Anthropology 2200 Exam 2
why study primates
- It provides a cross-species perspective - There are evolutionary implications - It allows for evolutionary modeling - And it provides insight into human behavior
Generalized body structure
- the bones of the shoulders, limbs, hands and feet are separate. This allows primates to have flexibility/high mobile joints - primates have an attached clavicle - many have front and hind limbs of equal length and this helps them walk along branches easily - many have long tails and in some cases this tail can be prehensile. Long tail helps the primate balance on tree limbs as it moves through canopy
pitheciidae
- titis, sakis,uakaris
Bilophodont molars
2 cusps connected my loph of enamel.
OWM Dental formula
2.1.2.3
Apes Dental formula
2.1.2.3 Dental formulas show evolutionary relationships.
NWM Dental formula
2.1.3.3
Ancestral dental formula
3.1.4.3 (Mammals) Order = Incisors, canines, premolars, and molars. # of upper and # of lower can tell you about evolutionary relationships
What is the anthropoid ancestor?
Adapids ▪A little problematic because tooth combs (a derived trait) are in Strepsirhines but the ancestral trait remains in Anthropoids ▪Omomyids ▪Similar to Tarsiers. Tarsiers similar to Anthropoids so maybe! Basal anthropoids ▪A third group - independent of A and O - is also a possibility!
Cooperation
Affiliative. Strategy to promote group cohesion, assurance, pleasure, reciprocity.
Competition
Aggressive. Strategy for access to food and mates. Females compete for resources = reproduction strategy. Aggressive behaviors = Direct eye contact, raising eyebrows, baring canines, charging. can involve subordination behaviors like showing backside, cowering , presenting to groom, vocalizations -> ease tensions and prevent conflict
Arboreal adaptations
Arboreal = Tree (most primates are well suited to life in trees) How useful are adaptions? Behaviors and anatomical characteristics.
Suspensory locomotion
Arboreal locomotion (climbing, brachiating). Spider monkeys, Gibbons, Orangutans. Mobile wrist joint. Very long forelimbs. Dorsal scapula. Short stiff back. Often lack tail. Long hind limbs. traits allow them to reach diff branches and to hang
Arboreal Quadrupedalism
Arboreal locomotion. Old/New world monkeys. Laterally placed scapula for flexibility. Short/similar length limbs for stability. Grasping feet for branches. Long tail for balance ex: proboscis monkey, squirrel monkey, owl/night monkey
Warning calls: cooperation
Attacking predators and warning calls. Allows other members of the group to escape. Might lead to injury or death. Bringing attention to yourself by making call, dangerous act. High risk.
Cercopithecinae
Baboons, macaques, vervet monkeys. Frugivores, fruit eaters. Low rounded molar cusps for eating fruit. Cheek pouches.
Allomothering
Babysitting. Alloparenting. Individual other than parent cares for the infant. Usually done by females. Caring for young that are not yours. Some species, males also contribute.
Group living: residential pattern
Balance between competition for resources and the benefits associated with social behavior. Constant struggle between competition and cooperation. pros: protection from predators, locating and protecting resources, access to mates, long term bonds cons: competition for resources and mates, violence, spread of disease
Kin selection
Behavior that increases the fitness of this closely related to the individual. Usually the focus of altruistic behavior. Increases the donors inclusive fitness. Reproductive success of organism and close kin.
Stereoscopic vision
Both eyes see at the same time. helps with Depth perception during locomotion.
Platyrrhini
Broad nosed. New world monkeys. 2:1:3:3/2 three premolars and upper molars with a four cusped chewing surface live in latin and South America
Galago
Bush babies. Subfamily of Lorises. Sub-Saharan Africa. Nocturnal. Vertical clingers and leapers. Insectivorous.
Leaf sponges for collecting water
Chewed leaves as sponges to collect water.
Tool use
Chimpanzees: spears and their use for hunting bush babies. rods to fish for termites, chewed leaves as sponges, rocks to open nuts
Old world monkey
Colobinae and cercopithecinae. Diverse range of habitats. Some arboreal and terrestrial. No prehensile tail. High level of sexual dimorphism (canines, body)
Canine-premolar honing complex
Creates sharp surface.
Life history strategies
Developmental stages that influence reproductive rates. Longer gestation. Parental investment. Longer life expectancy. Longer female reproductive period.
Dietary plasticity
Eat a wide variety of foods.
Rhinarium
External wet nose. more derived primates like Haplorhines no longer have external wet noses or the long snout; more ancestral primates like Strepsirhines have wet noses and long snouts tho
Group hunting/foraging: cooperation
Find food more efficiently. Might find food/hunt prey that you could not get as an individual. Have to share. Might get injured during hunt.
Precision grip
Fine manipulation. Pick up small things using 2-3 fingers; forage for small leaves, insects and fruits
Dermal ridges
Finger/toe prints. Enhanced sense of touch. Treads for hands and feet provided better grasp. Like boots. in strepsirhines (the more primitive primates) they are simple in higher primates they are more complicated. this allows for better grasp
Power grip
Fist-like grip around object. Hand in hand with opposable thumb. helps to grasp tree branches
Vertical clinging and leaping
Form of arboreal locomotion. Most common in strepsirrhines/prosimians/tarsiers. Long hands for grasping, long flexible back for leaping, long hind limbs. ex: sifaka, tarsier, indri
Males
Goal to have offspring: Limited by access to females. So, males should try to defend females from other males.
Females
Goal to have offspring: Limited by access to resources. So, females should try to defend resources from other females.
Longer gestation
Grater investment in young. Extended length of each stage of the life cycle.
Culture
Harlow's experiments. Japanese Macaques, beach of Koshima, wash sweet potatoes in salt water, 1 decade idea spread, from very few to most quickly. Culture passes very quickly among the troop. Culture = common knowledge. chimps have grooming traditions (ex: in Tanzania chimps clasp hands while grooming)
Flexibility
Highly mobile joints. Able to move with ease between trees.
Catarrhini
Hook nosed. Old world monkeys, apes, humans. 2:1:2:3. Similar to humans.
Visual estrus
Hormonally influenced period of sexual receptivity in females. Skin around genitals becomes inflated and red. Advertises fertility and receptivity.
Sexual dimorphism
How much competition for access to other mates.
Color vision
Insects/Prey/Fruit. Used to distinguish these three things apart from each other. Bright colored insects, fruit, etc.
slow loris
It has a toxic bite! It licks a gland on its arm The gland secretion activates with saliva making it toxic •It eats small animals, fruit, gum, vegetation •It communicates by sent marking •It is hunted for exotic pet trade
aye-aye
It's nocturnal •It's mainly insectivorous •It has a thin middle finger which it uses to forage for grubs. It taps to find grubs. Gnaws the bark to make an access hole and then uses its long finger to pull out grubs •It's solitary
ring-tailed lemur
It's terrestrial •It has a black and white ringed tail •It's omnivorous •It's diurnal •It lives in forest and spiny scrub •It's highly social •Females are dominant -This is common in Lemurs •It practices sent marking •And stink fighting/flirting- They compete for access to resources by seeing who sells stronger!
Termite fishing
Jane Goodall. Use grass as tool to extract termites out of termite mound.
Infanticide
Killing of nursing young. Foreign male drives out dominant male. females try to protect the young but the new male is llalrger than the females and the male kills the young. this causes females to resume ovulation and this new male impregnantes the female and the new babies belongs to new Male -> old males genetic contribution is reduced
Eye size/nocturnal behavior - galagos
Large eyes and large ears. Turn head over 180 degrees. index finger widely spaced so can feed better and grip branches
Predation (influences type of pattern)
Large group may help fend off predators if prediction is high and body size is small. Large bodied primates and nocturnal species are not preyed on as often. thus solitary species tend to be large/nocturnal
Multi-male multi-female (many males and females and their offspring)
Large troops. Promiscuous mating. Male competition relatively low. Sexual dimorphism low. Protection from predators, more effective food acquisition. lots of genetic variability. Dominance (social hierarchies) imposes degree of order; reduction of violence. dominant = greater reproductive success, greater access to food and females; hierarchical behavior is learned socially Common residential pattern: Chimpanzees. in OWM, NWM, chimps and bonobos
New world monkey
Latin and South America. Arboreal. Prehensile tail. Suspenseful locomotion.
Tapetum lucidum
Layer behind the retina. Reflects visible light back through the retina. Improves vision in low light conditions.
Colobinae
Leaf eating monkeys (langurs, colobus monkeys, proboscis monkeys). mostly Folivorous so have Sacculated stomach and Bilophodont teeth. Long intestines and a lot of stomach acid to aid in digestion
Strepsirrhini
Lemur, Loris, Galago. Wet nosed primates. Folded in nose primates. Much more primitive. Similar to non primate mammals. Found in Africa and Asia. 13% of primates. Nocturna (they retain the ancestral tapetum luicdum -> layer behind the retina that reflects visible light back through the retina; improve vision in low light conditions) they have post-orbital bars but not closures bc their eyes are not as forward facing as those of higher primates -> they have partially stereoscopic vision -> more primitive characteristic they lack color vision -> primitive characteristic rely heavily on sense of smell and smell can be used for communication in nocturnal animals -> ancestral trait retain many ancestral characteristics -> doesn't mean they are the ancestors of monkeys have more specialized diets and behaviors; they use vertical clinging and leaping to get around this suborder has one infraorder: lemuriformes
Tooth comb
Lemurs. Works like a shovel. Use it to groom. Pull through fur of themselves and others. Extracting resin from trees. Included canine. All will have 6 teeth. strepsirhines have this; derived
Hylobatidae
Lesser apes. Southeast Asia (tropical and subtropical). Frugivores. Highly territorial, siren songs to let others know where there terrority is. Arboreal, brachiation. Gibbons and siamangs (sexual dichromatism; different sexes are diff colors)
Frugivore
Mainly fruit. wide and rounded molar cusps
Insectivore
Mainly insects.
Folivore
Mainly leaves.
Playing: cooperation
Maintains close contact between family members and non related group members. Eases tension. Promotes group cohesion.
Dominance
Males assert dominance. Fight for dominance to assert to females. Determined by: sex, age, aggression, intelligence, mothers position, time in group. Greater reproductive success.
Scent glands
Marking and messages. Communication for nocturnal animals. strepsirhines have this
Rhinarium
Moist nose. Readily picks up scents.
Anthropoidea
Monkeys, apes, and humans.
One-male one-female (monogamous)
Monogamy. Male knows his offspring. Invests more time in supporting offspring. Less sexual dimorphism bc Lower degree of competition. Share defense of territory. Social interactions limited. Infants solitary play unless siblings present. Parents play with infants. gibbon and siamang, night monkeys, some marmosets -> uncommon group
platyrrhine: ceboidea
Most are arboreal quadrupeds •Some have suspensory locomotion Can have prehensile tails This trait is never in Old World Monkeys They have diverse diets- They eat leaves, fruit, insects Ceboidea has two Families: Atelidae - Howler, Owl, Spider, Titi, and Woolly monkeys, Uakaris, and Sakis Cebidae: Marmosets, Tamarins, Capuchins, Squirrel Monkeys ex: spider monkey
Warfare: cooperation
Observed in chimps. Group fights between chimps over territory. Often kill neighboring males. Gain Territory = access to food resources.
Y-5 molars
Often 5 cusps. Grooves in teeth create y-5. Apes or humans.
Solitary (noyau)
One male range encompasses several female ranges. Individuals forage separately and socialize for reproduction. Less successful males = more solitary. Marked sexual dimorphism. Large territory = increased male reproductive success. Tend to be large and nocturnal exes: orangutans and some strepirhines (mouse lemur and aye-aye) -> large canines and Chee pads, loud calls, part of male competition
Lemur
Only found on the island of Madagascar (only non-human primate found there ). Ring-tailed lemur, Mouse lemur, Indri, Sifaka, Aye-Aye. represent 21% of primate genera worldwide
Opposable Hallux/Pollux
Opposable big toe. Hallux = Big toe. Pollux = thumb. opposable big toe allows for grasping of tree branches with their feet
Opposable Pollux
Opposable thumb. Grasping with 4 fingers and thumb. Pollux = thumb.
Ponginae
Orangutan. Live in Borneo and Sumatra. Sexually dimorphic. Arboreal, slow climbers. Frugivores. Solitary lives.
Semi-Brachiation
Orangutans and spider monkeys. Less shoulder rotation. Use prehensile tail in case of spider monkey. Chimps are occasional brachiators.
Hominidae
Orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos (pygmy chimpanzees) = Great apes . More terrestrial. Various forms of locomotion. Dietary diversity. Great apes are knuckle walkers, aside from orangutans and humans
aotidae
Owl/night monkeys - this species is the only true nocturnal monkey - relies on vocal calls and scent marking to communicate - can get human forms of malaria - used for research
Tarsier
Places with anthropoids. Closely related to strepsirrhini. Southeast Asia. Nocturnal. 1 eye larger than brain. Vertical clingers and leapers. Highly carnivorous. Grooming claw. Name refers to elongated tarsal bones (foot bones, which provides extra leverage for leaping) grooming claw: 2nd and 3rd toes highly carnivorous-> they eat lizards, frogs and insects
One female-multi-male (polyandrous) and their immature offspring
Polyandry. Most rare type of social group. Female reproduction consumes more time and energy. Need more males. Communal breeding. Males help with parenting. This gives birth to twins bc they are small in size ex: tamarin, marmoset
One male-Multi-female (polygynous)
Polygyny. Sexual dimorphism. Ensures reproductive rights to females. Females select males, leave if not suitable. Dominating males. Females stay in their natal (birth) group. Males leave group as juveniles-before reproductive maturity. Females=close social network. Allomothering in some cases. Males marginalized. most common type of social group. langur, howler monkey, gorilla, and maybe gelada baboon
Howler monkey
Prehensile tale. Make loud vocalizations. Subfamily Alouattinae. enlarged hyoids; loudest land animals, use vocalizations to protect territory, resources and females
Grooming claw
Primitive trait. Purpose: grooming and extracting insects. "Toilet claw" strepsirhines have this; ancestral
Post orbital bar/closure
Product of eyes moving forward. Can't put a finger into the orbital = post orbital closure. Post orbital bar is the bone around your eye. All primates have a post orbital bar. higher primates have post-orbital closure
Parenting behaviors
Prolonged period of development. Prolonged period of parental care. Allows parents to teach offspring how to succeed socially/in environment. Primates learn from parents: Non verbal and verbal communication, social behavior, tool use parenting behavior, and culture.
Nails
Provide protection and gripping. primates have nails rather than claws; they are flat and short rather than long and curved
Fossilization
Remains of organisms that have been transformed into rock through chemical replacement. Provide direct physical evidence of past life forms and their evolution. Ideal burial environment necessary. Remains covered soon after death, protection from scavengers, fossilizations rare, favors widespread long lived species. Most fossils in sedimentary rock. environment allows to understand factors that shave shaped evolution yin the past
Subordination
Ritualized behavior. Showing backside, cowering, presenting to groom, greeting with friendly facial expressions and vocalizations, intended to ease tension, prevent conflict.
Language
Significant human development. Communication in non human primates: emotional, only in the present, predator alarm system, establish territories, interact. Many have been taught ASL. can make references to external objects. Can identify images of things. communication can be voluntary -> postures, vocalizations, facial expressions autonomic (unintentional) -> virtual estrus
Ischial callosities
Sitting pad. Thickened calluses on backside. Only in old world monkeys. Help monkeys to sleep on thin branches away from predators.
Social strategies
Social adaptions that influence reproductive rates. Help maximize fitness. Many benefits to social behavior. Likely co-evolved with life history strategies.
Bush baby hunting
Spears used for hunting bush babies. Make spear and hunt.
Prehensile tail
Spider monkey, Howler monkey, Wooly monkey.
Cheek pouches
Store food./ fruit
Steno's law of superposition
Stratigraphic layers, no specific dates. The lower the stratum the older its age. Oldest strata at the bottom, youngest at the top. Where is the fossil found?
Haplorhini
Tarsiers, Monkeys, Apes, and Humans. Simple noses. More like typical primate characteristics More derived traits. have larger bodies, larger brain-to-body size ratios, more sexually dimorphism, less specialized dentition (fewer premolars), greater reliance on vision than on smell, post-orbital closure, and are diurnal rather than nocturnal this suborder has two infraorders: - tarsiiformes - anthropoidea (has two parvorders = platyrrhine and catarrhine)
All-male
Temporary all male groups formed before young males join groups that include M/F commonly exist tg with multi male, multi female groups have bachelor groups that exist tg with one Mae and multi female groups -> consist of males who are not able to obtain females, may attack one male groups and attempt to evict the resident male from his females (this leads to
Terrestrial Quadrupedalism
Terrestrial locomotion. Old world monkeys. Great Apes. Restricted shoulder joint for stability. Reduced tail (don't need for balance). Short toes (don't need to grib w their feet). Long/similar length limbs. Knuckle walking (form of TQ, allows for climbing), long fingers tucked under hands, allows for climbing. exes: baboons , chimpanzee
Primatology
The study of the behavior, ecology, anatomy, and evolution of non-human primates.
mouse lemurs
The world's smallest primateIt's < 1 lb .•It eats insects, small vertebrates, gum, fruit, flowers, nectar, leaves •It's nocturnal
Generalized heterodont
This dentition allows for wide range of foods. Hetero = different.
Grooming: cooperation
To remove parasites and dead skin. Maintains close contact between family members and non related group members. Eases tension. Promotes group cohesion. Different depending on the group.
Loris
Tropical Africa and Southeast Asia. Nocturnal. Slow moving. Deliberate stalkers of small prey. Slow Loris.
Brachiation
True brachiators are lesser apes. Characterizes by movement through trees using hand over hand suspensory motion. gibbons/siamangs
Bipedalism
Up right walking. Humans only true bipeds. Curved lower back, large head of femur, short fingers/toes, long heels, long/large hind limbs, short broad ilium. Hip joints larger to support greater amount of body weight. S-shaped spine, for up right posture (vertebral column), invest less muscular effort to stay upright as our entire body is over our center of gravity. femur head = shorter broad shape, femur angled towards the middle rather than straight so knees under our body's center of gravity traits we see in bipeds relate to the fact that the weight of our upper body is applied to our joints
Taphonomy
What makes a fossil. Study of the deposition of plant/animal remains and the environmental conditions affecting their preservation. Anything that happens to a fossil (sedimentation, water systems, carnivore activities)
Khoratpithecus
ancestor of organutans. gave rise to the orangutan
adapids
ancestral to modern lemurs and anthropoids. similar in body size to lemurs, had fat vertical incisors, were diurnal, sexual dimorphism, no tooth combs, were prognathic All have clear primate characteristics:▪Postorbital bar and convergent eye orbits▪Long, opposable digits grasping ability▪Nails rather than claws▪Large brain relative to body size
omomyids
ancestral to tarsiers. large projecting lower incisors, short skulls with narrow snouts, nocturnal, large eye orbits to adapt to nigh vision All have clear primate characteristics:▪Postorbital bar and convergent eye orbits▪Long, opposable digits grasping ability▪Nails rather than claws▪Large brain relative to body size.
fluorine absorption dating
applied to bone. one of first methods of chemical dating. bone absorbs flurorine from groundwater in the surrounding soil. more flourine = longer time buried relative, no absolute date is produced
sivapithecus
asia. thick enamel for eating hard foods. similar to orangutans. convcave face, narrow nasal bones, oval eye orbits projecting premaxilla, large upper central incisors, small lateral incisors
Late Miocene Climate Change
big change in climate and ecology in late miocene, earth became cooler and dryer, tropical foods disappeared so apes got extinct
specialized adaptations
canine-premolar honing complex, tooth comb (in lemurs), and bilophodont
Hooked nose
catarrhini: 2.1.2.3
vertical clinging and leaping
clinging and leaping
Altruism
cooperation is. a Form of Altruism. Behavior that benefits others while being a disadvantage to the individual. Grooming/playing, hunting/food sharing, caregiving, attacking predators, giving warning calls.
biostratigraphy
correlating and assigning relative age to strata by using fossil assemblages this is done using index fossils (fossils w known age range), artifacts and ash from volcanoes
absolute dating
determines approximate age of fossils not based on relationships with other fossils : Radiocarbon, Potassium-Argon, Thermoluminescence EX: my brother is 23 and I am 33 years old
relative dating
determines order of events without determine absolute age first form of dating EX: my brother is younger than I am
propliopithecid Aegyptopithecus
direct ancestor of catarrhines
plesiadapiforms
diverse group of Paleocene mammals. may have been first primates but more likely ancestors to the first true primates. lived in wester N America, Western Europe, Asia and probs Africa small brain, no post-orbital bar and convergent eye orbits, no opposable digits, had claws, 3 cusp teeth, lacked petrosal auditory bulla. Most were extinct by the end of the Paleocene epoch similar dental to primates and have petrosal auditory bulla (a primate trait)
proconsulids
earliest apes. in east africa. catarrhine primates. There is likely an ancestral relationship between Propliopithecids and Proconsulids. show great diversity of taxa. wide spread radiation of proconsulids during climatic warning. 10 genera and 15 species and all had different diets and habitats are dental apes. combo of hominoid and catarrhine traits. skull and teeth = ape like traits. Y-5 molar pattern, wide and rounded molar cusps = frugivorous. ate leaves. developed canine premolars honing complex. lacked tails. skeleton had monkey like traits with equal length front and hind limbs, no knuckle walking or swinging -> arboreal quadrupeds, direct articulation b/w carpals and ulna -> limited wrist mobility
rafting hypothesis
early primates used rafts of naturally accumulated vegetation to cross the Atlantic Ocean. still occurs today
Omnivorous
eat Fruit, nuts, seeds, leaves, insects, meat. Wide range of foods! (frugivore -> mainly fruit, folivores -> mainly leaves, insectivores -> mainly insects)
bipedalism the knee
enlarged surface area in order to support our greater weight, degree of knee extension is decreased
female competition
ensure offspring survive so dominance relationships are important. they determine access to resources and these resources allow females to be healthy and reproduce
chimpanzees (panini)
equatorial africa, has various modes of locomotion, less sexually dimorphic than orangutans and gorillas, omnivorous, complex social behaviors and are highly territorial, genetically closer to humans than gorillas
gorilla (gorillinae)
equatorial africa, largest living primate, sexual dimorphic, knuckle walkers, folivorous, live in highly cohesive groups vegetarian, shy and gentle, only violent when threatened or when in competition for females, their groups consists of 1 male and many females difference in size and shape of head based on sex
dryopithecids
europe. size of chimps, ape-like traits such as large sharp canines, long cheek teeth w chewing surfaces-> frugivorous. prolonged period of growth. large brains and forelimbs and grasping hand and feet
Victoriapithecids
first appeared in early miocene, in North Africa and east africa. bilophodont molars instead of y-5 molars (Y-5 is ancestral)
euprimates
first true primates related and successful groups of euprimates (adapids and omomyids) > 200 species in Africa, Asia, W use, W europe
brachiation and bipedalism
flexible shoulder joints and grasping fingers are traits humans have that suggest brachiating ancestors brachiation might be a preadaptation of bipedalism; humans can still. brachiate
residential patter: factors influencing the type of pattern
food distribution: - type of food and availability during seasons food is abundant = large groups (multimale-multifamle, one male-multifemale) food in small clumps = small groups (monogamous pairs , one female-two males) food limited = individuals (solitary, insects)
High sharp cusps vs low rounded cusps
for eating leaves vs. for eating fruit.
bipedalism the skull
foramen magnum is located inferiorly instead of posteriorly so weight of head to sit directly on the spinal column we have falter face which helps with weight distribution
Platyrrhine
fossils found in S. America ~26 mya
hominini (subfamily: Hominidae, tribe: Hominini)
habitual bipeds, omnivores, spoken language, large complex brains
suspensory locomotion
hanging/swinging through the trees
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Atelidae (family)
includes subfamilies of aotidae, pitheciidae, atelidae, and alouattinae includes all new world monkeys except two
Reduced # of offspring
invest a lot more Time, energy, and intensive care into raising young -> allows for complex social groups and to rely on complex learned behavior
primate taxonomy
kingdom -> animalia phylum -> chordata class -> mammallia order -> primates
Gigantopithecus
largest primate to ever live. 10 ft tall, 660 lbs. limited to terrestrial activities. thick enamel and robust jaw bones
Hominoidae
lesser apes, greater apes, and humans. Absence of an external tail. Larger brains. Extended period of infant development. Y-5 lower molar pattern. Canine-premolar honing complex.
bonobos (panini)
live in Congo, smaller than common chimps, longer legs and differently shaped chests, more arboreal (live in lowland rain forest habitat), less excitable/aggrresive than chimps, unique sexual behavior
superpostion
location of a fossil in the ground can tell you its relative age
bipedalism the limbs
longer lower limbs so can swing gait with longer stride, shorter arms bc we don't need them for walking/climbing
male competition
males compete for access to females so can produce lots of offspring -> compete through intimidation and fighting competition = sexual selection = body size increases and canine size increases
Platyrrhini: Ceboidea: Cebidae
marmosets/tamarins retain claws instead of nails, smallest platyrrhines, they twin often with chimerism, insectivores, unusual dental formula (2:1:3:2) also called capuchin monkeys They get their name from the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin. Their coloring looks like friars garb! They are often in Movies!
ouranopithecus (dryopithecids)
modern Greece. large body, massive brow ridges. and wide space between eye sockets resemble gorillas, ancestral to African great apes
Sacculated stomach
multiple sacks that allow for digestion of tough foods like mature leaves Like cows.
visual prediction hypothesis
non-primates adapted to life in the trees. primate traits adapted to hunt insects and other small prey
biretia
northern africa. small in size. bicuspid lower premolars, similar to anthropoids. later date likely first in Africa
EX: am I a primate? - I usually have offspring twice a year, and give birth to 1-4 babies - I reach sexual maturity at 236 days old (females) and 438 days old (males) -I eat flowers, nectar, sap, and insects -I live in Australia and other parts of Oceania
not a primate
ex: am I a primate ? -I can be found from the southwestern US to Argentina - I use my strong sense of smell to find ripe fruit to eat, and the prominent nose helps me unearth invertebrates -Females give birth to 3-7 offspring every year -Females are all social - males are social until
not a primate
great apes
orangutans, gorillas, chimps, bonobos (pygmy chimps), humans
Apes
originated in africa and then spread to europe and Asia ape fossils in europe and Asia by ~17 mya Europe = dryopitheciids and the oreopithecids asia = the sivapithecids disappearance of tropical foods like fruit lead to the extinction of most apes - they often prefer fruit late miocene europe is best guess for where ancestor of apes may have come frome used to have 100s of species of apes but now have 4 - drastic climate change that led to extinction
migration hypothesis 1
platyrrhine ancestors migrated south from north America and then evolved into Oligocene Platyrrhines. no evidence of this. no true anthropoids in NA during Eocene or oligocene. none of the euprimates resemble the fossils platyrrhines in South America during the late Oligocene
Broad nose
platyrrhine: 2.1.3.3/2
eosimias
possible anthropoid ancestor. first anthropoid. called dawn monkey. lived in east Asia. canine and upper jaw are monkey like and less prognathic. short callcaneus (heel bone) -> moved in trees like monkeys It is esp. similar to New World
arboreal hypothesis
primates emerged to fill a niche in the trees since they have grasping hands and feet, stereoscopic vision and intelligent
angiosperm radition hypothesis
primates emerged to take advantage of fruit resources increased availability of fruit. primates evolved to take advantage of food source visual acuity abd grasping hands/feet to find and eat food
flexible vertebral columns
primates have 4 types of vertebrae. this allows for bending and twisting human spines are S shaped rather than C shaped coccyx = tail
Reduced sense of smell
primates have a reduced sense of smell compared to many mammals Due to enhanced vision/they rely on vision more. Smaller and less projecting snouts.
high Parental investment
primates invest a lot of time in raising a small number of offspring Fewer offspring and more time invested in the offspring they have.
Learned Behaviors
primates learn from their parents: - non verbal and verbal communication - social behavior : competition and cooperation - tools use - parenting behavior - culture
non-radiometric techniques (absolute)
produce chronological ages but don't involve the use of radioactive decay (paleomagnetic dating, molecular clock)
radiometric techniques : absolute dating
produce chronological ages through use of radioactive decay (carbon-14, potassium-argon, fission track)
carbon-14 dating
radiometric dating technique also called radiocarbon dating or c-14 can only date organic material (wood, shell, bone, teeth) It is useful for dating materials75,000 - 50,000 years BP animals and plants absorb C; as C decals it reduces the ratio of C14 to C12 in organic material -> this measure can be used to determine the age of the plant/animall
potassium-argon dating
radiometric dating technique and allso called potassium dating or K-Ar dating can only date potassium-bearing minerals (mica, feldspar, hornblende) This means it can only be used on inorganic materials like igneous (volcanic) rock dates based on the progressive decay of 40K to 40 Ar. more AR = older sample is useful to date materials that are > 200,000 years BP
fission track dating
radiometric dating technique. based on radioactive decay of U238 only used on uranium-bearing minerals (zircon, uraninite) when isotope decays, fragments produced during the fission process leave trace on the rock crystal so more tracks present = older the material being dated useful for dating materials < 3,000,000 years BP
paleomagnetic dating (non-radiometric
random reversals of earths magnetic field earth reflects diff periods of N/s polarity. metal grains align themselves w earths magentic field as they settle and form sedimentary rock. banding patterns can be matched to fossil collections good for dating materials < 5,000,000 years BP
Hyoid
resonating chamber
where are fossils formed?
sedimentary rock other forms of evidence: - volcanic ash (footprints can be left in ash) - DNA preservation (neandertal DNA) - isotope analysis (can tell you abt diet homeland and age
voluntary communication
sharp grunting (disapproval), chuckling (playfulness), screaming(warning), roaring (aggression), belching (contentment), barking (curiosity)
Oreopithecids
short lived group. not ancestral to any living species. modern Italy and present in africa at same time as proconsulids. medium sized, small brained, long arms -> suspensory locomotion, specialized molars -> folivorous, And they were likely extinct by the end of the miocene
molecular clock (genetic dating)
species accumulates genetic differences over time at a fairly constant rate use to develop chronology pos species divergence. species that are more closely related share more similar DNA sequences than less-closely related species
atelidae subfamily
spider monkeys and wooly monkeys - only monkeys with prehensile tail besides howler monkeys
half life of an isotope
the amount of time it takes for 1/2 of the original radioisotopes in a substance to decay rate of decay is consistent for each isotope and exponential
location of non-human primates
tropics of south or central America, Asia or Africa
arboreal quadripedalism
walking on all fours in the trees
Terrestrial Quadrupedalism
walking on all fours on the ground
bipedalism
walking on two legs on the ground
bipedalism the foot
wider surface to support our weight, smaller toes to facilitate walking on the ground, don't have an opposable hallux bc don't need to grasp branches foot arch is different, in humans weight goes from heel -> outside of foot -> ball-> big toe. in non-human primates weight goes from heel -> outside of foot -> middle toe
EX: am I a primate? - I am bipedal and have lost the ability to grasp with my big toe -Members of my species are able to extend outside of our natural range (Africa) because of cultural adaptations like clothing -I can give birth to one or two offspring every one to two years -My offspring have long childhoods in order to learn the complexities of our social system
yes a primate
ex: am I a primate? -I have one elongated finger I use to tap on branches to help find beetle larvae to eat. -I live in Madagascar. -I have my first offspring at about age 4, and give birth to one baby at a time every two to three years.
yes, a primate