ANTHRO

A society: a. generally refers to a particular group of people living and interacting within a definite territory b. is defined as a shared way of life that includes values, beliefs, and norms c. is the same thing as a culture d. is a grouping unique to humans

a

Like band societies, tribal societies: a. have no political organizations b. have highly structured and efficient political organizations c. have decentralized political systems in which authority is vested among a number of individuals, groups, and associations d. have a "god-king"

a

Most anthropologists have come to agree that human behavior __________. a. results from a combination of biology and culture b. is mostly determined by genetic inheritance c. results from learning only d. is usually automatic and instinctual

a

Most of the diet of the Iniut comes from: a. meat from hunting b. agricultural products c. fish and shellfish d. nuts, berries, fruits, and roots

a

There are many definitions of culture; however, there are a number of aspects that are common to most definitions. These include all of the following EXCEPT: a. culture is biologically inherited b. culture is learned c. culture is shared d. culture is made up of elements such as values, beliefs, norms, and material objects

a

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of a. cultural relativism b. cultural hegemony c. cultural symbolism d. cultural primacy

a

Tribal societies generally consisted of autonomous bands capable of independently sustaining themselves, who joined together for what purposes a. defense and communal gatherings such as a feast or hunt b. participation in games of chance c. formal judgments of a tribal council d. to make decisions that all members had to follow

a

Hunting and gathering societies will sometimes resort to infanticide in order to: a. make sacrifices to tribal gods b. reduce the effects of anticipated food shortages c. supplement scarce hunting resources d. engage in more frequent intercourse

b

In order for an item to be cultural, it must be: a. independent of environmental influences b. learned and commonly shared among individuals c. dependent upon the environment of the society d. unchanging, fixed, or static

b

Negative reciprocity most likely occurs between: a. people who differ in age and status b. friends in modern, westernized societies c. close kin d. people of the opposite sex e. strangers and enemies

b

Over time the transition from foraging to food production: a. is always accompanied by an immediate decrease in population density b. leads to higher mortality rates, poorer sanitation, and decreased life expectancies c. was accomplished in one area of the world, and then this innovation diffused to other areas d. caused mortality to decline, populations to increase in size, and life expectancy to increase

b

The main characteristic shared by all hunting and gathering societies, past and present, is: a. use of the bow and arrow b. mobility c. poor nutrition d. existence in a marginal habitat

b

The two basic elements of social organization for foraging groups are the: a. ensemble and group b. nuclear family and band c. clan and tribe d. troop and horde

b

When an anthropologist conducts fieldwork by going to live and participate in the daily activities of some native group, they are using what anthropological technique? a. Participant Observation b. fieldwork c. culture shock d. attempting to uncover ecofacts that influence cultures

b

A way of life shared by a group of human beings - including their language, beliefs, and things they make and use - is referred to by anthropologists as their: a. religion b. environment c. culture d. heritage

c

Anthropologists use the term "pastoralists" to refer to peoples who: a. live in sedentary villages and rely principally on farming b. subsist by slash-and-burn cultivation of forest lands c. rely primarily on herd animals, such as caribou, cattle, sheep, or goats d. are highly mobile, gathering wild plant foods from forest clearings

c

Characteristics of a civilization include all of the following except? a. extensive food surpluses b. an egalitarian form of government c. dense populations located in urban centers d. a state that employs numerous government officials

c

Compared with hunting and gathering band-level societies, tribal societies are: a. smaller, less mobile, and have less political integration b. smaller and more highly mobile across broad regions c. larger with fairly well defined territories, but otherwise quite similar to band-level groups d. larger, and tied to a single territory

c

Food production, as a subsistence pattern, developed about: a. 1,000 to 2,000 years ago b. 100,000 to 120,000 years ago c. 10,000 to 12,000 years ago d. 1 million years ago

c

It would be fair to say that, in a multicultural society such as exists in the United States: a. there are conflicting systems of norms and values b. the strict enforcement of cultural mores is a government goal c. mores are well-defined and reflected by all d. there is one common idea about social norms

c

Symbols: a. are rooted deeply in genetic structure b. are arbitrary meaningful units we use to represent reality c. are different for everyone d. can not be easily identified

c

What form of reciprocity would you expect to be the LEAST common among the Inuit? a. generalized reciprocity b. unbalanced reciprocity c. negative reciprocity d. balanced reciprocity

c

A typical __________ consists of two parents and their immediate biological offspring or adopted children. a. band unit b. atomic family c. basic family d. nuclear family e. extended family

d

An example of ethnocentrism would be the belief that: a. children should not be allowed to work full time b. alcoholism is a major problem for Native Americans c. women should stay at home and raise children d. societies that practice polygamy are evil

d

Ethnocentrism is a: a. belief that all ethnic groups can eventually be traced back to one central location b. common notion that we all evolved from the same woman (dubbed "Eve") who lived in Africa about 200,000 years ago c. belief that race mixing will produce inferior children d. practice of judging another society by the values and standards of one's own society e. view that cultural traditions must be understood within the context of a particular society's solutions to problems or opportunities

d

One of the chief advantages of slash-and-burn cultivation is that it: a. is effective in virtually any environment b. can be carried out indefinitely on a single plot of land c. involves a huge labor force in converting forest to agricultural fields d. produces food without complex technology

d

Political systems with centralized bureaucratic institutions that establish power and authority over large populations in a specific territory are known as: a. tribes b. chiefdoms c. bands d. states

d

Since band societies are egalitarian, the leaders of bands: a. must use force and physical threats to achieve political power b. must lead by personal influence and persuasion rather than coercion c. must lead by intimidation, coercion, and deception d. must lead by strictly obeying the rules and laws set down by the band council

d

Societies with differences in wealth and status a. status steps b. stages of prestige c. levels of prejudice d. social stratification

d

The phrase "original affluent society" refers to: a. the ancient Egyptian civilization b. the concept of the "noble savage" c. the earliest foragers, who lived in rich environments d. the notion that hunter-gatherers spend less time acquiring their food than does an agricultural society

d

The process in which an organism adjusts successfully to a specific environment is called: a. chance b. a correlation c. the carrying capacity of the area d. adaptation

d

The process whereby a person learns their culture is called a. ecology b. technological loop c. economy d. enculturation

d

Clearly defined norms of a society that, when violated, provide punishment through the application of formal sanctions by ruling authority are called: a. laws b. taboos c. ethos d. myths e. internalized norms

e

__________ is credited with providing us with the first, detailed definition of culture, "...that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." a. Leslie White b. Bob Marley c. Clifford Geertz d. Marvin Harris e. E. B. Tylor

e