Anthropology Chapter 11By

In comparison to the diets of foragers, food producers' diets are generally

Less varied, less nutritious, and lower in protein

The transition between Mesolithic to Neolithic occurred when groups

became dependent on domesticated foods for a majority of the diet

What is the term for subtropical woodland zone that flanks rivers?

hilly flanks

Which of the following aided the spread of maize farming?

improved irrigation system and increased population

The formation of states in the Middle East was made possible by the development of

irrigation techniques

Anthropologists refer to African American practice of using cattle for their milk and blood rather than for their meat (except on ceremonial occasions) as the

"African cattle complex"

Compared to the Middle East, the states emerged in Mesoamerica

3,000 years later

Middle easterners were living in vibrant cities by

5500 bp

What's another name for Neolithic Revolution

Agricultural revolution

which of the following did people learn in the neolithic, after adopting food production almost exclusively?

Arched mansory, weaving, and smelting

As the Ice Age ended, foragers began creating a more generalized economy, one that didnt rely of large animals, what was tyhis movement called?

Broad-spectrum revolution

Foragers in the valley of Oaxaca gathered in large groups to intensively gather which of the following?

Cactus fruit and Mesquite

Which of the following happened during the era of increased specialization in food production (7500-5500 B.P.)?

Cattles and pigs were domesticated, New crops were added to the diet, agriculture extended to the alluvial plain of the Tigris and euphrates rivers

which of the following became widespread after food producing states came into existence?

Crime, slavery, human sacrifice

In both northern and southern China, food production supported large villages by 7500 B.P.,

Despite dramatic differences in temperatures and rainfall

The only animal domesticated throughout the New World?

Dog

States are social and political units that feature which of the following?

Extreme contrast of wealth, social classes, central government

In the middle east, the sedentary village life developed before which of the following?

Herding and farming

Which of the following were the main caloric staples of early Native American farmers?

Maize, manoic, and white potatoes

Which of the following spread as food production spread during the Neolithic?

Malaria, small pox

Which of the following occurred as Europe warmed after the Ice Age?

New Hunting techniques were developed, The smoking and salting of meat and fish became increasingly important, dogs were domesticated as retrievers

By 10,000 B.P., hunting, gathering, and fishing populations extended to which of the following formerly glaciated lands?

Scandinavia and the British Isles

Dependence of which of the following are considered archeological evidence of the presence of Neolithic cultures

Sedentaty life, Ceramic vessels, and cultivation

In china, the development of communities based around food production led eventually between 3600 to 3100 B.P., to the

Shang Dynasty

Climate change impacted the orgin of food production in the Middle East in which of the following ways?

The local environments were so rich in resources that foragers could lead settled (sedentary) lives

which of the following increased as maize became domesticated?

The number of kernel per cobs, the average cob size, the number of cobs per stock

Compared to Middle east, food production reached western Europe

about 5,000 years later

Early cultivation began as an attempt to

copy the growth of wild grains

which of the following were domesticated int he new world?

dogs, ducks, and turkeys

Jared Diamond argued that the diffusion of plants, animals, technology, and information in the Old world was

facilitated by its geography

Changes that occurred in 9000 and 8000 B.P. in the form and phytolith size of South American seeds suggest that

farmers were selecting certain characteristics in plants for cultivation

For agriculture in Oaxaca, after farmers burn to remove weeds, they use ash as a

fertilizer

Nabta Playa, one of the earliest known Neolithic settlements in Egypt, was located in a basin that

filled with water

the easiest wild animals to domesticate

live in heirarchial herds

According to archeologists, new subsistence strategies were most often adopted by middle easterners

living in areas where wild foods were less abundant

As people began to select plants to cultivate, domesticated plants began to

lose their natural-seed dispersal mechanism

Compared to foragers, food producers tend to have

more children

How were cereal grains spread outside their natural habitats

mutation and trade between zones

Anthropologists have come to believe that foragers have an excellent knowledge of what?

plant and animal reproduction

To cultivate maize, Oaxacan relied on

pot irrigation

After 15,000 B.P., foragers turned into species that

quickly and proficiently reproduced

Early farming on China was based of the production of which of the following

rice and millet

South American farmers expanded their food plots into forests by

slashing and burning

What did neolithic foragers need to start and sustain the process of domestication?

some sort of trigger

According to molecular and genetic studies, maize domestication first took place in

southwestern Mexico

Maize's wild ancestor is the species of

teosinte

Natufians were able to establish year-round villages before domestication as a result of?

the availability of wild cereal for half the year

Food production was the outcome not only of the spread of cereal grains outside their natural habitat but also of

the need to feed a growing human population

Nabta Playa's significance as a regional ceremonial center is suggested by

the presence of nine large stone slabs

From the Middle East, domesticates first spread

to northern Africa