithesis of cultural ideals; by providing a hated symbol of abnormality the witch strengthens cultural conceptions of normatively approved social behavior
Cognitive Interpretation of Witchcraft
the notion that witchcraft explains unfortunate events as opposed to coincidence or accident; in this notion the witches serve as scapegoats for society to identify, accuse, and punish someone to solve a problem
Chromosomes are contained in
the nuclei of eukaryotes.
Sorcery
the performance of rites and spells for the purpose of causing harm to others by supernatural means
quickening
the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother
quickening (296)
the point in gestation at which fetal movement can be felt by the birth mother
Domestication
the process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
Globalization
the process of integrating the world's peoples economically, socially, politically, and culturally into a single world system or community
allostasis
the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or "factory settings" to accommodate chronic stress.
Allostasis
the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress
allostasis
the process of re-creating homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' to accommodate chronic stress
allostasis
the process of re-creating what we've learned to call homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or "factory settings" in order to accommodate chronic stress
allostasis (212)
the process of re-creating what we've learned to call homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or "factory settings" in order to accommodate chronic stress
allostasis
the process of re-creating what we've learned to call homeostasis by changing the body's initial set points or 'factory settings' in order to accommodate chronic stress
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms (example- a school child who gets a stomachache every time the teacher schedules a test, OR in Spanish-speaking societies the susto symptoms)
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms. -often this provides an outlet or channel for stress. -road rage, anorexia, etc.
Somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
somatization
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they are expressed as physical symptoms; often this provides an outlet or channel for stress
somatization (222)
the projection of mental attitudes or concerns onto the body so that they;re expressed as physical symptoms
metabolism
the rate at which we break down and use or assimilate nutriments
7. An animal's nutritional requirements do not depend on _________________.
the reproductive effort required of males
Convergent evolution provides evidence that complex adaptations are not a matter of mere coincidence because
the same process of evolution can occur independently in very different species.
liminal period
the second phase of a rite of passage, placing the initiate in a space that is "betwixt and between" the old identity and the new identity
structural violence
the shape of a given social structure harms or is harmful to the people who occupy certain positions within that social structure
passive immunity
the short-term immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal.
Forced Assimilation
the social absorption of one ethnic group by another ethnic group through the use of force
Indemnity/reparations
to make amends for a wrong; indemnity - security or protection against a loss (financial)
12. Among the things a normal primate mother does to encourage independence in her offspring is __________.
to subtly resist a juvenile's attempt to nurse
hygiene hypothesis
too sterile of an environment doesn't keep the immune system busy/healthy/prepared
dental caries
tooth decay as a result of high carbohydrate diet
The theory of mind includes the ability to
understand the mental states of other individuals.
of mind includes the ability to
understand the mental states of other individuals.
sanitation (186-7)
underwrote the epidemiological transition
Upper Paleolithic technology included the
use of wide variety of standardized tools made of stone or bone.
Scientists have established that Oldowan flakes were
useful for a wide range of functions, including butchering animals. .
reflexivity
using what we learn about other cultures to learn about ourselves
Discontinuous variation occurs when
variants come in distinct forms.
polymorphic
various forms of alleles
reductionism
viewing people/things from one point without full context
is DNA the only indicator of heredity
yes. this is a scientific fact. HOWEVER, what is in question here is if different kinds of kinship exist. - kinship is practiced in very different terms than those provided in the genetic model of relatedness
