Anthro
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
1800s
Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned
American Sign Language
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
Charles Darwin
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
E. B. Tylor
refers to the structure of speech sounds
Phonology
explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural and uniform processes over geologic time.
Uniformitarianism
In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?
a factory a mental institution a New York City neighborhood the Amazon rain forest
Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish
a more specific age for a fossil or something organic
Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as
a pidgin language
Remote sensing techniques are
a way to correlate magnetic and locational data
Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called
action research
An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects
adaptive changes
One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of
aerial surveys surface surveys regional surveys GIS systems
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
archaeology
The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors
are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
biological anthropology
A taxonomic structure is one that
both names and classifies all organisms according to a system
Cultural anthropologists do research by
building trusting relationships with people over time
Animal call systems
can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli
One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that
change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment
Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called
cognate words
Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?
colonialism B. globalizationkn commerce migration
Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?
comparative
Financial globalization has allowed for
corporations to move factories from one country to another
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
cultural anthropology
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as
cultural relativism
One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that
each lineage has a unique history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
enculturation
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
ethnocentrism
The study of how people classify things in the world is called
ethnoscience
The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that
evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population
Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?
field work
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, is
focuses on multiplicity and variety
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
functionalism
One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that
global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
holistic
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
how our language evolved how our mouths form words how indigenous people classify their social worlds
The major goal of "development" is
importing health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
industrialization
Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?
inter subjective
Cultural differences are often caused by
interconnections between societies
A symbol
is the basis of human behavior is something that conventionally stands for something else includes numbers and the alphabet
Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution?
it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics
The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evolution because
it demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved
Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?
it explains why conflict is growing in the world
Which of the following features are characteristic of language?
it is stable itis flexible c. it is dynamic
Which of the following is a feature of language?
it is used to communicate it is systematic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar
Examples of social institutions are
kinship marriage farming
The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to
language death
The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?
language ideology
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
learn the local language record people's economic transactions study how environmental changes affect agriculture
Culture is
learned and shared
Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves
learning the local language becoming involved in people's lives spending a significant amount of time in the field
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
linguistic anthropology
"Owning" culture
means controlling symbols that give meaning
People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called
migrants
How words fit together to make meaningful units is called
morphology
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
natural selection
Speciation, when considered as an outcome consistent with Darwin's idea of descent with modification, supports the idea that
new life forms originate as a result of previously existing ones
In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of
niche construction
The influence of figures like Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Galileo Galilei on the intellectual history of evolution is that they showed the importance of
observing nature and using evidence to build knowledge
If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in
paleoanthropology
When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on
parole
As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of
participant observation
Norms are stable because
people learn them when they are young
Ethnocentricism
presents a major problem for anthropologists means you think your culture is superior to others is a common feature of culture
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
proof of their primitive nature
Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it
provides resistance to malaria in the tropics
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
quantitative data
Cultural anthropologist face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants
reasons for doing their research
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through
seriation
A synonym for hybridization is
syncretism friction creolization
Domesticated and wild animals may differ in all the morphological traits listed below except
tameness
What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?
terms for biological species details about court cases life histories opinions on upcoming elections
Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because
the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group language is a guide to "social reality" we understand the material world through the language we speak
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is
the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
the people or species they study
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates
the power of tradition
A key feature of financial globalization is
the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade
Jonathan Marks notes that while we do have a 98% similarity in DNA to chimpanzees, this is not what it seems because between different human populations
there is considerable variation in both frequency and presence of alleles
A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that
they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity
When anthropologists go into the field
they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing C. they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
through systematic connections of different parts
One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is
through the choice of a sexual partner
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
traditions
Using life history interviews, researchers are able to
understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community
A word that best describes participant observation is
unstructured
The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force?
variation
In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because
we can speak using a larynx
Biological anthropologist Andrea Wiley's work with lactase persistence is important to public health because it draws attention to
what food types we have access to and are privileged in policymaking
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
women members of ethnic and racial minorities indigenous peoples
A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called
a creole
People participate in globalization by
consuming Coca-Cola watching TV migrating to distant cities for work
One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that
it challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory
A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except
it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology
The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called
morphology
Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?
participant observation
In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?
test pits
