Anthro Exam 1
Wolff's Law holds that:
Bone mass is produced where it needed and taken away where it is not.
Darwin coined the term, "descent with modification" to refer to which present day theory:
evolutionary theory
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
relationship between species and the environment such that if the external environment changed, an animal's activity patterns would also change to accommodate the new circumstances.
Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
recognized the dynamic relationship between the external environment and living forms.
In its most common biological usage, the term race:
refers to the geographically-patterned phenotypic variation within a species
Polygenism
all races have been separate from the start
Hox Genes
an evolutionary ancient group of regulatory genes, direct the segmentation of embryonic tissues
tRNA has three nitrogen bases which are called a(n) ___
anticodon
Structural Genes
are responsible for body structures ex) hair, blood, bones
Select an example of a prokaryote:
bacteria
Phenotype
the physical manifestation of a gene
Mitochondria produce _____________ for the cell.
energy
the discouragement or prevention of reproduction among so-called biologically "unfit" or "degenerate" is called:
eugenics
Which concept refers to the idea that phenomena, including aspects of behavior
Biological determinism
Which field of anthropology uses ethnographies?
Cultural anthropology
Georges Cuvier
Cuvier suggested that mammoth remains represented a species different from any living elephant species and, therefore, mammoth remains were from a species that had gone extinct.
Steps of Protein Synthesis
-Transcription takes place mostly in the nucleus -Translation takes place in the cytoplasm
What is the term for the philosophy of "race improvement" through the forced sterilization of some groups and the encouraged reproduction of others?
1. eugenics
Select an example of gene flow. (Mark all that apply)
1.Rhinos from one herd move to a new area and breed with rhinos of a completely different herd. 2,Several red foxes move into and mate with a silver fox population.
How many ABO phenotypes are there?
4
A human diploid cell has how many chromosomes?
46
In Birmingham Roller pigeons, the "rr" genotype produces rollers. If you mated a pigeon with an, "Rr" genotype to a pigeon with an "rr" genotype, what percentage of their offspring would be rollers?
50%
In a hypothetical situation, B is the allele that causes brachydactyly. If a man who has normal fingers (bb) and a woman with brachydactyly (Bb) have children, what proportion of these children would you expect to have normal fingers?
50%
Vasodilation
: the initial physiological response to an elevated temperature
Genus
A group of similar species
Match the nitrogenous bases of a DNA strand to a strand of mRNA.
A-U, T-A, G-C, C-G
Which statement best describes the definition of a theory:
A theory is a tested explanation of facts about the natural world.
In areas where sickle cell anemia is endemic, the most advantageous genotype is:
AS
If an individual is heterozygous for a particular trait, select the correct genotype:
Aa
Nitrogen Bases
Adenine-thymine Thymine-adenine Cytosine-guanine Guanine-cytosine
Charles Darwin was not the only person to conceive of natural selection. Who else published an article around the same time suggesting this idea?
Alfred Russel Wallace
Allele
An alternative form of a gene.
Replication
Begins when enzymes break the bone between the bases, separating the two previously joined strands of nucleotides and leaving their nitrogenous bases exposed
Blending Inheritance
An outdated, disreputed theory that the phenotype of an offspring was a uniform blend of the parent's phenotypes.
The study of human biology within the framework of human evolution can be said to be the domain of which of the following?
Biological anthropology
Nucleotide:
Basic units of the DNA molecule, composed of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four DNA bases
Lactose intolerance can be characterized by all of the following
Can be influenced by the environment, Results from a lack of lactase
Autosomes
Carry genetic information that governs all physical characteristics except primary sex determination
Craniometry
Claimed that character, personality, and criminality can be determined by head shape
What is the third step of the scientific method as described in the lecture video?
Come up with a research design to test your explanation
Proteins
Complex chemicals that make up tissues and govern cellular functions, repair, and growth through their ability to bind to other molecules in the body • Made up of amino acids
Synonymous:
Creates an altered triplet in the DNA, but the alteration still codes for the correct amino acid
Non-synonymous:
Creates an altered triplet in the DNA, codes for a different amino acid and thus, makes a different protein
Vasoconstriction:
Decreasing the diameter of the blood vessels reduces blood flow to the surface of the skin
Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Developed a "biological" taxonomy of human races in 1775 based his taxonomy on skin color and other physical traits, but mainly the features of the skull
Spontaneous:
Random changes in DNA that occur during cell division (have no known cause)
Osteoblasts
During growth, physical activity stimulates bone-forming cells, which produce added bone mass to maintain bone strength
Recombination
During the first division, while the chromosomes line up along the center, homologous chromosomes will exchange genetic information
Amino acids
Each protein is defined by its particular combination and number of amino acids (at least 90,000 different proteins)
Which of the following is true of evolution?
Evolutionary changes increase the ability of a species to survive and reproduce in a specific environment.
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
Selective Pressures
Forces in the environment that influence reproductive success in individuals.
Somatic
Form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organisms body
Gregor Mendel is known for which of the following?
He discovered the fundamental principles of how traits are inherited
How did Gregor Mendel aid the modern theory of evolution?
He discovered the mechanism by which organisms can produce and redistribute variation in their offspring.
James Hutton
He founded modern geology with his theory of the earth's formation. Hutton realized that the same natural processes he observed in Scotland had occurred in the past.
Robert Hooke
He studied the microscopic structure of fossil wood.
Francis Galton
He was proponent of race improvement and suggest that the government regulate the reproduction of others for the good of society
Chromosome
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes- only visible at certain stages of cell division
Which law states that genes (alleles) occur in pairs because chromosomes occur in pairs and that, during gamete formation, the members of each pair of alleles separate, so that each gamete contains one member of each pair?
Law of segregation
Pieter Camper
Invented the "facial angles" as a measure to determine intelligence of a species
A polytypic species:
Is one composed of local populations that differ from one another in how one or more traits are expressed
Peruvian case study
It has now been proven that reduced oxygen content can greatly disturb a developing fetus
Why is genetic counseling potentially seen as unethical?
It might have unintended consequences on the gene pool, it could lead to more abortions
How did the adoption of a settled lifestyle affect patterns of infectious disease in human populations?
It provided a greater number of potential hosts, It placed humans in prolonged contact with domesticated animals
Carolus Linnaeus
Linnaeus' four-level system became the basis for taxonomy, the system of classification we continue to use.
Charles Lyell
Lyell's research, based on examinations of geologic strata, confirmed Hutton's estimate of Earth's very old age.
Thomas Malthus
Malthus argued that the lack of resources would always be a constant source of "misery" and famine for humankind if our numbers continued
Samuel Morton
Measured brain size with the assumption that it determined intellectual ability
Sex chromosomes
The X chromosomes contains genetic info for both male and female- female is the "default setting" • The Y chromosomes contains genetic info for only male characteristics - less genetic material
Nondisjunctions
On occasion, chromosome pairs fail to separate during meiosis- incorrect # of chromosomes in a persons genome
Which of the following is seen as a controversial use of CRISPR?
The ability to modify embryos and eliminate genetic diseases
Pathogens
Our bodies are home to a wide variety of viruses, bacteria, and parasites. These pathogens cause a myriad of infectious diseases
Which disciplines largely contributed to Darwin's theory of evolution?
Paleontology, Demography, Taxonomy, Geology
Which of the following is NOT one of the subfields of anthropology in the U.S.?
Physiological
Evolution is a two-stage process that encompasses which of the following:
Production and redistribution of variation
Pleiotrophy
Refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait
Gene
Sequence of DNA on a chromosome, which will produce a specific protein (proteins do everything for our bodies)
Gamete:
Sexually reproductive cells • egg or sperm
Allen's Rule
States that heat adapted mammal populations will have longer limbs, which maximize the body surface area and this promote heat loss
Bergman's Rule
States that heat-adapted mammal populations will have smaller bodies (body mass) than will cold- adapted mammal populations
Taxonomy
The branch of science concerned with the rules of classifying organisms on the basis of evolutionary relationships.
Evolution can be most succinctly defined as:
The change in allele frequency over time
Adaptive Radiation
The diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches.
Biological Determinism
The idea that behavioral characteristics such as intelligence, morals, values, talents, social status, etc. are inherited and associated with physical characteristics
Structure of DNA
The ladder-like structure contains two upright bars and several rungs • The "bars" of the ladder are made up of alternating sugar and phosphate molecules • The "rungs" are composed of paired nitrogenous bases • A gene is a unique/specific sequence of these nitrogenous bases
Cross-over
The outcome of reshuffling is that gene variants on the maternal chromosomes are now on the paternal chromosomes
Polymorphisms
The presence of two or more separate phenotypes for a certain gene
Uniformitarianism
The theory that the earth's features are the result of long-term processes that continue to operate in the present just as they did in the past. Elaborated on by Lyell
Catastrophism
The view that the earth's geological landscape is the result of violent cataclysmic events.
Which of the following does not apply to theories?
They are absolute and not open to falsification.
Biological Continuity
When expressions of a phenomenon continuously grade into one another so that there are no discrete categories, they exist on a continuum
Lamarckism holds that...
When life forms reproduce they pass onto their offspring the modifications that they have acquired in life.
Evaporative Cooling
When you sweat, it creates a thin layer of water on the skin and as it evaporates it cools the surface
Cline
a gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next
Evolutionary Synthesis
a unified theory of evolution that combines genetics with natural selection
Regulatory Genes
control the expression of other genes- they turn other genes on or off
What unique strategy allows humans to adapt to the natural environment?
culture
Dominant
describes a trait that is expressed in heterozygotes or homozygotes. Dominant alleles prevent the expression of recessive alleles
Recessive
describes a trait that isn't expressed in heterozygotes. For a recessive gene to be expressed, an individual must have two copies of it
Growth retardation:
developmental acclimatization occurs in high altitude natives during growth and development
After mitosis, daughter cells contain the same amount of DNA as the original cell. What is this due to?
dna replication
In the context of natural selection, what is a measure of the relative reproductive success of individuals?
fitness
The belief that species do not change, but are the same as when they were first created, is known as _____.
fixity of species
A_____________mutation produces a protein having no function
frameshift
A ___________ is a protein generating code.
gene
Founder effect is a form of:
genetic drift
Select an example of a physiological response to long-term exposure to hypoxia:
greater lung capacity
Categorizing people on the basis of skin color:
has a long history and has been practiced by many peoples
Heterozygous
having different alleles at the same locus on members of a pair of chromosomes.
Homozygous
having the same allele at the same locus on both members of a pair of chromosomes.
Which term refers to a condition of balance, or stability, within a biological system, maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for changes?
homeostasis
Osteoclasts
in the absence of physical activity, osteoclasts remove bone mass
Alfred Russel Wallace
independently identified natural selection as the key to the evolutionary process.
What is the evolutionary significance of meiosis?
it increases genetic variation
What is a hypothesis?
it is a provisional statement regarding certain scientific facts or observations.
Which scientist first proposed the idea that geological processes we see today are the same as those in the past?
james hutton
Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring?
john ray
Science relies on what types of observations? (Mark all that apply)
measurable, tangible, repeatable
Skin color is mostly influenced by which granular substance produced by cells in the epidermis?
melanin
What force of evolution is solely responsible for the creation of new genes?
mutation
Point mutations
mutations involving incorrect base pariring
Induced
mutations that are the result of exposure to mutagens, or toxic chemicals or to radiation
Translocations
mutations that occur when part of a chromosome breaks off and attaches to part of another
__________is the driving force of evolution.
natural selection
Basic units of the DNA molecule composed of a sugar, phosphate, and one of four DNA bases is called a(n):
nucleotide
Trantranscription takes places in the _________ .
nucleus
A trait is considered an adaptation if it: (Mark all that apply)
promotes survival, promotes reproduction
John Ray
recognized that groups of plants and animals could be differentiated from other groups by their ability to mate with one another and produce fertile offspring.
What are the X and Y chromosomes called?
sex chromosomes
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can be an important factor in selection for increased melanin production because UV radiation can cause which of the following?
skin cancer, spina bifida
Exogamous
societies have a great deal of diversity
the body uses mitosis to produce ___________ cells.
somatic
Bioarchaeology
studies archaeological human remains
Primatology
studies biology and behavior of non-human primates
Molecular anthropology
studies evolutionary relationships between humans and non-human primates
Forensic anthropology
studies human remains in a legal setting
Archaeologists:
study earlier human groups using artifacts and structures as their evidence.
The word paleoanthropology means:
study of ancient humans
Anthropology means:
study of humankind
Human evolution is:
subject to the long-term interactions of biology and culture.
Some of the lowest frequencies of lactose intolerance are found in which group?
swedish
Genotypes
the actual genetic material in the pair of homologous chromosomes
Over the past several decades, natural selection has caused populations of Staphylococcus aureus (an infectious wound bacterium) to evolve resistance to most antibiotics. If antibiotic use were stopped, what would you predict would happen to S. aureus?
the frequency of non-resistant forms will increase.
Which concept, proposed by Charles Lyell, had a profound effect on 19th century scientific thought?
the immense age of earth
Homeostasis
the tendency of physiological system to maintain internal stability
Who proposed that population size increases at a faster rate than food supplies?
thomas malthus
The DNA base adenine always pairs with which other DNA base?
thymine
Polygenic
traits are determined by two or more genes and their phenotypic expression runs on a spectrum
Which theory proposes that characteristics acquired during the lifetime of an individual can be passed on to that individual's offspring?
use-disuse
The body's first response to cold stress is:
vasoconstriction
our bodies need exposure to UV radiation to synthesize:
vitamin D
Codominance
where neither allele dominates the other so both will be expressed in the phenotype