ANTH 411 Exam 1

Illness

Patient's experience of sickness.

Inherent in the holistic approach to learning about humans is the realization that...

People cannot be understood by studying either their biological makeup or their cultural background alone. It is necessary to take into consideration both genetically inherited and learned traits in trying to explain how we have become the people we are.

Artifacts

Objects that were used, made, or modified by people. Can be removed and transported.

Features

Features are man-made structures that cannot be transported easily.

How do anthropologists primarily learn new information about humans?

Field work.

Classical archaeology

Focuses on the ancient civilizations of the Middle East and the Mediterranean world (Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome, and related peoples).

Charles Darwin

Founded the idea of Evolutionism; the notion that some pieces flourish and pass their traits on while others do not. It's about adapting to your natural environment.

Fredy Peccerelli

Helped match families to their deceased using forensic anthropology in Guatemala

Claire E. Sterk

US anthropologist interested in studying sex workers in NYC, many hardships towards gaining entry.

Corporate Anthropology

Understand businesses themselves, and assess needs of customers and users.

What are the 4 main fields of anthropology?

archaeology, biological anthropology, linguistic anthropology, and cultural anthropology.

Applied Anthropology

Use of anthological knowledge, skills resources, methodology, access, and experience to help in the solution of human problems.

Ethnographic consultant

Using anthropology to help business identify their target markets.

How is culture cumulative but also constantly changing?

We are constantly changing out culture to fit our needs (adaptation)

Historical archaeology

Works on recovering the unrecorded aspects of life in historically more modern societies such as colonial America.

Cultural Relativism

Idea that a person's beliefs, values, and practices should be understood based on that person's own culture, rather than judged against the criteria of another.

Which of the following is a characteristic of anthropology?

It is concerned with both human biology and culture and it is concerned with human variation, evolution, and adaptation.

Dr. Paul Farmer

MD and Anthropologist, believes that disease is socially embedded and can be explained by cultural factors. Healthcare is a human right and much can be done about global inequalities.

Cultural Resource Management

Management and protection of the cultural heritage given our expanding population and other events impacting the landscape. (i.e. Contract Archie)

Ethno-medicine

Medicinal practices & beliefs of a particular group of people.

Biological anthropology includes the study of which of the following topics?

Non-human primates, fossil record of human evolution, human variation, and mechanisms of evolution.

Emic point of view

"Insider" perspective, subjective and natural

Etic point of view

"Outsider" perspective, general and non assuming

What are the 5 characteristics of culture?

1). Its our most important adaptive mechanism 2). It is learned and non-instinctual 3). It is shared & symbolic 4). It is Cumulative and constantly changing 5). It is all encompassing

Health

Absence of disease, presence of physical or mental well-being.

What do anthropologists mean when they refer to the concept of "integration" in regards to cultures?

All aspects of a culture are interrelated.

Herbert Spencer

Championed the idea of Social Darwinism; Those who adapt more effectively dominate. "Survival of the fittest". Used as a justification for imperialism, colonialism, market economies, etc.

Tanya Rodriguez

Anthropologist and ethnographic consultant who used an anthropological method to better understand who the new target market of SPAM was.

Gerald Murray

Anthropologist who used his years of experience in Haiti to solve forestry development issue. Understood Haiti culture and utilized it to create a mutually beneficial program to promote reforestation efforts and give farms a monetary incentive to grow them.

Is Anthropology an old field?

Anthropology as an academic discipline is comparatively young. Its roots go back to the intellectual Enlightenment of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Europe and North America.

Bio-medicine

Applies principles of science to diagnose and treat disease. Germ theory, separates mind and body.

Norms

Appropriate/expected behavior

Which field of anthropology is primarily interested in the prehistory and early history of societies and their cultures?

Archaeology.

Placebo Effect

Belief in treatment efficacy cures illness rather than taken substance.

Which field of anthropology is primarily concerned with the non-cultural aspects of humans and near-humans?

Biological anthropology.

Franz Boas

Created the "Cultural Relativistic" approach; all cultures have inherent value and to understand them, we must remove our own shackles of tradition. Get out of that armchair!!

Which field of anthropology would most likely be interested in the marriage patterns and kinship systems of different societies around the world?

Cultural anthropology.

All human cultures evolve over time. Which of the following things is most responsible for this?

Cultural evolution results from the invention and accumulation of new knowledge and skills.

Why is culture shared & symbolic?

Culture focuses on group behavior, members of a culture understand what a symbol stands for. (i.e dogs)

How did human evolution create culture?

Culture is an adaptive mechanism for humans.

Which of the following is a likely consequence of cultural evolution?

Culture loss.

Historical Particularism

Cultures are the product of unique histories. We must understand their particulars to understand them. Diverse paths can lead to similar looking end products

Culture change occurs as a result of what?

Cultures change as a result of the invention of new ideas and skills as well as the diffusion of traits from other societies.

Disease

Definable and identifiable deviation from health, observable.

Underwater archaeology

Discovers and excavates ancient shipwrecks and submerged cities.

What is the difference between disease and illness?

Disease is an objectively measurable pathological click this icon to hear the preceding term pronounced condition of the body. Illness is a feeling of not being normal and healthy.

Culture is...

Entirely learned during our lifetimes and embodies the full range of learned behavior patterns and knowledge acquired by people as members of a society. Separates us from other animals.

Ecofacts

Environmental remains that have not been "made" by humans. Can be removed or transported.

Real vs. Ideal Culture

Expected vs actual culture, think target vs actual market for a product.

Which field of archaeology would mostly likely be interested in ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians?

Prehistoric anthropology.

Socialization

Process of acquiring culture

Enculturation

Process of learning norms of a particular culture

Armchair Anthropology

Removed, second hand account of others. Often drew inaccurate or bias conclusions of other groups. Viewed non-Europeans as primitive and natural

AAA Code of Ethics

Set of rules for conducting anthropological research, DO NO HARM.

Culture Specific Disease

Signs and symptoms restricted to a particular culture

Forensic Anthropology

Study of humans for the purpose of the court, forensics. (i.e Guatemala massacres)

Paleoanthropologists are mostly interested in learning about what?

The fossil record of human evolution.

What is Anthropology

The study of humans. Holistic in that the field covers both biological and cultural aspects from the past, present, and future. It holds that we are integrated

What are the goals of Anthropology?

To uncover the typical characteristics, find cross-cultural comparisons, and to find patterns between seemingly unrelated characteristics.

Dr. Edgar. Rodas

Traveling surgeon who gives people in remote parts of the world access to surgery where their normally would not be any.

The break-up of the former empire of the Soviet Union into largely ethnic based nations is an example of what?

Tribalism, or a profound loyalty to one`s tribe or ethnic group and a rejection of others. It has led to brutal wars of ethnic cleansing.

Prehistoric archaeology

focuses on the more ancient pre-literate societies around the world including those of most early North American Indians.