Anthro Exam 2

Proto-humans and proto-chimpanzees diverged about:

7 million years ago

On average, a modern individual human of non-Sub-Saharan African ancestry might have what percentage of Neanderthal DNA?

2%

How long have humans been the sole species of genus Homo since Neanderthals went extinct?

30,000 years

What is the current world popuation?

About 8 billion

biological anthropology focuses on

Biological and biocultural aspects of being human

Hominins is a taxon that does not include:

Chimpanzees

The closest extant (living) species to Homo sapiens is:

Chimpanzees

What are the roots of biological anthropology?

Darwin's Evolutionary Theory and Natural Theology

Which includes a wider variety of species?

Hominids

The position of the foramen magnum in gorillas, australopithecines, and modern humans can tell us about:

How and when bipedalism formed.

Which statement best describes the phrase "survival of the fittest"?

It is a phrase that Herbert Spencer first used to promote social Darwinism.

Which species existed during the Holocene?

Just Homo sapiens

What is the correct expression of the scientific name for the monarch butterfly?

Danaus plexippus

Due to our technology and capacity for social organization, are humans a generalist species or a specialist species?

Generalist

Which hunting style is associated with early modern humans?

Persistence hunting

What morphological trait of Paranthropus suggest it is not our ancestral genus?

The sagittal crest

Recent paleoanthropological and archaeological findings suggest that Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) interbred.

True

Which hominin trait came first?

bipedalism

Homo ergaster was confined to the Australian continent.

false

Primates affiliate with all other members of their species in the proximity.

false

Researchers discovered that chimpanzees are capable of reproducing human spoken language.

false

There is one missing link between humans and chimpanzees.

false

Mendelian inheritance explains some 5,000 human traits. Most genetic expressions, however, are not the result of Mendelian heredity but rather are_______________.

polygenic traits

Mammals are synapsids.

true

Which of the following is not a specialization within biological anthropology?

Natural theology

Homo habilis used which school of technology?

Oldowan

Variations of Homo erectus were reproductively isolated. Homo sapiens evolved from an African variant of Homo erectus and then migrated out of Africa, replacing the archaic Home erectus. This model of early gene flow is known as:

Out-of-Africa Hypothesis / Replacement Theory

Which hunting style involves endurance of the hunter to track, chase, and wear down prey through exhaustion?

Persistence hunting

Which epoch is characterized by a series of Ice Ages?

Pleistocene

Which hunting style involves using strength to attack prey at a close distance?

Encounter/Ambush hunting

Which hunting style is associated with Neanderthals and spears?

Encounter/Ambush hunting

Long range bipedalism was first associated with:

Homo erectus

The direct predecessor to our species is:

Homo erectus

Humans contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals.

True

Humans are on average shorter than Neanderthals were.

False

Genus Homo are members of:

Hominins and Hominids

Java Man-- discovered by DuBois and his crew in Indonesia-- is a member of which species?

Homo erectus

The position of the hyoid bone in Neanderthals could tell us about:

Speech and language

What are the two main primate groups?

Strepsirrhine and Haplorrhine

The term _______ refers to all species considered to be in direct lineage to modern humans, while the term _____________ refers to all present and extinct great apes.

hominins; hominids

Neanderthal's bodies are best adapted to which environment?

Snow and cold

The epoch in which there were many species of Australopithecines and Paranthropus living at the same time in generally the same area is called:

The Pliocene

Why is the term biological anthropology preferred over the term physical anthropology?

The term physical anthropology became associated with scientific racism.

Climate change contributed to the extinction of Neanderthals.

True

Early Homo sapiens lived at the same time as other members of genus Homo.

True

Interbreeding with Neanderthals helped Homo sapiens adapt to life outside Africa.

True

The Piltdown fossil was a fraud and has no bearing on our understanding of human evolution.

True

The last Neanderthals probably died near Gibraltar.

True

There is evidence of abstract thought in H. Neanderthalensis.

True

What is the observable expression of physical traits called?

a phenotype

Which of these occurs when two populations of the same species become isolated from one another due to a geographic barrier?

allopatric speciation

How was the natural world viewed by most Europeans before the 19th century?

as a static hierarchy that included God, angels, humans, and other life forms

Which of the following is not considered a subfield of biological anthropology?

cultural anthropology

Primate vision excels at:

depth perception

Which of the following considers both physical and molecular evidence to formulate hypotheses on the evolutionary relationship of species?

phylogenetics

Darwin's theory of evolution has been __________________ by molecular and genetic science.

supported and strengthened

Which of the following best defines biological anthropology?

the exploration of human biological variation and their evolutionary past

What is French naturalist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck best known for?

the theory of macroevolution

Both Linnaeus and Darwin recognized the relatedness between humans and other apes.

true

The holistic and comparative methods of anthropology can aid primatologists in understanding the behavior of primates.

true

Though we might be missing skull fragments, sometimes we discover a fossilized impression of the interior of the skull. This type of fossil is called:

An endocast.

Which of these directions in (or applications of) evolutionary thought are not attributed to Darwin's work?

Evolution as the mechanism for spontaneous creation through natural theology

Homo sapiens vary significantly in their DNA between populations.

False

Neanderthal children matured slower compared to Homo sapiens children because of their smaller brains.

False

Neanderthal spears were engineered for throwing, where as early human spears of the same time were for jabbing.

False

Neanderthals lived in large groups nearing proto-village status when they first encountered small groups of nomadic humans.

False