Anthro Test 3
British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were photo-states, which means what
states in formation at the time of European colonization
Which of the following best describes French philosopher Michel Foucault's concept of biopower
the power of the state to regulate the bodies of citizens
Which of the following is NOT associated with globalization
the rise of the Industrial Age and the growth of local factories
Which description BESY defines heteronormativity
the view that heterosexuality is the most "natural" form of sexuality
Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population
the wealthy
Humans have the ability to ascribe meaning to things, allowing for knowledge structures to form that make life and social relations possible.
true
In social settings, meaning emerges from conversation and social interaction, not (just) from rules.
true
What is the estimated number of enslaved Africans believed to have been transported to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century?
10-12 million
What percentage of the world's languages are in danger of dying out in the next hundred years
40%
Research suggests that what percentage of differences in skill levels is related to gender
5%
What does it mean when a person is described as having both power and agency
A person has control, authority, or influence as well as the capability to act on decisions
Which statement does not describe European colonialism in Africa
Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories
What system of social inequality is based on an individual's circumstances of birth and there is no opportunity to move out of a social group
Caste system
According to Weber, social change is brought about by:
Charismatic individuals
"Social conflicts caused by material needs result in political and historical events as people seek to find solutions." This idea attributed to Marx is known as:
Dialectical materialism
"Social facts reinforce the collective conscience to maintain social solidarity" is a thought attributed to:
Durkheim
The biological ability of humans to make sounds and put them into meaningful sequences is the study of:
Evolutionary linguistics
In Durkheim's organic solidarity, everyone in the community participates in all the same economic activities.
False
Society is synonymous with nation or civilization.
False
Why do humans lives in a society?
For collective survival
What is the earliest hominid species to show an increasing control over their environment and to migrate into new geographical regions
Homo erectus
Which statement is true regarding the role of kinship in solving problems in everyday life
In smaller societies with low populations, kinship plays a significant role
What movement represents the largest diaspora in history, with some 18 million people no longer living in their country of origin?
Indian diaspora
Education, government, medicine, and family are different areas of dense social complexity. These structures are referred to as:
Institutions
Which statement about communication is false
It is synonymous with the term language
Which area of linguistics focuses on the social contexts in which language is acquired?
Language socialization
Which statement is Not supported by recent findings of feminist researchers
Meat obtained by male hunters was the primary source of calories for members of preagricultural cultures.
Which tern refers to socialized prejudice against women and feminism
Misogny
What economic model prioritizes privatization of public services
Neoliberalism
Bands, tribes, chiefdoms, and states are differentiated by
Political and subsistence patterns
According to Durkheim, society changes (or "evolves") because of:
Population growth
The rights and obligations of a particular status are:
Roles
Examining how people use a language in real settings rather than studying language as a formal set of rules is which kind of linguistics?
Sociolinguistics
In Durkheim's mechanical solidarity, the strongest cohesive factor is kinship.
True
Which statement is not true of the approach Native American cultures typically took to variant genders
Variant-gender individuals were considered homosexual.
What is a ghost marriage
a marriage performed between one or two deceased individuals
Which of the following is NOT an example of extended family
a married couple living with they two children
Which of the following BEST describes the way gender is presented in Chapter 12?
a powerful sociocultural construct embedded in social practices and institutions
Which of the following describes the cultural practice of sororate
a remarriage rule requiring that when a married woman dies, the deceased wife's lineage must provide a replacement wife
Which term refers to the exchange of ideas and artifacts between cultures as a result of migration or globalization?
cultural hybridity
Which description BEST defines gender
cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female
What do anthropologists believe was the first step in the development of agriculture
gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them
Which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of forced migration?
increase in economic wealth
Which kinship structure highlights the nuclear family
lineal kinship
Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common
linguistic universals
What term describes how people interact with their environments in order to make a living
mode of subsistence
What area of study looks at the ways in which political and economic systems reinforce or contradict one another over time
political economy
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms
reliance on the extended community in making decisions
What occurs when a social movement changes the structure of the political system, whether through peaceful or violent action
revolution
What is the name for using several plots of land in various stages of fallow and cultivation
shifting cultivation
What term describes organized action by a group outside of the government to create social change
social movements
Which term refers to a hierarchical organization of different groups of people based on traits such as race, socioeconomic status, religion, or gender
social stratification
Which description best defines evolutionary social theory
societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence
What description BEST defines sexual orientation
sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality
What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language
sociolinguistics
Which of the following is NOT a likely research are for a sociobiologist
the degree to which there is gender equity in terms of pay and title in contemporary corporations
Sexual dimorphism is defined as which of the following
the exhibition of different characteristics by males and females of the same species
Which of the following does not describe a sociocultural construction
the genetic relatedness of family members
What is meant by the term gender essentialism
the idea that gender-based traits are deep and consequential
Which of the following best defines meritocracy
the idea that people succeed based entirely on their own effort and abilities
Which of the following best defines systemic oppression
the normalization of political, economic, and social inequalities in a society
Which of the following is an example of a fictive kinship
the practice of godparent hood
Which of the following best describes the primary focus of political anthropologists
the role of history and the dynamic relationships of a culture
The Sapir-Wharf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what
think about reality
What term did Elman Service use for a type of acephalous society that relies on extended family structures for leadership, decision-making, and conflict resolution
tribal societies
Quantitative studies focus on statistics.
true
Status and roles help to create structure to interact with others in society.
true
As cities and states emerged, there was an increase in demand for higher yields to support growing populations. What did this force farmers to do
work as peasants on small plots of land owned by the state
Which of the following BEST describes a paradigm
worldviews that define the thinking of a specific time period
New archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom
A pre-Cloves culture
Which theory views social inequality as a struggle between economic classes
Conflict theory
The formal rules of a language, including how it sounds, is the study of:
Descriptive linguistics
Which term describes how modern capitalist interest continue to pressure poor nations through economic, political, or military means
Neocolonialism
The feeling of connectedness we feel to other members within our group is called:
Population growth
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares which of the following regarding refugees?
Refugees have an international legal right to seek asylum.
Which term refers to a social organization in which certain people have more power or prestige than others
a social hierarchy
Which of the following BEST describes a fragile state
a state that can on longer adequately perform the functions of a state
What term refers to a cultural group without a official leader
acephalous
Which occupational area employs the greatest number of immigrants to the United States?
agriculture and meatpacking
What term refers to the process of raising animals to obtain animal by-products
animal domestication
Which of the following BEST describes the universalist approach to understanding economic processes
assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world
What term refers to small semi nomadic groups who are gatherer-hunters
bands
What phenomena entails the wealthiest and most educated members of postcolonial societies leaving their homelands and relocating to the former colonizing nation?
brain drain migration
What is the name for the time period from the 18th to the 20th century during which institutions of European political control were standardized, particularly in Africa
classic colonialism
What term describes an exploitative relationship in which one state has political dominance over another
colonialism
What is meant by the phrase "closed corporate community"?
communities largely detached from urban centers and less prone to cultural change
Which term refers to large-scale movement caused by warfare, institutional violence, or the search for better opportunities?
diaspora
The first method of farming developed by humans is known as what
extensive horticulture
Dialects and accents that vary from the standard language are incorrect and should be corrected.
false
What mode of subsistence have humans practiced for most of their evolutionary history
gathering-hunting
What term refers to people sharing things with no regard to value or compensation
generalized reciprocity
Which description best defines immigrants
individuals who move permanently from one country to another
What is the name for the use of irrigation systems, a plough, and continuous cultivation of the same plots
intensive agriculture
Which farming method would generate the greatest yield and support the largest population
intensive agriculture
Which term refers to the movement of people from rural to urban areas for education, employment, and other opportunities?
internal migration
How does capital accumulation contribute to social inequality
it is invested to increase its value rather than being circulated in the wider economy
What term refers to a form of herding in which people live in small seasonal camps as they move with their animals
nomadism
French philosopher Michel Foucault used which term to describe how people engage in risky public speech in order to speak truth about power
parrhesia
What mode of subsistence is associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals
pastoralism
What term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus
persuasive power
