ANTH 411 Exam 1
Illness
Patient's experience of sickness.
Inherent in the holistic approach to learning about humans is the realization that...
People cannot be understood by studying either their biological makeup or their cultural background alone. It is necessary to take into consideration both genetically inherited and learned traits in trying to explain how we have become the people we are.
Artifacts
Objects that were used, made, or modified by people. Can be removed and transported.
Features
Features are man-made structures that cannot be transported easily.
How do anthropologists primarily learn new information about humans?
Field work.
Classical archaeology
Focuses on the ancient civilizations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean world (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and related peoples).
Charles Darwin
Founded the idea of Evolutionism; the notion that some pieces flourish and pass their traits on while others do not. It's about adapting to your natural environment.
Fredy Peccerelli
Helped match families to their deceased using forensic anthropology in Guatemala
Claire E. Sterk
US anthropologist interested in studying sex workers in NYC, many hardships towards gaining entry.
Corporate Anthropology
Understand businesses themselves, and assess needs of customers and users.
What are the 4 main fields of anthropology?
archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.
Applied Anthropology
Use of anthological knowledge, skills resources, methodology, access, and experience to help in the solution of human problems.
Ethnographic consultant
Using anthropology to help business identify their target markets.
How is culture cumulative but also constantly changing?
We are constantly changing out culture to fit our needs (adaptation)
Historical archaeology
Works on recovering the unrecorded aspects of life in historically more modern societies such as colonial America.
Cultural Relativism
Idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another.
Which of the following is a characteristic of anthropology?
It is concerned with both human biology and culture and it is concerned with human variation, evolution, and adaptation.
Dr. Paul Farmer
MD and Anthropologist, believes that disease is socially embedded and can be explained by cultural factors. Healthcare is a human right and much can be done about global inequalities.
Cultural Resource Management
Management and protection of the cultural heritage given our expanding population and other events impacting the landscape. (i.e. Contract Archie)
Ethno-medicine
Medicinal practices & beliefs of a particular group of people.
Biological anthropology includes the study of which of the following topics?
Non-human primates, fossil record of human evolution, human variation, and mechanisms of evolution.
Emic point of view
"Insider" perspective, subjective and natural
Etic point of view
"Outsider" perspective, general and non assuming
What are the 5 characteristics of culture?
1). Its our most important adaptive mechanism 2). It is learned and non-instinctual 3). It is shared & symbolic 4). It is Cumulative and constantly changing 5). It is all encompassing
Health
Absence of disease, presence of physical or mental well-being.
What do anthropologists mean when they refer to the concept of "integration" in regards to cultures?
All aspects of a culture are interrelated.
Herbert Spencer
Championed the idea of Social Darwinism; Those who adapt more effectively dominate. "Survival of the fittest". Used as a justification for imperialism, colonialism, market economies, etc.
Tanya Rodriguez
Anthropologist and ethnographic consultant who used an anthropological method to better understand who the new target market of SPAM was.
Gerald Murray
Anthropologist who used his years of experience in Haiti to solve forestry development issue. Understood Haiti culture and utilized it to create a mutually beneficial program to promote reforestation efforts and give farms a monetary incentive to grow them.
Is Anthropology an old field?
Anthropology as an academic discipline is comparatively young. Its roots go back to the intellectual Enlightenment of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and North America.
Bio-medicine
Applies principles of science to diagnose and treat disease. Germ theory, separates mind and body.
Norms
Appropriate/expected behavior
Which field of anthropology is primarily interested in the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures?
Archaeology.
Placebo Effect
Belief in treatment efficacy cures illness rather than taken substance.
Which field of anthropology is primarily concerned with the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans?
Biological anthropology.
Franz Boas
Created the "Cultural Relativistic" approach; all cultures have inherent value and to understand them, we must remove our own shackles of tradition. Get out of that armchair!!
Which field of anthropology would most likely be interested in the marriage patterns and kinship systems of different societies around the world?
Cultural anthropology.
All human cultures evolve over time. Which of the following things is most responsible for this?
Cultural evolution results from the invention and accumulation of new knowledge and skills.
Why is culture shared & symbolic?
Culture focuses on group behavior, members of a culture understand what a symbol stands for. (i.e dogs)
How did human evolution create culture?
Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.
Which of the following is a likely consequence of cultural evolution?
Culture loss.
Historical Particularism
Cultures are the product of unique histories. We must understand their particulars to understand them. Diverse paths can lead to similar looking end products
Culture change occurs as a result of what?
Cultures change as a result of the invention of new ideas and skills as well as the diffusion of traits from other societies.
Disease
Definable and identifiable deviation from health, observable.
Underwater archaeology
Discovers and excavates ancient shipwrecks and submerged cities.
What is the difference between disease and illness?
Disease is an objectively measurable pathological click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced condition of the body. Illness is a feeling of not being normal and healthy.
Culture is...
Entirely learned during our lifetimes and embodies the full range of learned behavior patterns and knowledge acquired by people as members of a society. Separates us from other animals.
Ecofacts
Environmental remains that have not been "made" by humans. Can be removed or transported.
Real vs. Ideal Culture
Expected vs actual culture, think target vs actual market for a product.
Which field of archaeology would mostly likely be interested in ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians?
Prehistoric anthropology.
Socialization
Process of acquiring culture
Enculturation
Process of learning norms of a particular culture
Armchair Anthropology
Removed, second hand account of others. Often drew inaccurate or bias conclusions of other groups. Viewed non-Europeans as primitive and natural
AAA Code of Ethics
Set of rules for conducting anthropological research, DO NO HARM.
Culture Specific Disease
Signs and symptoms restricted to a particular culture
Forensic Anthropology
Study of humans for the purpose of the court, forensics. (i.e Guatemala massacres)
Paleoanthropologists are mostly interested in learning about what?
The fossil record of human evolution.
What is Anthropology
The study of humans. Holistic in that the field covers both biological and cultural aspects from the past, present, and future. It holds that we are integrated
What are the goals of Anthropology?
To uncover the typical characteristics, find cross-cultural comparisons, and to find patterns between seemingly unrelated characteristics.
Dr. Edgar. Rodas
Traveling surgeon who gives people in remote parts of the world access to surgery where their normally would not be any.
The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of what?
Tribalism, or a profound loyalty to one`s tribe or ethnic group and a rejection of others. It has led to brutal wars of ethnic cleansing.
Prehistoric archaeology
focuses on the more ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians.