BIO 169 URINARY SYSTEM HW

3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4

Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct

Vasa recta

Play a role in urine concentration.

secondary active transport

Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.

juxtaglomerular

Renin is released by cells of the _____________ apparatus in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall.

Proximal convoluted tubule

Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs

collecting duct

Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.

arcuate

The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.

efferent

The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed

stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position

The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.

renal fascia

The filtration membrane includes all except ________.

the male urethra is longer than the female urethra

The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because

nephron

The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.

Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.

Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?

peritubular capillary; nephron

Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move from the _______________ into the __________.

glomerulus

A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney.

renal pelvis

A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?

The individual exceeded the transport maximum.

A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who had previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statements explains the presence of glucose in the urine?

posterior pituitary

ADH is released by the:

uremia

An elevated level of urea in the blood is

higher

An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is slightly ___________ than water

sodium

Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of:

peritubular capillaries

Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.

25 mm Hg

Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.

glomerulus; nephron

During filtration in the nephron, substances move from the ___________ into the _________

glomerular capillaries

Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.

glomerular hydrostatic pressure

GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affects?

renin-angiotensin mechanism

Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?

afferent arterioles

High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.

Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter

Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.

appear in the urine

If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.

net filtration would decrease

If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?

true

Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.

calculi

Kidney stones are also known as renal ________.

glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop

List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order:

Peritubular capillaries

Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.

tubuloglomerular feedback

Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?

collecting duct

Many nephrons empty into a

Efferent arterioles

May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.

fibrous capsule

Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.

nephrons

Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine.

decrease in blood pressure

The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a ________.

changes in solute content of the filtrate

The macula densa cells respond to ________.

osmosis

The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.

loop of Henle

The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.

afferent arterioles

The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?

vasa recta

The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.

simple squamous epithelium

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is:

Bowman's capsule and glomerulus

The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.

glomerulus

The specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is the

peristalsis

The ureters are capable of ______________ like that of the gastrointestinal tract

true

The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.

afferent arteriole

The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the

glomerulus

This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the

glomerulus

This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron.

tubular reabsorption

Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?

the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra

What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?

insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR

What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?

blood cells and large particles

What is not normally found in filtrate?

monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate

What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?

collects newly formed urine

What is the function of the renal pelvis?

help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys

What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)

What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?

vasa recta

What structure receives blood from the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron?

net filtration would decrease

What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?

renal medulla

Where are the renal columns located?

renal cortex

Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?

renal corpuscle

Where does the kidney filter the blood?

hilum

Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?

glomerulus

Which capillary bed produces filtrate?

granular cells

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

the stretching of the bladder wall

Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?

hypospadias

Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the urinary system is found in male infants only?

podocyte cells

Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

renal cortex

Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?

glucose

Which of these should NOT normally appear in urine?

renal cortex

Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?

renal columns

Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?

protein

Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?

glomerular capsule

filtration occurs only in the:

juxtamedullary nephrons

have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine

kidney atrophy

in older adults, kidney function decreases due to:

juxtaglomerular apparatus

is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop

Glomerulus

site of filtrate formation

True

t/f Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.

false

t/f An excessive urine output is called anuria.

false

t/f Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.

true

t/f Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.

false

t/f Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.

false

t/f Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.

true

t/f The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.

false

t/f The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.

false

t/f The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.

true

t/f The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation

true

t/f The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.

ur-

the prefix _______ means urine, urinary tract, or urea

glomerul(o)-

the prefix _____________ means glomerulus of the kidney

nephr-

the prefix _____________ means kidney

juxta-

the prefix ______________ means situated near

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute

urethra

transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body