Anthropology

A pidgin is an example of

acculturation.

According to the text, "real culture" differs from "ideal culture" because it is

what people actually do.

The primary distinction between historic archaeologists and prehistoric archaeologists is that the former have access to

written records

The Human Relations Area Files (HRAF) is:

A database that provides cross-cultural data on a limited number of societies.

Why did anthropology pay little attention to women prior to the 1970s? All of the following are correct except:

Anthropologists were all male and there were no women available to study other women.

The function of an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is to:

Approve, monitor, and review all university research involving human subjects.

Anthropological interview techniques:

Are highly varied and are situation-specific.

Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called

Armchair anthropologists.

Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways as well. All of the following are things that they shared except

Both valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understand of societies.

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the evolutionary theories of

Charles Darwin.

You Owe Yourself a Drunk (1970) by James Spradley is an example of a(n) __________ ethnography.

Collaborative and engaged

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about how culture is learned?

Cultural learning begins only after children become verbal.

Boas insisted that anthropologists must value a culture on its own terms. This idea is called

Cultural relativism.

What do anthropologists call the feelings of alienation and helplessness that result from rapid immersion in a new and different culture?

Culture shock.

Which of the following statements about cultural integration is false?

Cultures are largely integrated around their dominant economic activities.

Which of the following is true of enculturation?

Enculturation unifies people by providing them with common experiences.

Applying one's own cultural standards of value, worth, and morality to another culture is called

Ethnocentrism

Bronislaw Malinowski spent only 6 months on the Trobriand Islands.

F

Engaged anthropologists refrain from choosing sides in political contests.

F

Franz Boas spent most of his professional career at the University of Berlin in Germany.

F

In the late 19th century, Haddon led a team of scientists to do research on the Torres Straits. This lay the basis for anthropology in the United States.

F

Once Franz Boas began teaching women and producing female PhDs, the bias against women in anthropology began to diminish rapidly.

F

Postmodernism has been accepted now by all anthropologists.

F

All of the following are associated with Franz Boas, except

He did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands.

What is the primary goal of emic research?

Help outsiders understand what it means to be a member of another culture.

A major point of the ethnography "Body Ritual among the Nacirema" is to:

Help us look at our own culture from a different perspective.

The Human Relations Area Files:

Involves multiple perspectives and indexed data.

What is the "gray zone" that Philippe Bourgois describes in his work among the homeless and drug addicts in San Francisco?

It is a morally ambiguous space that blurs the lines between victims and perpetrators.

Wich of the following statements about ethnocentrism is true?

It is the argument that one culture should not be judged by the standards of another.

How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?

It is the study of the history of human society from simple technology and social institutions to complex ones.

In place of the artificially controlled laboratory, anthropologists rely primarily on

Life histories and mapping.

How is Malinowski's approach to the study of cultures different from Boas'?

Malinowski emphasized the notion of function in society, while Boas focused on the study of history and adaptation of culture.

Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called by all of the following terms except:

Managers

The fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives is called:

Participant observation.

Which of the following has been a hallmark of American anthropology?

Participant observation.

Anthropologists have become more sensitive to issues of voice and of power and have begun to reflect more critically on their role as observer in another culture primarily as a result of:

Postmodernism.

Which theoretical approach argues that no knowledge is objective and all knowledge is influenced by the observer's own culture, social position, and gender?

Postmodernism.

Which of the following best describes an etic perspective in research?

Studying agricultural techniques by measuring the fertility of the soil in laboratory samples.

Which of the following statements about culture and symbols is false?

Symbols establish an obvious and necessary connection between the symbol and what it symbolizes.

Allison Truitt's work on motorcycles in Vietnam had no formal research hypothesis.

T

Anthropologists rarely work with groups of more than 50 individuals.

T

Cross-cultural comparisons began formally in social science with the publication of Herbert Spencer's Descriptive Sociology.

T

It is common for anthropologists to feel confused and disoriented when they first arrive to their field sites.

T

Phillip Bourgois' work with the homeless and drug addicts in San Francisco has led to a better understanding of issues of economic change, cultural structures, and the effects on individual lives.

T

The gathering and interpretation of information based on intensive, firsthand study is called ethnography.

T

Today, virtually all anthropologists rely on Boas' basic and fundamental insights into the discipline.

T

Which sentence best describes the primary anthropological value of research among the homeless and drug addicts, such as that produced by Philippe Bourgois?

This research provides accurate information that can help the lives of these individuals by providing more effective recovery programs.

What are cultural particulars?

Traits unique to a given culture, not shared with any others.

Enculturation is the process by which

a child learns his or her culture.

Because it helps to integrate and distinguish American culture from other cultures, individualism is an example of

a core value

Which of the following is NOT a trait that we share with apes?

a visible estrus cycle in females

The British anthropologist Edward Tylor said that culture is

acquired by a man as a member of society.

Global forces are expanding rapidly and moving into local communities everywhere. The author notes that many people in local communities respond with

active resistance

Archaeology is the study of cultures in the human past, focusing on

any human material remains

Which discipline of anthropology studies human beings in the present and from the past through the excavation and analysis of human material artifacts?

archaeology

Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time, which requires a strong

belief in the value of other cultures.

Cultural anthropologists employ the process of ethnology to

compare cultures.

An anthropologist who has conducted fieldwork on Mormon fundamentalists and their marriage patterns wants to now compare those patterns to those of Muslim tradition. This would require

conducting ethnological analysis

Some anthropologists explore all aspects of living human culture—from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing—and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things. They are known as

cultural anthropologists.

Ethnographic fieldwork is the primary research strategy of which field?

cultural anthropology

Participant observation as a research strategy is an essential part of

cultural anthropology.

In defining culture, early anthropologist Edward Tylor emphasized that _____.

culture is learned by growing up in a particular group

What kind of researchers work to record languages that are disappearing by finding the last speakers and making recordings and dictionaries to preserve them for the future and for language revitalization?

descriptive linguists

Who describes spoken languages and preserves them as written languages?

descriptive linguists

When we attempt to study languages and their component parts, we are

descriptive linguists.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of cultural change?

enculturation

In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people were a separate and inferior biological race with primitive ways. This is an example of

ethnocentrism

Many people believe that the impact of human activity on the earth is not the major problem that others see today. Such beliefs that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural is known as

ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural, and viewing the different practices of other people as strange and unnatural, is called

ethnocentrism

Which of the following is NOT a human cultural universal?

farming

Many large corporations—Walmart, General Motors, and others—today routinely operate larger numbers of factories in places like China in order to take advantage of very cheap wages. This is an example of

flexible accumulation.

When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, this is called

flexible accumulation.

It is impossible to study a local community today without considering the effect of

global forces.

In order to understand how any group of people lives in our global world today, it is necessary to explore not only the customs, beliefs, and other aspects of their local culture but also

global influences

William Rathje's garbage study to analyze the behavior of residents of Tucson, Arizona, is an example of

historic archaeology.

The Latin language of ancient Rome is no longer spoken routinely. What kind of work is needed to examine how Latin changed into the Romance languages of today (French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian, and Italian)?

historic linguistics

Who studies how language changes over time?

historic linguists

In the study of immigration, anthropologists look at physical differences between populations, how the groups involved conceive of themselves and others, what they say about those other groups, and how these groups relate to others in the past. This is an example of what aspect of anthropology?

holism

The study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people understand each other define what aspect of anthropology?

holism

An example of a cultural trait that is acquired unconsciously is knowing

how far to stand away from someone during a conversation.

The author states that pollution, population growth, climate change, and overfishing are serious issues, and nature may not be able to adapt to

human activity

Prehistoric archaeologists use material remains in order to reconstruct

human behavior

Nepali workers building roads in India, Filipino maids in Saudi Arabia, and Turkish street repairmen in Germany are examples of which global dynamic?

increasing migration

What key dynamic of globalization is characterized by movement of people not only between countries but also within the individual countries themselves?

increasing migration

Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. This process, which today we call globalization, seems different than in the past due in part to

intensification

What is considered the most distinctive feature of being human?

language

Research that compares multiple communities to examine links between them is referred to as

multisited

Anthropology developed during an intense period of globalization in the ________ century.

nineteenth

Ancient rift valleys and deep caves often contain human fossils, which can provide clues about both the lives of our ancient human ancestors as well as a deeper understanding of human evolution. An anthropologist who examines just the human evolutionary aspect of fossils is a

paleoanthropologist.

The study of fossils and ancient DNA to trace changes in human ancestors over time involves which specialization of anthropology?

paleoanthropology

Which subfield of anthropology traces the history of human evolution in fossils?

paleoanthropology

Cultural anthropologists like to hang out with the people they are studying as they work, celebrate, dance, or play games, and ask lots of questions while they are doing it. This is known as

participant observation.

The existence of subcultures suggests that we form associations with

people who share beliefs and practices not found at the national level.

What type of anthropologist studies people from a perspective that considers how humans have adapted to their environments?

physical anthropologist

Anthropology often explores genetics and evolution and looks at our closest relatives in the animal kingdom to gain a greater understanding of what it means to be human. This work is known as

physical anthropology

The approach to studying culture that recognizes individuals as having diverse motives and intentions and different degrees of power and influence is known as

practice theory

What field of anthropology studies monkeys and apes but not human beings?

primatology

The dramatic transformations of economics, politics, and culture are characteristic of what dynamic of contemporary globalization?

rapid change

Today, environmental issues can have a deep impact on local communities and are often severely aggravated by companies taking advantage of lax environmental regulations in those same communities. What aspect of globalization does this demonstrate?

rapid change

The theory of time-space compression suggests that the way we think about time and space has been transformed. This is said to be the result of

rapid innovation of communication and transportation.

Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor classified small-scale societies as:

savage

How men and women use language differently and how this regularly leads to miscommunication between them would demand a close examination of the cultural context of language. This would be the work of what type of anthropologist?

sociolinguist

The so-called "N-word" might be most likely studied for its origins, uses, and meaning by a

sociolinguist.

For anthropologist Leslie White, culture originated when

the ability to use symbols emerged.

Cultural relativism is _____.

the argument that one culture should not be judged by the standards of another

People are biological creatures as well as rational human beings. In order to gain a complete understanding of any aspect of human behavior, the field of anthropology adopts what strategy?

the four-field approach

Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings, and this is accomplished through

the four-field approach.

Changes in communication technology that have allowed military spouses to switch from mailing letters to their partners in Afghanistan to chatting with them on Skype are an example of what dynamic of globalization?

time-space compression

The dramatic impact of globalization in the past and even more so today is driven by what kind of changes?

transportation and communication technologies

Global poverty has risen dramatically over the past twenty years and is generally considered a sign of

uneven development

South Korea has developed very rapidly—huge corporations make vast amounts of money and most workers enjoy a high standard of living. At the same time, the vast majority of people in Guatemala are plagued by extreme poverty, violence, and poor living conditions. This is an example of

uneven development.

A Brazilian might interpret the body space that an American maintains during a conversation as

unfriendly