BIO 169 URINARY SYSTEM HW
3, 6, 2, 1, 5, 4
Place the following in correct sequence from the formation of a drop of urine to its elimination from the body. 1. major calyx 2. minor calyx 3. nephron 4. urethra 5. ureter 6. collecting duct
Vasa recta
Play a role in urine concentration.
secondary active transport
Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
juxtaglomerular
Renin is released by cells of the _____________ apparatus in response to afferent arteriole pressure and the degree of stretch of the arteriole wall.
Proximal convoluted tubule
Site at which most of the tubular reabsorption occurs
collecting duct
Site that drains the distal convoluted tubule.
arcuate
The ________ artery lies on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney.
efferent
The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed
stabilizes the position of the kidneys by holding them in their normal position
The fatty tissue surrounding the kidneys is important because it ________.
renal fascia
The filtration membrane includes all except ________.
the male urethra is longer than the female urethra
The frequency of cystitis in men is lower than in women because
nephron
The functional and structural unit of the kidneys is the ________.
Afferent arteriole diameter would decrease.
Through the tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism, how would an increase in filtrate NaCl concentration affect afferent arteriole diameter?
peritubular capillary; nephron
Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move from the _______________ into the __________.
glomerulus
A fenestrated squamous epithelium can be observed in this structure within the kidney.
renal pelvis
A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
The individual exceeded the transport maximum.
A nonfasting urine sample from an individual who had previously ingested donuts and a soft drink showed the presence of sugar (glucose). Which of the following statements explains the presence of glucose in the urine?
posterior pituitary
ADH is released by the:
uremia
An elevated level of urea in the blood is
higher
An important characteristic of urine is its specific gravity or density, which is slightly ___________ than water
sodium
Approximately 80% of the energy used for active transport is devoted to the reabsorption of:
peritubular capillaries
Blood supply that directly receives substances from the tubular cells.
25 mm Hg
Calculate the net filtration pressure if capillary hydrostatic pressure is 60 mm Hg, capillary osmotic pressure is 25 mm Hg, and capsular hydrostatic pressure is 10 mm Hg.
glomerulus; nephron
During filtration in the nephron, substances move from the ___________ into the _________
glomerular capillaries
Fenestrated vessels that allow passage of all plasma elements but not blood cells.
glomerular hydrostatic pressure
GFR regulation mechanisms primarily affects?
renin-angiotensin mechanism
Granular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR indirectly through which mechanism?
afferent arterioles
High pressure vessel that forces fluid and solutes into the glomerular capsule.
Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
appear in the urine
If the Tm for a particular amino acid is 120 mg/100 ml and the concentration of that amino acid in the blood is 230 mg/100 ml, the amino acid will ________.
net filtration would decrease
If the osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries increased from 28 mm Hg to 35 mm Hg, would net filtration increase or decrease?
true
Incontinence is the inability to control voluntary micturition.
calculi
Kidney stones are also known as renal ________.
glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop
List the parts of the nephron in correct sequential order:
Peritubular capillaries
Low pressure, porous vessels that reabsorb solutes and water from the tubule cells.
tubuloglomerular feedback
Macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) regulate GFR through which intrinsic mechanism?
collecting duct
Many nephrons empty into a
Efferent arterioles
May form meandering vessels or bundles of long straight vessels.
fibrous capsule
Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
nephrons
Name the structures in the kidney that produce urine.
decrease in blood pressure
The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin by a ________.
changes in solute content of the filtrate
The macula densa cells respond to ________.
osmosis
The mechanism of water reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
loop of Henle
The mechanism that establishes the medullary osmotic gradient depends most on the permeability properties of the ________.
afferent arterioles
The myogenic mechanism of renal autoregulation primarily involves smooth muscle in which blood vessels?
vasa recta
The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.
simple squamous epithelium
The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule is:
Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
The renal corpuscle is made up of ________.
glomerulus
The specialized capillary bed responsible for the pressure that drives filtration is the
peristalsis
The ureters are capable of ______________ like that of the gastrointestinal tract
true
The urethra contains an internal sphincter of smooth muscle.
afferent arteriole
The vessel that supplies blood to the nephron is called the
glomerulus
This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the
glomerulus
This structure is a capillary bed from which blood is filtered into the nephron.
tubular reabsorption
Urine is formed by three processes. In which process do filtrate components that are useful to the body move from the nephron into the blood?
the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra
What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?
insufficient NaCl reabsorption due to high GFR
What does a high concentration of NaCl in the renal tubule at the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) most likely indicate?
blood cells and large particles
What is not normally found in filtrate?
monitor the NaCl content of the filtrate
What is the function of the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)?
collects newly formed urine
What is the function of the renal pelvis?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
What is the most direct function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
hydrostatic pressure of blood (blood pressure)
What is the primary driving force (pressure) that produces glomerular filtration?
vasa recta
What structure receives blood from the efferent arteriole of a juxtamedullary nephron?
net filtration would decrease
What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
renal medulla
Where are the renal columns located?
renal cortex
Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
renal corpuscle
Where does the kidney filter the blood?
hilum
Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
glomerulus
Which capillary bed produces filtrate?
granular cells
Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?
the stretching of the bladder wall
Which of the following acts as the trigger for the initiation of micturition (voiding)?
hypospadias
Which of the following congenital abnormalities of the urinary system is found in male infants only?
podocyte cells
Which of the following is not a part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
renal cortex
Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
glucose
Which of these should NOT normally appear in urine?
renal cortex
Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
renal columns
Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
protein
Which substance would be found in higher concentration if the membrane were damaged?
glomerular capsule
filtration occurs only in the:
juxtamedullary nephrons
have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine
kidney atrophy
in older adults, kidney function decreases due to:
juxtaglomerular apparatus
is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop
Glomerulus
site of filtrate formation
True
t/f Aldosterone is a hormone that causes the renal tubules to reclaim sodium ions from the filtrate.
false
t/f An excessive urine output is called anuria.
false
t/f Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood pressure during stress.
true
t/f Blood in the urine may be a symptom of bladder cancer.
false
t/f Both the male and female urethras serve the urinary and the reproductive systems.
false
t/f Having a kinked ureter is called renal ptosis.
true
t/f The act of emptying the bladder is called voiding.
false
t/f The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
false
t/f The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
true
t/f The myogenic mechanism reflects the tendency of vascular smooth muscle to cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation
true
t/f The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
ur-
the prefix _______ means urine, urinary tract, or urea
glomerul(o)-
the prefix _____________ means glomerulus of the kidney
nephr-
the prefix _____________ means kidney
juxta-
the prefix ______________ means situated near
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
the volume of filtrate created by the kidneys per minute
urethra
transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
