Anthro

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When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

1800s

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American Sign Language

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

Charles Darwin

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

E. B. Tylor

refers to the structure of speech sounds

Phonology

explains the features of the Earth's crust by means of natural and uniform processes over geologic time.

Uniformitarianism

In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

a factory a mental institution a New York City neighborhood the Amazon rain forest

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

Remote sensing techniques are

a way to correlate magnetic and locational data

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action research

An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflects

adaptive changes

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of

aerial surveys surface surveys regional surveys GIS systems

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

archaeology

The peppered moth is a classic example of how environmental factors

are part of the interaction between genotype and phenotype

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

biological anthropology

A taxonomic structure is one that

both names and classifies all organisms according to a system

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over time

Animal call systems

can only communicate in response to real-world stimuli

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

Words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

cognate words

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

colonialism B. globalizationkn commerce migration

Which of the following best describes the methodology of multi-sited ethnography?

comparative

Financial globalization has allowed for

corporations to move factories from one country to another

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

cultural anthropology

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

cultural relativism

One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that

each lineage has a unique history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

ethnocentrism

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

The refinement of Darwin's theory has shown that

evolution can only be measured or seen across generations within a population

Which of the following is the defining methodology for the discipline of anthropology?

field work

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically, is

focuses on multiplicity and variety

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

One of the main reasons localization interests anthropologists is that

global integration creates opportunity for local cultures to express themselves

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called

holistic

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

how our language evolved how our mouths form words how indigenous people classify their social worlds

The major goal of "development" is

importing health expanding capitalist markets alleviating poverty

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

industrialization

Which term refers to the knowledge about other people that emerges from relationships?

inter subjective

Cultural differences are often caused by

interconnections between societies

A symbol

is the basis of human behavior is something that conventionally stands for something else includes numbers and the alphabet

Why was the discovery of penicillin in 1928 useful in our understanding of evolution?

it demonstrated that bacteria could quickly develop the ability to resist antibiotics

The success of simple life forms such as bacteria challenges one of the early ideas about evolution because

it demonstrates the oversimplification that comes from thinking humans are more highly evolved

Which of the following is not true about hybridization theories?

it explains why conflict is growing in the world

Which of the following features are characteristic of language?

it is stable itis flexible c. it is dynamic

Which of the following is a feature of language?

it is used to communicate it is systematic it consists of sounds organized into words according to some sort of grammar

Examples of social institutions are

kinship marriage farming

The U.S. government's prohibition of Native American children speaking their indigenous languages in Indian schools has contributed most profoundly to

language death

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

language ideology

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

learn the local language record people's economic transactions study how environmental changes affect agriculture

Culture is

learned and shared

Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves

learning the local language becoming involved in people's lives spending a significant amount of time in the field

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

"Owning" culture

means controlling symbols that give meaning

People who leave their homes to work for a time in other regions or countries are called

migrants

How words fit together to make meaningful units is called

morphology

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

natural selection

Speciation, when considered as an outcome consistent with Darwin's idea of descent with modification, supports the idea that

new life forms originate as a result of previously existing ones

In terms of the extended evolutionary synthesis, large-scale agriculture, which produces massive amounts of both food and pollution, can be understood as a form of

niche construction

The influence of figures like Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Galileo Galilei on the intellectual history of evolution is that they showed the importance of

observing nature and using evidence to build knowledge

If you wanted to understand very early, non-living human beings, you would likely engage in

paleoanthropology

When anthropologists study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

As a method, the ethnography of speaking draws on the technique of

participant observation

Norms are stable because

people learn them when they are young

Ethnocentricism

presents a major problem for anthropologists means you think your culture is superior to others is a common feature of culture

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

proof of their primitive nature

Sickle-cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

quantitative data

Cultural anthropologist face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants

reasons for doing their research

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by

seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through

seriation

A synonym for hybridization is

syncretism friction creolization

Domesticated and wild animals may differ in all the morphological traits listed below except

tameness

What kind of data do anthropologists gather from doing interviews?

terms for biological species details about court cases life histories opinions on upcoming elections

Edward Sapir, who had been a student of Franz Boas's, saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologists to pay close attention to language during field research because

the "real world" is to a large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group language is a guide to "social reality" we understand the material world through the language we speak

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they do as science because

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

A key difference between anthropologists of development and development anthropologists is

the first are analysts of development; the second seek ways to influence it from within

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates

the power of tradition

A key feature of financial globalization is

the reduction or elimination of tariffs to promote trade

Jonathan Marks notes that while we do have a 98% similarity in DNA to chimpanzees, this is not what it seems because between different human populations

there is considerable variation in both frequency and presence of alleles

A central feature of cultural convergence theories is that

they explain the apparent decline of cultural diversity

When anthropologists go into the field

they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing C. they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off-topic at the time

The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture

through systematic connections of different parts

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is

through the choice of a sexual partner

The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as

traditions

Using life history interviews, researchers are able to

understand how a person's age affects his or her role in the community

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

The core idea of Darwin's and Wallace's ideas—descent with modifications via natural selection—is intimately tied to what larger force?

variation

In evolutionary terms humans are distinct from other primates with respect to their ability to use language because

we can speak using a larynx

Biological anthropologist Andrea Wiley's work with lactase persistence is important to public health because it draws attention to

what food types we have access to and are privileged in policymaking

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are

women members of ethnic and racial minorities indigenous peoples

A language of mixed origin that developed from a complex blending of two parent languages is called

a creole

People participate in globalization by

consuming Coca-Cola watching TV migrating to distant cities for work

One of the more important ways that anthropology contributes to the development of evolutionary theory is that

it challenges the biological reductionism of much evolutionary theory

A world systems theory is important for all of the following reasons except

it lends itself readily to ethnographic methodology

The study of grammatical categories, such as tense and word order, is called

morphology

Which type of interaction may include playing basketball, cooking, dining, or having coffee with informants?

participant observation

In order to be certain that a particular area holds promise for paleoanthropological research, what is first used to evaluate the site?

test pits


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