Anthro multiple choice test all ch

Franz Boas

"Father of American Anthropology," known for his work with the Inuit on Baffin Island; critic of evolutionary anthropology; promoted fieldwork

HRAF (Human Relations Area Files)

An ethnographic database that includes descriptions of more than 300 cultures and is used for cross-cultural research

Which of the following statements best illustrates the significance of culture for most anthropologists?

Anthropologists agree on the basic characteristics of culture, but they vary on the significance they attach to each of the characteristics and how they study culture

polytheism

Belief in many gods

montheism

Belief in one God

Which of the following anthropologists was classified primarily as a culture and personality theorist?

Margaret Mead

Polyandry

One female, several males.

organic analogy

The comparison of cultures to living organisms

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of human language and its relation to culture

ritual

a ceremonial act or repeated stylized gesture used for specific occasions

gender

a cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences into socially meaningful categories

nuclear families

a family made up of parents and their children

society

a group of people who depend on one another for survival or well-being as well as the relationships among such people, including their status and roles

patriarchy

a male-dominated society in which all important public and private power is held by men

levirate

a man marries the widow of a deceased brother

consultant, informant, interlocutor, respondent, partner

a person from whom anthropologists gather data

rite of passage

a ritual that moves an individual from one social status to another

Polygamy

a rule allowing more than one spouse

Endogamy

a rule saying that a person must marry within a particular group such as lifestyle, race, royalty, etc

Anthropological theory

a set of propositions about which aspects of culture are critical, how they should be studied, and what the goal of studying them should be

Current ethnographies tend to be focused on

a thorough understanding of all aspects of culture

composite family

an aggregate of nuclear families linked by a common spouse

Postmodernism

anthropological field that focuses on issues of power and voice; believe that all knowledge is influenced by the observers culture and social position.

biological anthropology

anthropology that focuses on the study of people from a biological perspective, primarily on aspects of human kind that are genetically inherited

consaguinity

blood ties between people

unstructured interview

consists of researchers talking to one another and asking probing questions to find out more about the informant while the informant can talk as they please.

The hallmark of American anthropological fieldwork is:

cultural relativism

The primary means through which humans adapt to their environment is:

culture

The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of numerous subcultures is referred to as the

dominant culture

The study of the relationship between environment and society is called

ecological functionalism

The process of learning to be a member of a specific cultural group is called

enculturation

Which of the following is not considered a major means of diffusion

enculturation

collaborative ethnology

ethnography that gives priority to cultural consultants on the topic, methodology, and written results of fieldwork; work between the consultant and researcher

culture shock

feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture

ethnoscience

field on anthropology that focuses on recording and examining the ways in which members in a culture use language to classify and organize their cognitive world

functionalism

focuses on finding general laws that identify different elements of society, showing how they relate to each other, and demonstrating their role in keeping social order

cultural ecology

focuses on the adaptive dimensions of culture

ecological functionalism

focuses on the relationship between environment and society

cognitive anthropology

focuses on the relationship between the mind and society

symbolic anthropology

focuses on understanding cultures by discovering and analyzing the symbols that are most important to their members

interpretive anthropology

focuses on using humanistic methods, such as those found in the analysis of literature, to analyze culture and discover the meaning of culture to its participants

agriculture

food production in which fields are in eternal cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control

swidden

form of cultivation in which a field is cleared by fallen trees and burning to brush

dowry

goods presented by the brides kin to the family of the groom or the couple.

bride wealth

goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage

Polygyny

having more than one wife at a time

culture and personality theorists

hold that cultures could best be understood by examining the patterns of child rearing and considering their effect on social institutions and adult lives

foraging

hunting and gather; fishing, hunting and collecting vegetable foods

semistructured interview

interview where questionnaires are used to dictate the conversation

All of the following statements about the lengthy period of human immaturity are correct except

it allows mature individuals in a society to function as teachers and no longer be in a role as learners

All of the following are common challenges that native anthropologists face except:

it involves an emotional aspect, as anthropologists may experience so much of their personal life within the stud

How would you best characterize a subculture?

it is a group within a dominant society that does not share the society's norms and values

cross-cousin marriage

marriage between an individual and the child of his or her mother's brother or father's sister; if you married your cousin

parallel-cousin marriage

marriage between the children of a parent's same-sex siblings

cultural relativism

not judging cultures but analyzing them through references from their own histories and values rather than according to another culture

emic

observation of societies from the inside out

etic

observation of societies from the outside in

Pastoralism

obtaining food through the reliance on the care of domesticated herd animals

manhood puzzle

phenomenon of males to publicly prove their masculinity though manly actions

Child-rearing practices in all cultures are designed to

produce adults who know the cultural content.

Horticulture

production of plants using simple technology

marriage

refers to the customs, rules, and obligations that establish a relationship between two sexually cohabiting adults and their families

structured interview

researchers ask different informants to respond to a set of questions as similar as possible; usually has specific instructions

informal interview

researchers engage in, overhear, remember, and write down conversations from their daily experience

Monogymy

rule that permits a person to be married to only one spouse at a time

plasticity

the ability for humans to change their behavior in response to a wide range of environmental and social demands

ethnology

the attempt to find general principles or laws that govern cultural phenomena

sex

the biological differences that distinguish males from females

gender role

the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor

participant observation

the fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives

Postmodernism is an approach that focuses specifically on

the negotiation of norms and values within a society

subsistence strategies

the pattern of behavior used by a society to obtain food in a particular environment

Enculturation

the process of learning culture

Industrialism

the process of the mechanization of production

incest taboo

the rule that prohibits sexual relations among designated relatives

(ch3)Malinowski's and Boas's practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. All of the following are things that they shared except

the study of history as essential to a deeper understand of societies

applied anthropology

the use of anthropological knowledge to the solution of human problems

gender stratification

ways in which gender activities and attributes are deferentially valued and related to access to resources, prestige and power

key informant

well informed and eager to talk with the anthropologist regarding material the anthropologist is studying.

Sororate

when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife

sororate

when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife

efficiency

yield per person per hour of labor invested

productivity

yield per person per unit of land