Anthropology 2200 Exam 2

why study primates

- It provides a cross-species perspective - There are evolutionary implications - It allows for evolutionary modeling - And it provides insight into human behavior

Generalized body structure

- the bones of the shoulders, limbs, hands and feet are separate. This allows primates to have flexibility/high mobile joints - primates have an attached clavicle - many have front and hind limbs of equal length and this helps them walk along branches easily - many have long tails and in some cases this tail can be prehensile. Long tail helps the primate balance on tree limbs as it moves through canopy

pitheciidae

- titis, sakis,uakaris

Bilophodont molars

2 cusps connected my loph of enamel.

OWM Dental formula

2.1.2.3

Apes Dental formula

2.1.2.3 Dental formulas show evolutionary relationships.

NWM Dental formula

2.1.3.3

Ancestral dental formula

3.1.4.3 (Mammals) Order = Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. # of upper and # of lower can tell you about evolutionary relationships

What is the anthropoid ancestor?

Adapids ▪A little problematic because tooth combs (a derived trait) are in Strepsirhines but the ancestral trait remains in Anthropoids ▪Omomyids ▪Similar to Tarsiers. Tarsiers similar to Anthropoids so maybe! Basal anthropoids ▪A third group - independent of A and O - is also a possibility!

Cooperation

Affiliative. Strategy to promote group cohesion, assurance, pleasure, reciprocity.

Competition

Aggressive. Strategy for access to food and mates. Females compete for resources = reproduction strategy. Aggressive behaviors = Direct eye contact, raising eyebrows, baring canines, charging. can involve subordination behaviors like showing backside, cowering , presenting to groom, vocalizations -> ease tensions and prevent conflict

Arboreal adaptations

Arboreal = Tree (most primates are well suited to life in trees) How useful are adaptions? Behaviors and anatomical characteristics.

Suspensory locomotion

Arboreal locomotion (climbing, brachiating). Spider monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans. Mobile wrist joint. Very long forelimbs. Dorsal scapula. Short stiff back. Often lack tail. Long hind limbs. traits allow them to reach diff branches and to hang

Arboreal Quadrupedalism

Arboreal locomotion. Old/New world monkeys. Laterally placed scapula for flexibility. Short/similar length limbs for stability. Grasping feet for branches. Long tail for balance ex: proboscis monkey, squirrel monkey, owl/night monkey

Warning calls: cooperation

Attacking predators and warning calls. Allows other members of the group to escape. Might lead to injury or death. Bringing attention to yourself by making call, dangerous act. High risk.

Cercopithecinae

Baboons, macaques, vervet monkeys. Frugivores, fruit eaters. Low rounded molar cusps for eating fruit. Cheek pouches.

Allomothering

Babysitting. Alloparenting. Individual other than parent cares for the infant. Usually done by females. Caring for young that are not yours. Some species, males also contribute.

Group living: residential pattern

Balance between competition for resources and the benefits associated with social behavior. Constant struggle between competition and cooperation. pros: protection from predators, locating and protecting resources, access to mates, long term bonds cons: competition for resources and mates, violence, spread of disease

Kin selection

Behavior that increases the fitness of this closely related to the individual. Usually the focus of altruistic behavior. Increases the donors inclusive fitness. Reproductive success of organism and close kin.

Stereoscopic vision

Both eyes see at the same time. helps with Depth perception during locomotion.

Platyrrhini

Broad nosed. New world monkeys. 2:1:3:3/2 three premolars and upper molars with a four cusped chewing surface live in latin and South America

Galago

Bush babies. Subfamily of Lorises. Sub-Saharan Africa. Nocturnal. Vertical clingers and leapers. Insectivorous.

Leaf sponges for collecting water

Chewed leaves as sponges to collect water.

Tool use

Chimpanzees: spears and their use for hunting bush babies. rods to fish for termites, chewed leaves as sponges, rocks to open nuts

Old world monkey

Colobinae and cercopithecinae. Diverse range of habitats. Some arboreal and terrestrial. No prehensile tail. High level of sexual dimorphism (canines, body)

Canine-premolar honing complex

Creates sharp surface.

Life history strategies

Developmental stages that influence reproductive rates. Longer gestation. Parental investment. Longer life expectancy. Longer female reproductive period.

Dietary plasticity

Eat a wide variety of foods.

Rhinarium

External wet nose. more derived primates like Haplorhines no longer have external wet noses or the long snout; more ancestral primates like Strepsirhines have wet noses and long snouts tho

Group hunting/foraging: cooperation

Find food more efficiently. Might find food/hunt prey that you could not get as an individual. Have to share. Might get injured during hunt.

Precision grip

Fine manipulation. Pick up small things using 2-3 fingers; forage for small leaves, insects and fruits

Dermal ridges

Finger/toe prints. Enhanced sense of touch. Treads for hands and feet provided better grasp. Like boots. in strepsirhines (the more primitive primates) they are simple in higher primates they are more complicated. this allows for better grasp

Power grip

Fist-like grip around object. Hand in hand with opposable thumb. helps to grasp tree branches

Vertical clinging and leaping

Form of arboreal locomotion. Most common in strepsirrhines/prosimians/tarsiers. Long hands for grasping, long flexible back for leaping, long hind limbs. ex: sifaka, tarsier, indri

Males

Goal to have offspring: Limited by access to females. So, males should try to defend females from other males.

Females

Goal to have offspring: Limited by access to resources. So, females should try to defend resources from other females.

Longer gestation

Grater investment in young. Extended length of each stage of the life cycle.

Culture

Harlow's experiments. Japanese Macaques, beach of Koshima, wash sweet potatoes in salt water, 1 decade idea spread, from very few to most quickly. Culture passes very quickly among the troop. Culture = common knowledge. chimps have grooming traditions (ex: in Tanzania chimps clasp hands while grooming)

Flexibility

Highly mobile joints. Able to move with ease between trees.

Catarrhini

Hook nosed. Old world monkeys, apes, humans. 2:1:2:3. Similar to humans.

Visual estrus

Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females. Skin around genitals becomes inflated and red. Advertises fertility and receptivity.

Sexual dimorphism

How much competition for access to other mates.

Color vision

Insects/Prey/Fruit. Used to distinguish these three things apart from each other. Bright colored insects, fruit, etc.

slow loris

It has a toxic bite! It licks a gland on its arm The gland secretion activates with saliva making it toxic •It eats small animals, fruit, gum, vegetation •It communicates by sent marking •It is hunted for exotic pet trade

aye-aye

It's nocturnal •It's mainly insectivorous •It has a thin middle finger which it uses to forage for grubs. It taps to find grubs. Gnaws the bark to make an access hole and then uses its long finger to pull out grubs •It's solitary

ring-tailed lemur

It's terrestrial •It has a black and white ringed tail •It's omnivorous •It's diurnal •It lives in forest and spiny scrub •It's highly social •Females are dominant -This is common in Lemurs •It practices sent marking •And stink fighting/flirting- They compete for access to resources by seeing who sells stronger!

Termite fishing

Jane Goodall. Use grass as tool to extract termites out of termite mound.

Infanticide

Killing of nursing young. Foreign male drives out dominant male. females try to protect the young but the new male is llalrger than the females and the male kills the young. this causes females to resume ovulation and this new male impregnantes the female and the new babies belongs to new Male -> old males genetic contribution is reduced

Eye size/nocturnal behavior - galagos

Large eyes and large ears. Turn head over 180 degrees. index finger widely spaced so can feed better and grip branches

Predation (influences type of pattern)

Large group may help fend off predators if prediction is high and body size is small. Large bodied primates and nocturnal species are not preyed on as often. thus solitary species tend to be large/nocturnal

Multi-male multi-female (many males and females and their offspring)

Large troops. Promiscuous mating. Male competition relatively low. Sexual dimorphism low. Protection from predators, more effective food acquisition. lots of genetic variability. Dominance (social hierarchies) imposes degree of order; reduction of violence. dominant = greater reproductive success, greater access to food and females; hierarchical behavior is learned socially Common residential pattern: Chimpanzees. in OWM, NWM, chimps and bonobos

New world monkey

Latin and South America. Arboreal. Prehensile tail. Suspenseful locomotion.

Tapetum lucidum

Layer behind the retina. Reflects visible light back through the retina. Improves vision in low light conditions.

Colobinae

Leaf eating monkeys (langurs, colobus monkeys, proboscis monkeys). mostly Folivorous so have Sacculated stomach and Bilophodont teeth. Long intestines and a lot of stomach acid to aid in digestion

Strepsirrhini

Lemur, Loris, Galago. Wet nosed primates. Folded in nose primates. Much more primitive. Similar to non primate mammals. Found in Africa and Asia. 13% of primates. Nocturna (they retain the ancestral tapetum luicdum -> layer behind the retina that reflects visible light back through the retina; improve vision in low light conditions) they have post-orbital bars but not closures bc their eyes are not as forward facing as those of higher primates -> they have partially stereoscopic vision -> more primitive characteristic they lack color vision -> primitive characteristic rely heavily on sense of smell and smell can be used for communication in nocturnal animals -> ancestral trait retain many ancestral characteristics -> doesn't mean they are the ancestors of monkeys have more specialized diets and behaviors; they use vertical clinging and leaping to get around this suborder has one infraorder: lemuriformes

Tooth comb

Lemurs. Works like a shovel. Use it to groom. Pull through fur of themselves and others. Extracting resin from trees. Included canine. All will have 6 teeth. strepsirhines have this; derived

Hylobatidae

Lesser apes. Southeast Asia (tropical and subtropical). Frugivores. Highly territorial, siren songs to let others know where there terrority is. Arboreal, brachiation. Gibbons and siamangs (sexual dichromatism; different sexes are diff colors)

Frugivore

Mainly fruit. wide and rounded molar cusps

Insectivore

Mainly insects.

Folivore

Mainly leaves.

Playing: cooperation

Maintains close contact between family members and non related group members. Eases tension. Promotes group cohesion.

Dominance

Males assert dominance. Fight for dominance to assert to females. Determined by: sex, age, aggression, intelligence, mothers position, time in group. Greater reproductive success.

Scent glands

Marking and messages. Communication for nocturnal animals. strepsirhines have this

Rhinarium

Moist nose. Readily picks up scents.

Anthropoidea

Monkeys, apes, and humans.

One-male one-female (monogamous)

Monogamy. Male knows his offspring. Invests more time in supporting offspring. Less sexual dimorphism bc Lower degree of competition. Share defense of territory. Social interactions limited. Infants solitary play unless siblings present. Parents play with infants. gibbon and siamang, night monkeys, some marmosets -> uncommon group

platyrrhine: ceboidea

Most are arboreal quadrupeds •Some have suspensory locomotion Can have prehensile tails This trait is never in Old World Monkeys They have diverse diets- They eat leaves, fruit, insects Ceboidea has two Families: Atelidae - Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi, and Woolly monkeys, Uakaris, and Sakis Cebidae: Marmosets, Tamarins, Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys ex: spider monkey

Warfare: cooperation

Observed in chimps. Group fights between chimps over territory. Often kill neighboring males. Gain Territory = access to food resources.

Y-5 molars

Often 5 cusps. Grooves in teeth create y-5. Apes or humans.

Solitary (noyau)

One male range encompasses several female ranges. Individuals forage separately and socialize for reproduction. Less successful males = more solitary. Marked sexual dimorphism. Large territory = increased male reproductive success. Tend to be large and nocturnal exes: orangutans and some strepirhines (mouse lemur and aye-aye) -> large canines and Chee pads, loud calls, part of male competition

Lemur

Only found on the island of Madagascar (only non-human primate found there ). Ring-tailed lemur, Mouse lemur, Indri, Sifaka, Aye-Aye. represent 21% of primate genera worldwide

Opposable Hallux/Pollux

Opposable big toe. Hallux = Big toe. Pollux = thumb. opposable big toe allows for grasping of tree branches with their feet

Opposable Pollux

Opposable thumb. Grasping with 4 fingers and thumb. Pollux = thumb.

Ponginae

Orangutan. Live in Borneo and Sumatra. Sexually dimorphic. Arboreal, slow climbers. Frugivores. Solitary lives.

Semi-Brachiation

Orangutans and spider monkeys. Less shoulder rotation. Use prehensile tail in case of spider monkey. Chimps are occasional brachiators.

Hominidae

Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) = Great apes . More terrestrial. Various forms of locomotion. Dietary diversity. Great apes are knuckle walkers, aside from orangutans and humans

aotidae

Owl/night monkeys - this species is the only true nocturnal monkey - relies on vocal calls and scent marking to communicate - can get human forms of malaria - used for research

Tarsier

Places with anthropoids. Closely related to strepsirrhini. Southeast Asia. Nocturnal. 1 eye larger than brain. Vertical clingers and leapers. Highly carnivorous. Grooming claw. Name refers to elongated tarsal bones (foot bones, which provides extra leverage for leaping) grooming claw: 2nd and 3rd toes highly carnivorous-> they eat lizards, frogs and insects

One female-multi-male (polyandrous) and their immature offspring

Polyandry. Most rare type of social group. Female reproduction consumes more time and energy. Need more males. Communal breeding. Males help with parenting. This gives birth to twins bc they are small in size ex: tamarin, marmoset

One male-Multi-female (polygynous)

Polygyny. Sexual dimorphism. Ensures reproductive rights to females. Females select males, leave if not suitable. Dominating males. Females stay in their natal (birth) group. Males leave group as juveniles-before reproductive maturity. Females=close social network. Allomothering in some cases. Males marginalized. most common type of social group. langur, howler monkey, gorilla, and maybe gelada baboon

Howler monkey

Prehensile tale. Make loud vocalizations. Subfamily Alouattinae. enlarged hyoids; loudest land animals, use vocalizations to protect territory, resources and females

Grooming claw

Primitive trait. Purpose: grooming and extracting insects. "Toilet claw" strepsirhines have this; ancestral

Post orbital bar/closure

Product of eyes moving forward. Can't put a finger into the orbital = post orbital closure. Post orbital bar is the bone around your eye. All primates have a post orbital bar. higher primates have post-orbital closure

Parenting behaviors

Prolonged period of development. Prolonged period of parental care. Allows parents to teach offspring how to succeed socially/in environment. Primates learn from parents: Non verbal and verbal communication, social behavior, tool use parenting behavior, and culture.

Nails

Provide protection and gripping. primates have nails rather than claws; they are flat and short rather than long and curved

Fossilization

Remains of organisms that have been transformed into rock through chemical replacement. Provide direct physical evidence of past life forms and their evolution. Ideal burial environment necessary. Remains covered soon after death, protection from scavengers, fossilizations rare, favors widespread long lived species. Most fossils in sedimentary rock. environment allows to understand factors that shave shaped evolution yin the past

Subordination

Ritualized behavior. Showing backside, cowering, presenting to groom, greeting with friendly facial expressions and vocalizations, intended to ease tension, prevent conflict.

Language

Significant human development. Communication in non human primates: emotional, only in the present, predator alarm system, establish territories, interact. Many have been taught ASL. can make references to external objects. Can identify images of things. communication can be voluntary -> postures, vocalizations, facial expressions autonomic (unintentional) -> virtual estrus

Ischial callosities

Sitting pad. Thickened calluses on backside. Only in old world monkeys. Help monkeys to sleep on thin branches away from predators.

Social strategies

Social adaptions that influence reproductive rates. Help maximize fitness. Many benefits to social behavior. Likely co-evolved with life history strategies.

Bush baby hunting

Spears used for hunting bush babies. Make spear and hunt.

Prehensile tail

Spider monkey, Howler monkey, Wooly monkey.

Cheek pouches

Store food./ fruit

Steno's law of superposition

Stratigraphic layers, no specific dates. The lower the stratum the older its age. Oldest strata at the bottom, youngest at the top. Where is the fossil found?

Haplorhini

Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Simple noses. More like typical primate characteristics More derived traits. have larger bodies, larger brain-to-body size ratios, more sexually dimorphism, less specialized dentition (fewer premolars), greater reliance on vision than on smell, post-orbital closure, and are diurnal rather than nocturnal this suborder has two infraorders: - tarsiiformes - anthropoidea (has two parvorders = platyrrhine and catarrhine)

All-male

Temporary all male groups formed before young males join groups that include M/F commonly exist tg with multi male, multi female groups have bachelor groups that exist tg with one Mae and multi female groups -> consist of males who are not able to obtain females, may attack one male groups and attempt to evict the resident male from his females (this leads to

Terrestrial Quadrupedalism

Terrestrial locomotion. Old world monkeys. Great Apes. Restricted shoulder joint for stability. Reduced tail (don't need for balance). Short toes (don't need to grib w their feet). Long/similar length limbs. Knuckle walking (form of TQ, allows for climbing), long fingers tucked under hands, allows for climbing. exes: baboons , chimpanzee

Primatology

The study of the behavior, ecology, anatomy, and evolution of non-human primates.

mouse lemurs

The world's smallest primateIt's < 1 lb .•It eats insects, small vertebrates, gum, fruit, flowers, nectar, leaves •It's nocturnal

Generalized heterodont

This dentition allows for wide range of foods. Hetero = different.

Grooming: cooperation

To remove parasites and dead skin. Maintains close contact between family members and non related group members. Eases tension. Promotes group cohesion. Different depending on the group.

Loris

Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Nocturnal. Slow moving. Deliberate stalkers of small prey. Slow Loris.

Brachiation

True brachiators are lesser apes. Characterizes by movement through trees using hand over hand suspensory motion. gibbons/siamangs

Bipedalism

Up right walking. Humans only true bipeds. Curved lower back, large head of femur, short fingers/toes, long heels, long/large hind limbs, short broad ilium. Hip joints larger to support greater amount of body weight. S-shaped spine, for up right posture (vertebral column), invest less muscular effort to stay upright as our entire body is over our center of gravity. femur head = shorter broad shape, femur angled towards the middle rather than straight so knees under our body's center of gravity traits we see in bipeds relate to the fact that the weight of our upper body is applied to our joints

Taphonomy

What makes a fossil. Study of the deposition of plant/animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation. Anything that happens to a fossil (sedimentation, water systems, carnivore activities)

Khoratpithecus

ancestor of organutans. gave rise to the orangutan

adapids

ancestral to modern lemurs and anthropoids. similar in body size to lemurs, had fat vertical incisors, were diurnal, sexual dimorphism, no tooth combs, were prognathic All have clear primate characteristics:▪Postorbital bar and convergent eye orbits▪Long, opposable digits grasping ability▪Nails rather than claws▪Large brain relative to body size

omomyids

ancestral to tarsiers. large projecting lower incisors, short skulls with narrow snouts, nocturnal, large eye orbits to adapt to nigh vision All have clear primate characteristics:▪Postorbital bar and convergent eye orbits▪Long, opposable digits grasping ability▪Nails rather than claws▪Large brain relative to body size.

fluorine absorption dating

applied to bone. one of first methods of chemical dating. bone absorbs flurorine from groundwater in the surrounding soil. more flourine = longer time buried relative, no absolute date is produced

sivapithecus

asia. thick enamel for eating hard foods. similar to orangutans. convcave face, narrow nasal bones, oval eye orbits projecting premaxilla, large upper central incisors, small lateral incisors

Late Miocene Climate Change

big change in climate and ecology in late miocene, earth became cooler and dryer, tropical foods disappeared so apes got extinct

specialized adaptations

canine-premolar honing complex, tooth comb (in lemurs), and bilophodont

Hooked nose

catarrhini: 2.1.2.3

vertical clinging and leaping

clinging and leaping

Altruism

cooperation is. a Form of Altruism. Behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual. Grooming/playing, hunting/food sharing, caregiving, attacking predators, giving warning calls.

biostratigraphy

correlating and assigning relative age to strata by using fossil assemblages this is done using index fossils (fossils w known age range), artifacts and ash from volcanoes

absolute dating

determines approximate age of fossils not based on relationships with other fossils : Radiocarbon, Potassium-Argon, Thermoluminescence EX: my brother is 23 and I am 33 years old

relative dating

determines order of events without determine absolute age first form of dating EX: my brother is younger than I am

propliopithecid Aegyptopithecus

direct ancestor of catarrhines

plesiadapiforms

diverse group of Paleocene mammals. may have been first primates but more likely ancestors to the first true primates. lived in wester N America, Western Europe, Asia and probs Africa small brain, no post-orbital bar and convergent eye orbits, no opposable digits, had claws, 3 cusp teeth, lacked petrosal auditory bulla. Most were extinct by the end of the Paleocene epoch similar dental to primates and have petrosal auditory bulla (a primate trait)

proconsulids

earliest apes. in east africa. catarrhine primates. There is likely an ancestral relationship between Propliopithecids and Proconsulids. show great diversity of taxa. wide spread radiation of proconsulids during climatic warning. 10 genera and 15 species and all had different diets and habitats are dental apes. combo of hominoid and catarrhine traits. skull and teeth = ape like traits. Y-5 molar pattern, wide and rounded molar cusps = frugivorous. ate leaves. developed canine premolars honing complex. lacked tails. skeleton had monkey like traits with equal length front and hind limbs, no knuckle walking or swinging -> arboreal quadrupeds, direct articulation b/w carpals and ulna -> limited wrist mobility

rafting hypothesis

early primates used rafts of naturally accumulated vegetation to cross the Atlantic Ocean. still occurs today

Omnivorous

eat Fruit, nuts, seeds, leaves, insects, meat. Wide range of foods! (frugivore -> mainly fruit, folivores -> mainly leaves, insectivores -> mainly insects)

bipedalism the knee

enlarged surface area in order to support our greater weight, degree of knee extension is decreased

female competition

ensure offspring survive so dominance relationships are important. they determine access to resources and these resources allow females to be healthy and reproduce

chimpanzees (panini)

equatorial africa, has various modes of locomotion, less sexually dimorphic than orangutans and gorillas, omnivorous, complex social behaviors and are highly territorial, genetically closer to humans than gorillas

gorilla (gorillinae)

equatorial africa, largest living primate, sexual dimorphic, knuckle walkers, folivorous, live in highly cohesive groups vegetarian, shy and gentle, only violent when threatened or when in competition for females, their groups consists of 1 male and many females difference in size and shape of head based on sex

dryopithecids

europe. size of chimps, ape-like traits such as large sharp canines, long cheek teeth w chewing surfaces-> frugivorous. prolonged period of growth. large brains and forelimbs and grasping hand and feet

Victoriapithecids

first appeared in early miocene, in North Africa and east africa. bilophodont molars instead of y-5 molars (Y-5 is ancestral)

euprimates

first true primates related and successful groups of euprimates (adapids and omomyids) > 200 species in Africa, Asia, W use, W europe

brachiation and bipedalism

flexible shoulder joints and grasping fingers are traits humans have that suggest brachiating ancestors brachiation might be a preadaptation of bipedalism; humans can still. brachiate

residential patter: factors influencing the type of pattern

food distribution: - type of food and availability during seasons food is abundant = large groups (multimale-multifamle, one male-multifemale) food in small clumps = small groups (monogamous pairs , one female-two males) food limited = individuals (solitary, insects)

High sharp cusps vs low rounded cusps

for eating leaves vs. for eating fruit.

bipedalism the skull

foramen magnum is located inferiorly instead of posteriorly so weight of head to sit directly on the spinal column we have falter face which helps with weight distribution

Platyrrhine

fossils found in S. America ~26 mya

hominini (subfamily: Hominidae, tribe: Hominini)

habitual bipeds, omnivores, spoken language, large complex brains

suspensory locomotion

hanging/swinging through the trees

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae (family)

includes subfamilies of aotidae, pitheciidae, atelidae, and alouattinae includes all new world monkeys except two

Reduced # of offspring

invest a lot more Time, energy, and intensive care into raising young -> allows for complex social groups and to rely on complex learned behavior

primate taxonomy

kingdom -> animalia phylum -> chordata class -> mammallia order -> primates

Gigantopithecus

largest primate to ever live. 10 ft tall, 660 lbs. limited to terrestrial activities. thick enamel and robust jaw bones

Hominoidae

lesser apes, greater apes, and humans. Absence of an external tail. Larger brains. Extended period of infant development. Y-5 lower molar pattern. Canine-premolar honing complex.

bonobos (panini)

live in Congo, smaller than common chimps, longer legs and differently shaped chests, more arboreal (live in lowland rain forest habitat), less excitable/aggrresive than chimps, unique sexual behavior

superpostion

location of a fossil in the ground can tell you its relative age

bipedalism the limbs

longer lower limbs so can swing gait with longer stride, shorter arms bc we don't need them for walking/climbing

male competition

males compete for access to females so can produce lots of offspring -> compete through intimidation and fighting competition = sexual selection = body size increases and canine size increases

Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae

marmosets/tamarins retain claws instead of nails, smallest platyrrhines, they twin often with chimerism, insectivores, unusual dental formula (2:1:3:2) also called capuchin monkeys They get their name from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Their coloring looks like friars garb! They are often in Movies!

ouranopithecus (dryopithecids)

modern Greece. large body, massive brow ridges. and wide space between eye sockets resemble gorillas, ancestral to African great apes

Sacculated stomach

multiple sacks that allow for digestion of tough foods like mature leaves Like cows.

visual prediction hypothesis

non-primates adapted to life in the trees. primate traits adapted to hunt insects and other small prey

biretia

northern africa. small in size. bicuspid lower premolars, similar to anthropoids. later date likely first in Africa

EX: am I a primate? - I usually have offspring twice a year, and give birth to 1-4 babies - I reach sexual maturity at 236 days old (females) and 438 days old (males) -I eat flowers, nectar, sap, and insects -I live in Australia and other parts of Oceania

not a primate

ex: am I a primate ? -I can be found from the southwestern US to Argentina - I use my strong sense of smell to find ripe fruit to eat, and the prominent nose helps me unearth invertebrates -Females give birth to 3-7 offspring every year -Females are all social - males are social until

not a primate

great apes

orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos (pygmy chimps), humans

Apes

originated in africa and then spread to europe and Asia ape fossils in europe and Asia by ~17 mya Europe = dryopitheciids and the oreopithecids asia = the sivapithecids disappearance of tropical foods like fruit lead to the extinction of most apes - they often prefer fruit late miocene europe is best guess for where ancestor of apes may have come frome used to have 100s of species of apes but now have 4 - drastic climate change that led to extinction

migration hypothesis 1

platyrrhine ancestors migrated south from north America and then evolved into Oligocene Platyrrhines. no evidence of this. no true anthropoids in NA during Eocene or oligocene. none of the euprimates resemble the fossils platyrrhines in South America during the late Oligocene

Broad nose

platyrrhine: 2.1.3.3/2

eosimias

possible anthropoid ancestor. first anthropoid. called dawn monkey. lived in east Asia. canine and upper jaw are monkey like and less prognathic. short callcaneus (heel bone) -> moved in trees like monkeys It is esp. similar to New World

arboreal hypothesis

primates emerged to fill a niche in the trees since they have grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision and intelligent

angiosperm radition hypothesis

primates emerged to take advantage of fruit resources increased availability of fruit. primates evolved to take advantage of food source visual acuity abd grasping hands/feet to find and eat food

flexible vertebral columns

primates have 4 types of vertebrae. this allows for bending and twisting human spines are S shaped rather than C shaped coccyx = tail

Reduced sense of smell

primates have a reduced sense of smell compared to many mammals Due to enhanced vision/they rely on vision more. Smaller and less projecting snouts.

high Parental investment

primates invest a lot of time in raising a small number of offspring Fewer offspring and more time invested in the offspring they have.

Learned Behaviors

primates learn from their parents: - non verbal and verbal communication - social behavior : competition and cooperation - tools use - parenting behavior - culture

non-radiometric techniques (absolute)

produce chronological ages but don't involve the use of radioactive decay (paleomagnetic dating, molecular clock)

radiometric techniques : absolute dating

produce chronological ages through use of radioactive decay (carbon-14, potassium-argon, fission track)

carbon-14 dating

radiometric dating technique also called radiocarbon dating or c-14 can only date organic material (wood, shell, bone, teeth) It is useful for dating materials75,000 - 50,000 years BP animals and plants absorb C; as C decals it reduces the ratio of C14 to C12 in organic material -> this measure can be used to determine the age of the plant/animall

potassium-argon dating

radiometric dating technique and allso called potassium dating or K-Ar dating can only date potassium-bearing minerals (mica, feldspar, hornblende) This means it can only be used on inorganic materials like igneous (volcanic) rock dates based on the progressive decay of 40K to 40 Ar. more AR = older sample is useful to date materials that are > 200,000 years BP

fission track dating

radiometric dating technique. based on radioactive decay of U238 only used on uranium-bearing minerals (zircon, uraninite) when isotope decays, fragments produced during the fission process leave trace on the rock crystal so more tracks present = older the material being dated useful for dating materials < 3,000,000 years BP

paleomagnetic dating (non-radiometric

random reversals of earths magnetic field earth reflects diff periods of N/s polarity. metal grains align themselves w earths magentic field as they settle and form sedimentary rock. banding patterns can be matched to fossil collections good for dating materials < 5,000,000 years BP

Hyoid

resonating chamber

where are fossils formed?

sedimentary rock other forms of evidence: - volcanic ash (footprints can be left in ash) - DNA preservation (neandertal DNA) - isotope analysis (can tell you abt diet homeland and age

voluntary communication

sharp grunting (disapproval), chuckling (playfulness), screaming(warning), roaring (aggression), belching (contentment), barking (curiosity)

Oreopithecids

short lived group. not ancestral to any living species. modern Italy and present in africa at same time as proconsulids. medium sized, small brained, long arms -> suspensory locomotion, specialized molars -> folivorous, And they were likely extinct by the end of the miocene

molecular clock (genetic dating)

species accumulates genetic differences over time at a fairly constant rate use to develop chronology pos species divergence. species that are more closely related share more similar DNA sequences than less-closely related species

atelidae subfamily

spider monkeys and wooly monkeys - only monkeys with prehensile tail besides howler monkeys

half life of an isotope

the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the original radioisotopes in a substance to decay rate of decay is consistent for each isotope and exponential

location of non-human primates

tropics of south or central America, Asia or Africa

arboreal quadripedalism

walking on all fours in the trees

Terrestrial Quadrupedalism

walking on all fours on the ground

bipedalism

walking on two legs on the ground

bipedalism the foot

wider surface to support our weight, smaller toes to facilitate walking on the ground, don't have an opposable hallux bc don't need to grasp branches foot arch is different, in humans weight goes from heel -> outside of foot -> ball-> big toe. in non-human primates weight goes from heel -> outside of foot -> middle toe

EX: am I a primate? - I am bipedal and have lost the ability to grasp with my big toe -Members of my species are able to extend outside of our natural range (Africa) because of cultural adaptations like clothing -I can give birth to one or two offspring every one to two years -My offspring have long childhoods in order to learn the complexities of our social system

yes a primate

ex: am I a primate? -I have one elongated finger I use to tap on branches to help find beetle larvae to eat. -I live in Madagascar. -I have my first offspring at about age 4, and give birth to one baby at a time every two to three years.

yes, a primate