Anthropology final
Modern-looking humans evolved about __________ years ago.
100,000 years ago
Recent finds in Africa date Homo sapiens to about __________ years ago.
150,000
A distinguishing feature of anthropology is the goal of understanding how aspects of human experience such as local history, physical environment, family life, language, settlement patterns, and religion are interrelated. This approach to culture is referred to as __________.
A holistic approach
Why are some long-term acclimatizations difficult to distinguish from adaptations?
Acclimatizations may persist even after the individual moves to another environment.
The earliest known modern-looking humans found so far lived in __________.
Africa
What is the relationship between the terms hominoid and hominin?
All hominins are hominoids, but not all hominoids are hominins.
__________ is the study of descriptive materials about a single society at more than one point in time.
Ethnohistory
Which of these fields focuses on the relationship between a society and its environment?
cultural ecology
The creation of home bases or home ranges among early Homo groups may have increased the likelihood of __________.
food sharing
The different types of political organization are often strongly linked to variation in __________.
food-getting, economy, and social stratification
Which societies tend to show more warmth and affection toward their children?
foraging
On what factors is the division of labor based in most foraging societies?
gender and age
Founder effect is a variety of __________.
genetic drift
Diane Fossey
gorillas
The threats of famine and disease are __________ intensive agriculture.
more likely with
The term "transnationals" refers to migrants who __________.
move back and forth between their homelands and their adopted countries
In a population, height is determined by which two factors?
heredity and environment
Toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, people got most of their food from __________.
hunting
In archaeological terms, _______ refers to the use of inputs of increased human labor and technology such as plowing or irrigation to increase agricultural productivity.
intensification
Which of these specific features allows for the emergence of cities in state-level organizations?
intensive agriculture
The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called
natural selection
Charles Darwin
natural selection and evolution
What is a dominant trait?
one which is always expressed in the presence of another variant
Which cultural development would you expect to see only after states appear?
organized religion
A unique research strategy of anthropologists that involves learning the language and culture of a group by participating in the group's daily activities is called __________.
participant observation
What happens to customs of sharing when money is introduced into a society?
people tend to be less inclined to share after money is introduced
Participant-observation refers to the __________.
practice of immersing oneself in the language and customs of a society
What do anthropologists call the transformation of resources into food, tools, and other goods?
production
True/False: By 400,000 to 500,000 years ago, Homo erectus populations were firmly established in all parts of the Old World (Asia, Africa, and Europe) and the New World (both North and South America).
False
The earliest members of our genus, which appeared around 2.8 million years ago, are generally classified into what two species?
H. habilis and H. rudolfensis
What was one of the ways that Franz Boas brought about the end of the evolutionism period in early anthropology?
He was strongly opposed to "race" theory, and emphasized the importance of cultural context.
Zhoukoudian Cave
Homo erectus
Why do members of food-collecting societies not have private ownership of land?
Land has no intrinsic value to foragers; only the animals and plants on the land have value.
Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.
Large-scale warfare is usually practiced by societies with __________.
Lemurs
Madagascar
What feature of Mousterian tools suggests that they were hafted?
Many of them were thinned or shaped on one side.
When did the hominoids first appear?
Miocene
Mousternian Tools
Neanderthals
Which of the following is an example of acclimatization?
shivering
Complex foraging societies like the Tlingit and the Nimpkish tend to have more __________ than most other foraging societies.
social inequality
Humans share which of the following characteristics with other primates?
stereoscopic vision
In which societies can there be no profit motive for work?
subsistence economies
Louis and Mary Leakey
Palentology
Cross-culturally, how do pastoralists compare with farmers in terms of adult behavior?
Pastoralists are more likely than farmers to express aggression.
A. afarensis was sexually dimorphic, which means that __________.
the males had larger body sizes than the females
From where do most traditional pastoralists get their animal protein?
the milk and blood of the animals they raise
In addition to government and politics, political life includes __________.
the resolution of disputes
Gregor Mendel
theory of simple inheritance
Which of these innovations appeared during the Upper Paleolithic?
toolmaking
What is an important argument against bipedal development as an adaptation for life on the savannas?
There is evidence there were few savannas at this time.
How do anthropologists deal with the range of individual behaviors they meet when trying to describe a culture?
They use the variations to define acceptable limits of behavior
True/False: Neanderthals were overly specialized, leading to their rapid extinction.
True
True/False: Variation within species and reproductive success are the basis of natural selection.
True
Anthropologists have explained the lack of parents' emotional interaction and playfulness with infants in some preindustrial societies as __________.
a need to create emotional distance due to high infant mortality rates in these societies
Who are the Denisovans?
a recently discovered hominin species
Upper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using __________.
atlatl
How long did Neandertals and humans coexist in Europe and the Near East?
between 20,000 and 60,000 years
The glaciers began to disappear about __________ years ago.
10,000
The first clear indication of a changeover to food production took place in the Near East about __________ b.c.
8,000
Homo ergaster is a name given by some archaeologists to what others consider to be Homo erectus found in __________.
Africa
Which of the following can encompass any of the four main subfields of anthropology?
Applied Anthropology
Olduwan tools
Australopithecines
Who classified plants and animals into a systema naturae, which led to the taxonomic system we use today?
Carolus Linnaeus
How do domesticated plants get to be different from their wild varieties?
Certain variations are artificially selected through the harvesting and planting process.
Hunting-and-gathering societies have always existed in marginal environments.
False
What is one possible factor in the observation that boys tend to be more aggressive than girls?
Girls are given more tasks, and therefore spend more time around adults.
An anthropologist would agree with which of the following statements concerning ethnocentrism?
It is not appropriate to judge another society by the values and standards of one's own society.
hominin footprints
Laetoli
How do anthropologists know that Native Americans originally came from Asia?
The two groups share biological features, such as tooth forms and blood type.
Why are plesiadapiforms not considered true primates?
They lacked stereoscopic vision and grasping hands.
There are clear differences in social, political, and economic organization between societies that had writing and those that did not.
True
The __________ theory is currently the most widely used explanation among paleoanthropologists for the emergence of modern Homo sapiens.
assimiliation
Into what principal types of political organization did Elman Service suggest most societies could be classified?
bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states
Jane Goodall
chimpanzees
To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the concept of __________.
cultural relativism
Which important tenet of anthropology was first championed by Franz Boas to challenge the attitude that Western culture was inherently superior to others?
cultural relativism
For most horticulturalists, people __________.
do not own the land, but own the foods obtained from it
The earliest Neolithic societies were __________.
egalitarian
Which anthropological term may be used in place of socialization?
enculturation
A major reason for the decline of states appears to be __________.
environmental degradation
The tendency to judge other cultures without trying to grasp the reasons behind their customs is what anthropologists refer to as __________.
ethnocentrism
Often, in the aftermath of violent events such as depopulation, relocation, enslavement, and genocide by dominant powers, deprived peoples have created new cultures in a process called __________.
ethnogenesis
What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?
food collection
What subsistence strategy characterized most of human history?
foraging
Among horticulturalists __________.
individuals almost always make all their own tools
The most powerful transmitter of culture is probably __________.
language
Which of these features is characteristic of a band?
low population density
What is one of the major consequences of horticulture?
more sedentary way of life
The main process that increases the frequency of adaptive traits through time is called __________.
natural selection
The origins of agriculture are related to all of the following except:
pastoralism
The fact that monkeys and apes can learn new behaviors from each other __________.
suggests that they have a culture
Which species was domesticated independently in North America?
sunflowers
In what region do we see the very first evidence of a changeover to food production, dating to around 8000 B.C.?
the Near East
What is culture?
the customary ways that a particular population or society thinks and behaves
What is the modal response for a cultural rule?
the most frequently encountered response
Most archaeologists believe that the __________ was one of the earliest centers of plant and animal domestication.
Fertile Crescent
The Harappan civilization was located in the __________ Valley.
Indus
How does anthropology differ from other disciplines concerned with humans?
It is broader in scope, both geographically and historically.
How does bipedal locomotion compare to the quadrupedal movement of chimpanzees?
It is more efficient over long distances.
How did the environmental change at the end of the Upper Paleolithic affect hunting patterns?
The density of big game animals decreased, forcing people to shift their attention to plants, fish, and small game.
The first domesticated animal was the dog.
True
Which of these is a consequence of intensive agriculture?
a high degree of craft specialization
Anything made or modified by a human is called a(n)__________.
artifact
The process of cultural change known as __________ describes a situation in which a subordinate society adopts cultural traits or technologies through contact with a more powerful society, either through force or due to perceived economic or social advantages.
acculturation
Ethnographers are focusing more explicitly now on the importance of the individual in bringing about change. This is called individual __________.
agency
What is one way that states change the lifestyles of people?
allowing for larger populations
The subjects of European cave paintings are mostly __________.
animals
