Anthropology final

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Modern-looking humans evolved about __________ years ago.

100,000 years ago

Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.

150,000

A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.

A holistic approach

Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?

Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.

The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________.

Africa

What is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?

All hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.

__________ is the study of descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time.

Ethnohistory

Which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a society and its environment?

cultural ecology

The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.

food sharing

The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.

food-getting, economy, and social stratification

Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection toward their children?

foraging

On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies?

gender and age

Founder effect is a variety of __________.

genetic drift

Diane Fossey

gorillas

The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.

more likely with

The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.

move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries

In a population, height is determined by which two factors?

heredity and environment

Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.

hunting

In archaeological terms, _______ refers to the use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing or irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.

intensification

Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?

intensive agriculture

The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called

natural selection

Charles Darwin

natural selection and evolution

What is a dominant trait?

one which is always expressed in the presence of another variant

Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?

organized religion

A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __________.

participant observation

What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?

people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced

Participant-observation refers to the __________.

practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society

What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?

production

True/False: By 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Homo erectus populations were firmly established in all parts of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe) and the New World (both North and South America).

False

The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?

H. habilis and H. rudolfensis

What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?

He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.

Zhoukoudian Cave

Homo erectus

Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?

Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.

Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.

Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.

Lemurs

Madagascar

What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?

Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.

When did the hominoids first appear?

Miocene

Mousternian Tools

Neanderthals

Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?

shivering

Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.

social inequality

Humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates?

stereoscopic vision

In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?

subsistence economies

Louis and Mary Leakey

Palentology

Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?

Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.

A. afarensis was sexually dimorphic, which means that __________.

the males had larger body sizes than the females

From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?

the milk and blood of the animals they raise

In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.

the resolution of disputes

Gregor Mendel

theory of simple inheritance

Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?

toolmaking

What is an important argument against bipedal development as an adaptation for life on the savannas?

There is evidence there were few savannas at this time.

How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?

They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior

True/False: Neanderthals were overly specialized, leading to their rapid extinction.

True

True/False: Variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection.

True

Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.

a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies

Who are the Denisovans?

a recently discovered hominin species

Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________.

atlatl

How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?

between 20,000 and 60,000 years

The glaciers began to disappear about __________ years ago.

10,000

The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ b.c.

8,000

Homo ergaster is a name given by some archaeologists to what others consider to be Homo erectus found in __________.

Africa

Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields of anthropology?

Applied Anthropology

Olduwan tools

Australopithecines

Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?

Carolus Linnaeus

How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?

Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.

Hunting-and-gathering societies have always existed in marginal environments.

False

What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls?

Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults.

An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism?

It is not appropriate to judge another society by the values and standards of one's own society.

hominin footprints

Laetoli

How do anthropologists know that Native Americans originally came from Asia?

The two groups share biological features, such as tooth forms and blood type.

Why are plesiadapiforms not considered true primates?

They lacked stereoscopic vision and grasping hands.

There are clear differences in social, political, and economic organization between societies that had writing and those that did not.

True

The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.

assimiliation

Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?

bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states

Jane Goodall

chimpanzees

To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________.

cultural relativism

Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?

cultural relativism

For most horticulturalists, people __________.

do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it

The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.

egalitarian

Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization?

enculturation

A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.

environmental degradation

The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.

ethnocentrism

Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.

ethnogenesis

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

food collection

What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?

foraging

Among horticulturalists __________.

individuals almost always make all their own tools

The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.

language

Which of these features is characteristic of a band?

low population density

What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?

more sedentary way of life

The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called __________.

natural selection

The origins of agriculture are related to all of the following except:

pastoralism

The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.

suggests that they have a culture

Which species was domesticated independently in North America?

sunflowers

In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.?

the Near East

What is culture?

the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves

What is the modal response for a cultural rule?

the most frequently encountered response

Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.

Fertile Crescent

The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.

Indus

How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?

It is broader in scope, both geographically and historically.

How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?

It is more efficient over long distances.

How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?

The density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game.

The first domesticated animal was the dog.

True

Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?

a high degree of craft specialization

Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________.

artifact

The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.

acculturation

Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.

agency

What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?

allowing for larger populations

The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly __________.

animals


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