Anthropology Exam 1
By what year were women anthropologists beginning to ask why women were not a more important focus of research?
1960
Dialect
A variety of a language spoken in a particular area or by particular social group
What seeks to understand how and why peoples of today, and the recent past, differ in their customary ways of thinking and acting?
An ethnologist
What can be trained in any or all of the subfields of anthropology?
Applied or practicing anthropologist
Cultural ecology focuses mostly on what biologists call group selection because...
Certain behavioral or social characteristics may be adaptive for a group or society in a given environment
Ethnoscience was an early kind of...
Cognitive anthropology (ex. looking for results)
The ideal cultural patterns of a society...
Consist of the ideas people have about how they ought to behave
Archaeology is a sub field of...
Cultural Anthropology
A theoretical orientation is a general attitude about how _____ is/are to be explained.
Cultural Phenomena
A system that exists if a society is divided into two large intermarrying groups is...
Cultural Phenomena (Levi-Strauss)
The anthropological attitude that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities is called...
Cultural Relativism
What is the analysis of the relationship between a culture and its environment?
Cultural ecology
The concept of cultural integration means that...
Cultural elements or traits are adjusted to or constant with
The major objection to Malinowski's (Functionalism) is that it cannot readily account for _____ variation
Culture
Unlike ethnologist, ethnographers...
Describe a given society based on their own fieldwork
What is defined as cultural traits that are spreading from one society to another?
Diffusion
Unlike archaeologists, ethnologists...
Draw on a database principally of observations and interviews with living people
One of the most important effects ____ has had an anthropology is the recognition that perceptions of other cultures are shaped by the observers' culture
Feminist research
Excavation
Find every piece of evidence about the past that a given site holds and record the horizontal and vertical location of the evidence
Who argues that those in political power were able to shape the way accepted truths were defined?
Foucault (Post Modernism)
The American diffusionist (Krowber) attributed the characteristic features of a culture to a _____ culture center
Geographical
Cultural ecology focuses mostly on what biologist would call...
Group selection (ex. Skin color)
Linnaeus is considered an anti-evolutionist for what reason?
He accepted the notion that all species were created by God and fixed in their form
The French philosopher Michel Foucault was labeled a postmodern theorist because...
He argues that those in political power were able to shape the way accepted truths were defined
Cultural relativism was an idea created by Franz Boas because...
He recognized that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively
Julian Steward became associated with the concept of cultural ecology because...
He was one of the first anthropologists to see a relationship between a culture and it's environment He thought that some aspects of cultural variation could be found in the adaptation of societies to their environments He wanted to carry out empirical investigations
The study of how languages change through time and how they may be related is...
Historical Linguistics
What approach includes a wide geographic and historical range?
Holistic
Historical Linguistics
How language changes over time
Every culture has norms or standards of what is acceptable behavior. The importance of a norm is usually determined by...
How members of a society respond when the norm is violated
Who would not be considered part of cultural anthropology?
Human Paleontology
How do applied anthropologist practice?
In all sub fields of anthropology
In contrast to cultural ecology, behavioral ecology focuses mostly on what biologists would call..
Individual selection
For something to be cultural, it must be...
Learned and commonly shared
The studies of ____ have come to be regarded by many as vague and untestable
Levi-Strauss (Structuralism)
Sometimes it appears that culture is random, but in fact it is integrated. What makes it integrated?
The traits that make up culture are adjusted to, or consistent with, one another.
The term "subculture" refers to
The variant culture of a group of people within a larger society
Who believed that family units became progressively smaller and more self-contained as society developed?
Morgan
Ecofacts
Natural objects that humans have used or affected
Standards or rules about what is acceptable behavior are referred to by socials scientists as...
Norms
Boas (Historical Particularism) published "The limitation of Comparative Method of Anthropology," which dealt with his ____ to the evolutions approach
Objections
Foraging
Obtains getting wild plant and animal resources through gathering, hunting, and fishing.
What has to do with the customary way of making a living, the customary composition of the family, and the customs of childrearing?
Secondary Institutions (Psychological Approach)
Behavioral ecology is like cultural ecology in that it...
Shares the idea that natural selection can operate on the behavioral or social characteristics
Franz Boas (Historical Paricularism) felt the complexity of cultural variation made it difficult to develop universal laws because...
Single cultural traits had to be studied in the context of the society in which they appeared
What is a group of people who occupy a particular territory and speak a common language?
Society
The distinctive features of cultural anthropology is its interest in how all aspects of human existences vary from...
Society to society
What is interested in what people speak about and how they interact conversationally?
Sociolinguist
The study of how language is used in social contacts is...
Sociolinguistics
Human Paleontologist would be least interested in...
Sociological Relationships
What refers to the particular sequence of change and adaptation of a particular society in a given environment?
Specific Evolution (Julian Stewart-Cultural ecology)
Claude Levi-Strauss has been the leading proponent of an approach to cultural analysis called...
Structuralism
What would an ethnohistorian do?
Study the way in which cultures have changed over time
Because a word or phrase can represent what it stands for, whether or not that thing is present, we can say that languages is...
Symbolic
What is Anthropology?
The study of humans
Why are maladaptive customs likely to disappear from a society?
They diminish the changes of survival and reproduction
Unlike other linguists, anthropological linguists are primarily interested in?
Unwritten languages
What does an ethnographer do?
Work in the field for long periods of time
Particular behaviors and ideas that vary from society to society are...
learned