ANTH222 EXAM 2

What is a Sivapithecus?

A miocene hominoid, likely an ancestor to orangutans.

Which of the following is the best definition of an archaeological "site"? - Any remains of plants or animals left behind by past humans. - Any portable object transformed by past humans. - A spatial concentration of objects resulting from past human activities. - A non-portable object transformed by past humans.

A spatial concentration of objects resulting from past human activities.

What is biocultural and mosaic evolution? Give an example.

Biocultural = environment and how shapes how we evolve Ex. sickle cell anemia Mosaic = if we have different traits that evolve they evolve at different times, ex. brains and bipedal happened at different times

What are some advantages of bipedalism?

Can carry things, forage, efficiency in foraging, can see farther, reduce heat stress

Primates that have a non-prehensile tail, ischial callosities, and live in Africa and SE Asia

Catarrhines (Old World monkeys)

What type of dating is radiocarbon dating and K-AR dating

Chronometric (absolute) dating

The relationship between artifacts, features, and sites

Context

What are some of the risks of bipedalism?

Exposes underbelly, more visible to predators, slower runners, childbirth is more difficult

A non-portable artifact

Feature

Which kind of australopithecine is homo most likely to have evolved from?

Gracile

By naming H.habilis that, several assertions were made. What are they?

Habilis = use tools Our ancestors, humans are homo

The ___________________ is referred to as "The Golden Age of Hominoids". Holocene Pleistocene Miocene Cretaceous

Miocene

Which of the following is the basic primate social unit?: - Age cohorts - Male & female mating pair - Nuclear family - Mother & infant

Mother & infant

The basic primate social unit

Mother and child

True or false: hominins diverged from apes between 5-7mya

True

Which of the following are among the many reasons that a majority of primate species, including all apes (except humans) are endangered, or critically endangered? Choose all that apply. - Hunting by humans for tourist trinkets, like gorilla-hand ashtrays. - Hunting by humans for bush meat. - Deforestation by humans due to slash-and-burn agriculture. - The capture of young primates by humans for the pet trade (which usually requires killing the mother).

- Hunting by humans for tourist trinkets, like gorilla-hand ashtrays. - Hunting by humans for bush meat. - Deforestation by humans due to slash-and-burn agriculture. - The capture of young primates by humans for the pet trade (which usually requires killing the mother).

Primates, and most mammals, are considered to be "K-selected", particularly when compared to reptiles. What does this mean with regard to primate reproduction? Select two correct answers. - Primates produce many offspring. - Primate parental investment in child-rearing is considered to be low compared to most other organisms. - Primates invest a great deal of energy into raising their offspring. - Primates invest very little energy in the care of their offspring. - Primates produce very few offspring.

- Primates invest a great deal of energy into raising their offspring. - Primates produce very few offspring.

Which of the following characteristics permitted our mammalian ancestors to survive the extinction of the dinosaurs? Choose all that apply. - They were small bodied. - they had larger brains and therefore greater behavioral flexibility - They were cold-blooded. - they had differentiated (heterdont) teeth that allowed them to eat a variety of foods - their hard shells protected them from the blazingly hot glass projectiles that rained down on the planet after it was hit by an asteroid

- They were small bodied. - they had larger brains and therefore greater behavioral flexibility - they had differentiated (heterdont) teeth that allowed them to eat a variety of foods

When did h erectus first leave africa

1.8mya (1.6-1.9 mya)

About how much of our DNA do we share with chimps?

98%

Sivapithecus was ______________________________. - An Eocene anthropoid known from China. - An Oligocene anthropoid known from the Egyptian Fayum sequence. - An early primate from the Paleocene epoch that resembles a modern tree shrew. - A Miocene hominoid who is a likely ancestor to modern orangutans.

A Miocene hominoid who is a likely ancestor to modern orangutans.

Imagine that archaeologists 500 years from now are excavating the remains of what appears to be an office that was buried in an earthquake. Which collection of artifacts are they most likely to find 500 years from now after centuries of degradation and decomposition?

A squashed human skeleton, a coffee mug, metal teaspoon, the glass screen from a cell phone, a metal mechanical pencil, and hinges from a picture frame.

What was the signature stone tool that H erectus used?

Acheulean handaxe

Grooming is an example of ____.

Affiliative behaviors

Sustained evolutionary changes that result in formation of new species

Anagenesis

Which of the following animals has entirely enclosed eye orbits? - Dog - None of the above. - Anthropoid - Strepsirhine (Prosimian)

Anthropoid

In which h erectus populations is the sagittal ridge found?

Asian populations

What species of australopithecine was Lucy and the hominins that left the Laetoli footprints

Australopithecus afarensis

What are the derived characteristics of placental mammals?

Body hair, differentiated teeth, mammary glands, large brain

Which of the following does NOT describe a major difference between Bonobos and Chimpanzees? - Bonobos mate for life, while chimpanzees practice polygamy. Physically, Bonobos have slender builds, longer legs, and pink lips. - Female bonobos have concealed ovulation and are sexually active even when they are not ovulating, while chimpanzees females only have sex when they can get pregnant, as evidenced by their colorful genital swellings. - All of the above/below statements are correct. - Bonobos are known to hunt, while chimpanzees will never kill other animals.

Bonobos mate for life, while chimpanzees practice polygamy. Physically, Bonobos have slender builds, longer legs, and pink lips.

Which of the following statements about apes is false? - Chimpanzees do not exhibit any emotional responses to the death of infants or group members. - Recent research suggests that older interpretations of chimpanzee behavior, with an emphasis on aggression and dominance hierarchies, were incomplete and that, in fact, cooperation and reconciliation after conflict are far more important to maintaining social cohesion than dominance and aggression. - Although apes are incapable of spoken language, several apes in captivity have learned to use American Sign Language to communicate with people. - Many chimpanzee social groups exhibit patterns of behavior, practices, and/or knowledge that are learned as members of that social group. In other words, they have what anthropologists would refer to as "cultural practices".

Chimpanzees do not exhibit any emotional responses to the death of infants or group members.

Learned, socially-shared practices and knowledge found in primates

Culture

Traits that are unique to a lineage

Derived traits (opposite of ancestral traits)

How is bipedalism inferred from the fossil record?

Double arches in feet give spring in our step Non-divergent big toe Long, angled femurs Spine articulation

Name some of the characteristics that make a primate

Erect generalized skeleton, prehensile hands and feet, binocular vision, generalized teeth, long maturation, social groups

True or False: Fossil evidence indicates that Homo habilis used stone-tipped weapons to hunt and kill large prey, including elephants.

False

True or False: Neandertals have been found in Europe, Asia, and Africa.

False

True or false: primates only pick up tools and cannot teach their children tool use

False

True or False: All primates have tails.

False Humans and other Great Apes are primates that lack tails.

True or false: hominoids are bipedal

False Hominins are bipedal hominoids

T or f primate aggression is more common than cooperation

False cooperation more common

T or F homo erectus were the least successful hominin in terms of longevity

False most successful

T or F neanderthals have been found in Europe and Asia

False only Europe

True or false primates have undifferentiated teeth and specialized skeletons

False primates have differentiated teeth and generalized skeletons

T or F deposits in east africa are difficult to date because of the complex stratigraphy found in the caves

False south african deposits are difficult to excavate

True or false: chimpanzees are lean bodied with pink lips and make love not war

False: those are bonobos

The Laetoli footprints tell us all of the following about Australopithecines EXCEPT: - Their big toe was non-divergent - Females were larger than males - They had an arched foot - They were habitual bipeds

Females were larger than males

What is significant about Sima de Los Huesos?

First time our ancestors did something with dead bodies (not burial though) and indication that they took care of each other in life

What was the main subsistence patterns of H.habilis

Foraging and scavenging

Why was Eugene Dubois work on Homo erectus important?

Fossils are important. Bipedalism before big brains.

Genetics has lead to major revisions to traditional Linnaean taxonomy. Which of the following major changes in primate taxonomy was made recently in response to a better understanding of genetics and genetic relatedness? - Humans and chimpanzees should really be classified as the same species. - Freaky, freaky tarsiers are now classified as haplorhines, more closely related to monkeys and apes than lemurs and lorises. - Humans belong in our own taxonomic Family because chimpanzees and gorillas are more closely related to each other than either are to humans. - Orangutans are more closely related to humans than either are to gorillas.

Freaky, freaky tarsiers are now classified as haplorhines, more closely related to monkeys and apes than lemurs and lorises.

Which of the following scenarios best describes how Homo erectus spread out of Africa? - They climbed over glaciers to get to Asia. - Homo erectus never spread from Africa. - Groups split off and moved into new territories close by, with populations still connected by gene flow. - Purposeful migration with a known destination.

Groups split off and moved into new territories close by, with populations still connected by gene flow.

Primates that have no tails, are large bodied, and have complex social behavior and cognition

Hominoids (humans and other apes)

Biological structures that come from a common ancestor.

Homologous structures

The theory of punctuated equilibrium: - Is the theory that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change. - Supports the theory of gradualism. - Is now known to be false, based on a lack of evidence in primates. - Does not explain why there are so many gaps in the paleontological record.

Is the theory that evolutionary change proceeds through long periods of stasis punctuated by rapid periods of change.

What is kenyanthropus platyops such a controversial find

It overlaps with australopithecus and could possibly be an ancestor to homo

What was significant about zhoukoudian cave

Largest assemblage of h erectus, occupied for over 250kyears, fire(?) (ash bits not sure if on purpose)

Which site contains the earliest known evidence of constructed shelter? Olduvai Gorge Lazaret Cave Sima de Los Huesos Zhoukoudian cave

Lazaret Cave

What is the difference between an ape and a monkey?

Monkeys have tails

Different functional systems evolve at different rates or times

Mosaic evolution

The people found at the Sima de los Huesos site are most likely the ancestors to ________________: Homo habilis Neandertals Anatomically modern Homo sapiens Homo erectus

Neandertals

Which of the following statements is false? - Early depictions of Neandertals as bent-kneed ape-men were flawed because they were based on interpretations of an elderly, stooped (osteoarthritic), and extraordinarily robust male Neandertal skeleton discovered around the turn of the 20th century. - Neandertals had much smaller average brain size (smaller cranial capacities) than modern humans. - Neandertals had much larger joints and were far more muscular than modern humans. - Neandertals in the Middle East tend to exhibit a slighter (less robust) build than Neandertals in Europe.

Neandertals had much smaller average brain size (smaller cranial capacities) than modern humans.

On a trip to the National Zoo, you head with your friends to the Monkey House to show off your primate identification skills. One exhibit has no information signs. Your friends ask you to explain what they see in the enclosure - a group of monkeys, weighing 10-15 lbs each, swinging on branches and using their tails like a fifth hand. You tell your friends that these monkeys are likely... - Strepsirhines with a wet nose native to Madagascar. - New World primates with a prehensile tail that spend most of their time in the trees of Africa. - New World primates with a prehensile tail that spend most of their time in the trees of Central or South America. - Old World primates with a prehensile tail and ischial callosities to protect their bottoms when they sit. - Strepsirhines with a prehensile tail that spend most of their time in the trees of Central or South America.

New World primates with a prehensile tail that spend most of their time in the trees of Central or South America.

Homo erectus remains have been found in all of the following places EXCEPT: Asia Africa Europe North America

North America

The oldest stone tool technology dates to approximately 2.5 million years ago, includes purposeful but crude generalized tools, and is called the _____________ tradition. Acheulian Chatelperronian Mousterian Oldowan

Oldowan

What kind of tools did H.habilis use?

Oldowan tools (rock they kind of shaped)

How long did Homo erectus live in China (think Zhoukoudian)?

Over 250,000 years

When did the earliest primate live?

Paleocene Epoch

The earliest fossil primates come from the: - Cambrian period - Eocene epoch - Paleocene epoch - Cretaceous period

Paleocene epoch

What type of primates have prehensile tails, an inner ear tube, and live in Central and South America?

Platyrrhines (new world monkeys)

What characteristics of primates relate to arboreal life?

Prehensile hands/feet Prehensile tail Divergent big toes Brachiators Binocular vision Fingernails instead of claws

Stasis punctuated by rapid speciation

Punctuated equilibrium

Which of the following statements is false? - Robust australopithecines are the ancestors to modern humans. - At least two genera of hominins (Homo and Australopithecus) lived in Africa at the same time. - Homo habilis is the most likely species to have manufactured the first stone tools. - Kenyanthropus platyops is represented by a very small sample size and is therefore controversial.

Robust australopithecines are the ancestors to modern humans.

While a number of different hypotheses are proposed to explain the evolutionary relationships between the hominin species known to date, which of the following evolutionary relationships is not supported by the paleoanthropological evidence? - Homo erectus is the direct ancestor to Homo sapiens - H. habilis is very likely the direct ancestor of H. erectus. - Robust australopithecines were very likely the ancestors to Homo habilis. - A. afarensis is likely the common ancestor of all later hominins.

Robust australopithecines were very likely the ancestors to Homo habilis.

What are some of the skeletal traits that reflect bipedalism?

Rotation and shortening of pelvis, movement of foramen magnum, S-shaped spine, long angled femurs, arched feet non-divergent big toe

Name some of the neanderthal cranial features

Rounded cranium, receding forehead, occipital bun, big nose, no chin, very large brains, smaller molars and retro-molar space

_______________ is an important hominin site located in northern Spain where the bodies of at least 32 individuals of both sexes, and juveniles as well as adults, were deliberately deposited (post-mortem) into a deep cave shaft. Moula Guercy Dmanisi Sima de los Huesos Krapina La Chapelle aux Saints Krapina

Sima de los Huesos

What might reflect tool use in the skeleton of H.habilis

Smaller teeth

Humans can be placed in all of the following categories EXCEPT: - hominoids - anthropoids - Haplorhines - Strepsirhines

Strepsirhines

Which of the following correctly matches a primate group with its defining characteristics/traits? - Strepsirhines- retain and rely on their sense of smell - Catarrhines - have a prehensile tail that is useful because they only live in arboreal habitats - Platyrrhines - have ischial callosities useful for sitting on the ground - Lesser Apes - have strong sexual dimorphism and tails are present - Great Apes - have less dexterous fingers and ischial callosities

Strepsirhines- retain and rely on their sense of smell

The laws of preservation and destruction/what happens to objects after they are deposited

Taphonomy

What did the miocene hominins tell us about the evolution of bipedalism?

That bipedalism evolved in the forest

What were the two important assertions that H.habilis presented

That two genera of hominins coexisted and that H.habilis was our ancestor NOT robust australopithecines

What was the name of the fake fossil that was made of a human skull and ape jaw found in the proclaimed cradle of humanity (England)?

The Piltdown Hoax

The discovery of Homo habilis was important for several reasons. Which of the following is false? - The discovery of Homo habilis proved that at least two types of hominins co-existed in Africa. - The discovery of Homo habilis indicated that robust australopithecines were not the ancestors to modern humans. - By naming the new fossils Homo habilis, the Leakeys were asserting that these hominins made stone tools. - The discovery of Homo habilis proved that Homo erectus could not be a human ancestor.

The discovery of Homo habilis proved that Homo erectus could not be a human ancestor.

What is taphonomy? What things last archaeologically?

The laws of preservation and destruction in buried contexts. Plastic, metal, aluminum will last for at least 100 years.

What features allowed mammals to survive the asteroid that killed the dinosaurs?

They were small bodied, endothermic, heterodont dentition (differentiated), complex brain

What is the law of stratigraphy?

Things lower in the earth are older.

What are some challenges of studying archaic H.sapiens?

Too young for K-Ar dating but too old for carbon dating, and there is so much diversity

True or False: Archaeologists and paleoanthropologist are often able to reconstruct ancient environments by examining the kinds of animals whose remains are found in the same strata as the humans or hominins they are studying.

True

True or False: Genetic evidence indicates that our hominin line diverged from the ape line that evolved into chimpanzees and bonobos most likely between 5-7 million years ago.

True

True or False: If culture is defined as learned, socially shared practices or knowledge, then chimpanzees have culture.

True

True or False: The diet of various primate species is reflected in the numbers and shape of different types of teeth (molars, premolars, canines, incisors) each species possesses.

True Numbers and types of teeth are one of the key characteristics used to identify fossil remains and analyze the foods these species ate. Each species of primate possesses a unique combination of each type of tooth. Humans are 2.1.2.3. 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, 3 molars.

T or F h.habilis was bipedal but still able to climb trees

True flexible ankle helped in tree climbing

Which of the following is not a reason why scientists have a difficult time understanding the transition from Homo erectus to Archaic Homo sapiens? - This time period, from 400,000 to 100,000 years ago, is too young for potassium argon dating and too old for carbon dating. - We have only a very, very small sample of Archaic Homo sapiens remains, and most of these are not complete. - There are so many different traits in these hominin populations that it is difficult to decide which traits are most important. We can't see the forest for the trees.

We have only a very, very small sample of Archaic Homo sapiens remains, and most of these are not complete.

Brachiation is: - a gin-based mixed drink - a bone disease - a method of locomotion in which a primate swings from one arm to the next - a behavior common in mammals other than primates

a method of locomotion in which a primate swings from one arm to the next

Which of the following features is NOT a modification indicative of bipedalism? - an elongated and angled femur - an S-shaped spine - a post-orbital bar - a rotation in the orientation of the pelvic girdle

a post-orbital bar

The foramen magnum is: - the opening in the pelvic girdle - a crest on the top of the cranium of some species of Australopithecus - an opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters - a deluxe version of the George Foreman Grill

an opening in the base of the skull where the spinal cord enters

The similarly-shaped flippers of seals (which are mammals) and penguins (which are birds) are best described as ____________ structures. - analogous - continuous - flippergenetic - homologous

analogous

Bipedalism is an adaptation which helped hominids do all of the following EXCEPT: - cope with heat - carry stuff (like babies or food) - climb trees - forage for plants

climb trees

Most common form of archaeology

cultural resource management

What was the most significant change between Australopithecines and Homo? - significantly greater adaptation to bipedalism - more prominent sexual dimorphism - increased tooth size - encephalization

encephalization

Paleoanthropology, or the study of human evolution, relies on all of the following EXCEPT: - fossilized remains - ecofacts - historical documents - material culture

historical documents

Which of the following was probably not a part of Homo habilis lifestyle? - use of locally-available resources - scavenging meat - hunting of large game - plant gathering using tools

hunting of large game

Recent fossil finds have revised our understanding of when and where bipedalism first emerged in the human lineage. The paleoanthropological evidence known today indicates that bipedalism in our ancestors evolved: - in mountains during the late Pleistocene - in deserts during the early Paleocene - in forests during the late Miocene - in the savannah during the early Pliocene

in forests during the late Miocene

Paleoanthropologists use all of the following skeletal traits to determine bipedalism in a hominin fossil except... - loss of an opposable big toe - a shortened and bowl-shaped pelvic girdle - loss of a double-arched foot - legs are long when compared to the arms and body - position of the foramen magnum on the skull

loss of a double-arched foot A bipedal foot would show the gain of a double-arched foot, not the loss. Those arches help us walk more efficiently

Primates are: - carnivores - herbivores - omnivores - all monkeys

omnivores

Which is NOT a major morphological feature of robust australopithecines that differentiates them from the gracile species? - presence of a saggital crest - heavier cheekbones - position of the foramen magnum - larger molars

position of the foramen magnum

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all primates: - prehensile hands - binocular vision - generalized teeth which can be used for eating a variety of foods - prehensile tails

prehensile tails

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Neandertal crania? - projecting chin - very large brains - receding forehead - occipital bun

projecting chin

Which of the following traits was NOT exhibited by Homo habilis: bipedalism rounded crania sagittal crest small face

sagittal crest

Which of the following methods of determining the age of artifacts is not an example of chronometric (absolute) dating? - potassium-argon dating - stratigraphy - radiocarbon dating - dendrochronology

stratigraphy

Each of the following is a widespread characteristic of placental mammals EXCEPT: - they have body hair - they give birth to live young (they do not lay eggs) - they have mammary glands - they have undifferentiated teeth

they have undifferentiated teeth

Each of the following is a widespread characteristic of placental mammals EXCEPT: - they have mammary glands - they give birth to live young (they do not lay eggs) - they have undifferentiated teeth - they have body hair

they have undifferentiated teeth

Which of the following is NOT a reason why South African fossils can be more problematic and less informative then those found in East Africa? - South African fossils are mostly found jumbled up at the bottom of caves - chronometric dating is more difficult in South African deposits - volcanic eruptions in Southern Africa destroyed most hominin remains - South African hominin fossils were often accumulated by carnivores

volcanic eruptions in Southern Africa destroyed most hominin remains

What can brain endocasts tell us? - what the brain is thinking about - whether or not hominins used spoken language - the amount of brain activity - which portions of the brain are well developed

which portions of the brain are well developed