Anthropology midterm

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Who taught Washoe (an ape) American Sign Language?

Allen and Beatrix Gardener

Koko and Washo were two primates who had learned

American sign language

Which of the following would be considered a functionalist?

Bronislaw Malinowski

Origin of Species was written by

Charles Darwin

Studying another culture from its own point of view without imposing our own cultural values is known as:

Cultural Relativism

Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution

E.B. Tylor

In science, a theory is an educated guess and is not well-accepted among the scientific community.

False, In science, a theory is a well-supported, well-tested statement about how something works.

The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named

Franz Boas

By cross-breeding pea plants, he was able to illustrate the basic laws of inheritance:

Gregor Mendel

By cross- breeding pea plants, he was was able to illustrate the basic laws of inheritance:

Gregor mendel

How would you describe Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?

He studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions (from so-called savagery to civilization).

besides fossilized skeltal remains, what other evidence indicates bipedalism in Australopethecus afarensis

Laetoli footprints

The idea of biological evolution was first proposed by

Lamarck in the 1700s

the name most closely associated with the system traditionally used to classify living things

Linnaeus

Reconnaissance work in archaeology is also known as:

Phase I

Which of the following is NOT a part of the humans taxonomic classifiaction

Plattyrhine

The argument that modern H. sapiens appeared as a new species in Africa about 200,000 years ago is called the:

Recent African origin model

The theorist most connected with post structuralism is

Renato Rosaldo

This assumes a close relationship between language and culture and claims that language defines peoples experiences

Sapir- wharf hypothesis

Reading your textbook is an example of:

Symbolic Learning

The primary result of natural selection is:

To maintain a species' adaptation to its niche

According to the textbook, culture is uniquely human.

True

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

a commitment to doing no harm, the rejection of clandestine research, responsibilities toward the host country and the people you are studying

In which of the following locations would you likely find an anthropologist doing fieldwork?

a factory, a mental institution, a New York City neighborhood, the Amazon rain forest

a key principle of the holistic perspective developed by franz boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of the human experience

Chronometric dating techniques used by archaeologists help establish

a more specific age for a fossil or something organic

Linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongue as

a pidgin language

what project would likely require the assistance of a geomorphologist?

a study of landscape change

According to anthropologist sherry ortner's analysis, the American flag example of

a summarizing symbol

Archbishop James Ussher calculated the age of the earth at about:

about 6000 years old

Research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called

action research

social behavior patterns observed in one species that look like behavior patterns in another, but which do not arise from a shared ancestry, are known as

analogous behaviors

The famous group of hominis known as the neanderthals is included in which of the following groups

arcahic homo sapiens

The famous group of hominins known as the neanderthals is included in which of the following groups?

archaic homo sapiens

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures is called

archeology

Among the Bonobo chimpanzees, social conflict is often resolved through sexual activity. This is a form of

behavior modification

The evolution of the tail among New World monkeys reflects an adaptation to their environment and would be of interest to a

behavioral ecologists

Which of the following traits is unique to hominins and NOT found in other primates

bipedalism

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

One of the central ideas of Darwin's theory of evolution was the idea that

change in organisms was related to their adaptability to a particular environment

The thinker who developed the theory of evolution by means of natural selection in the 19th century was

charles darwin

The communication systems of nonhuman species consist of a finite (limited) number of signals for finite specific meanings. Such systems are said to be:

closed

Which of the following is a contributing factor to the development of creoles, pidgins, and other hybrid forms of language?

colonialism, globalization, commerce, migration

words that came from the same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called

congate words

A primary characteristic that allows paleoanthropologists to place a particular finding into the genus Homo is

cranial capacity

Which of the following is NOT a key concept to the human culture as discussed in the lecture?

culture is isolated

Which of the following is NOT studied by anthropologist?

dinosaur bones

One of the useful results of a phylogeny is to show that

each lineage has a common history, and thus no organism is "more evolved"

The process of learning culture from a very young age is called

enculturation

The study of how people classify things in the world is called

ethnoscience

All humans are born with some culture

false

Behavioral ecology uses a comparative approach to evaluate differences among primates.

false

historical archaeologist only excavate sites where written historical documentation exists that provide an accurate description of the way the people actually lived.

false

the term hominin refers to humans and great apes

false

all the characteristics listed below are common behavior patterns found in all primates except

father-son bond

A form of non portable material culture that a human has made and modified is called a/an

feature

Uniformitarianism is the idea that change occurs:

gradually and through the result of processes that are still observable today

The branch of linguistics that attempts to classify and construct a family tree of languages and to reconstruct extinct languages is known as

historical linguistics

Alfred Russell Wallace is known for:

hitting upon the idea of natural selection at about the same time as Darwin.

which hominin was the first stone tool maker

homo habilis

The key scenario differs from other kinds of symbols because it

implies how people should act

which of the following is NOT one of the key benefits of full time bipedalism

increases speed against predator

The defining feature of historical particularism is

individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change

what process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory- based one?

industrialization

Examples of social institutions are

kinship ,marriage, subsistence patterns (such as farming)

The use of mock Spanish reinforces a common impression that Hispanic people are socially inferior. This is an example of the power of which of the following?

language ideology

Primates rely extensively on all the characteristics listed below except

larger brain

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologist

learn the local language, record peoples economic transactions, and study how environment changes affect agriculture.

Among cultural anthropologists, fieldwork involves

learning the local language, becoming involved in people's lives, spending a significant amount of time in the field

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

linguistic anthropology

Which skeletal feature is paleoanthropologist best indicator of bipedalism in a fossil?

location of foramen magnum

what skeletal feature is paleoanthropolgist best indicator of bipedalism in a fossil

location of the foramen magnum

If you studied speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady"

marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

In some species of primates, females and their relatives and young are socially organized around

matrifocal units

For much of its early history, physical anthropology was associated with what methodology?

measurement and classification of skulls according to racial characteristics

Anthropologist Sherry Ortner distinguished three kinds of culturally powerful symbols that include all of the following except

narrative symbols

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is...

natural selection

if you observed gradual change in environmental temperature and, at the same time, observed that there were changes in the phenotype of a butterfly species over fifteen generations, which theory might best help explain what is going on

natural selection

The school of anthropological thought stresses the interrelationship among the natural conditions in the environment and society:

neoevolutionism

what is the tool tradition associated with homo habilis

oldowan

The ability to touch the thumb with the tips of the other fingers on the same hand is called:

opposable

If you wanted to understand very early, non living human beings, you would likely engage in

paleoanthropolgy

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major sub-fields of anthropology?

paleontology

when anthropologist study the way people use language in real settings rather than as a set of grammatical rules, they are focusing on

parole

In archaeology, this is a division of prehistory based on gross change in subsistence patterns, climate changes, housing and burial styles,etc.

period

if you discovered an ancient hominin with megadontia and a dental grinding structure similar to Parathropus you might suggets that the diet of the hominin was

predominately plant based

One important adaptation found in New World monkeys is the presence of

prehensile tail

Ethnocentrism

presents a major problem for anthropologists, means you think your culture is superior to others, is a common feature of culture

sickle cell anemia, a blood cell mutation, takes a toll on those afflicted, but is an example of a mutation that may also be useful because it

provides resistance to malaria in the tropics

A dominance hierarchy exists when members of the same group have

ranking relative to others that establishes access to resources

Cultural anthropologists face an ethical responsibility in their work and so must disclose to informants

reasons for doing the research

paleoanthropologist believe that the predominant diet of our earliest omnivorous ancestors consisted mostly of

roots, tubers, and fruits

The presence of a raised area in the middle of the cranium found in H. erectus is known as

saggital keel

The Law of Superposition says that:

sedimentary layers are deposited in a time sequence with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top.

In anthropology, holism refers to:

seeking to understand how all aspects of our species are related

The ability to document changes in pottery styles in non-living societies happens through

seriation

Which of the following is not evidence of early hominin bipedalism in the fossil record?

strong clavicle

According to the lecture, in order for an explanation to be defined as scientific, it must be:

testable

Edward Sapir, who had a been a student of Franz Boas's saw himself as both a cultural anthropologist and a professionally trained linguist. He urged cultural anthropologist to pay close attention to language during field research because

the "real world" is to large extent unconsciously built from the language habits of a particular social group, language is a guide to "social reality", we understand the material world through the language we speak.

Gregor Mendel's findings about inheritance among pea plants stemmed from what key ability that he possessed

the ability to observe closely

The greek philosopher Aristotle proposed that all life was arranged in

the great chain of being

Ethnoprimatology is an emerging field that studies

the histories of primate communities, including humans and apes

An evolutionary perspective would be most likely to explain colonist as

the natural abilities of more civilized people to control less civilized people

In mendelian genetics, a dominant allele is

the one that is expressed phenotypically over other alleles

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

the people or species they study

when cultural anthropologist go into the field

they go with a set of questions they want to ask and have answered, they often change the focus of their question to fit what they are seeing, they often go with the flow of everyday life, even if it seems off topic at the time.

One of the important ways that genetic material is moved between different populations, such as through gene flow, is

through the choice of a sexual partner

The primary result of natural selection is:

to maintain a species adaptation to its niche

A consequence of larger brain sizes in early humans is that they require larger amounts of energy

true

A critical reason for taking field notes is that there may be a long lag time between fieldwork and writing and publishing about it.

true

A distinguishing feature of most australopithecines is their high degree of sexual dimorphism

true

Archaeologist are making a mistake when they clean samples of postsherds for analysis

true

Culture can be transmitted virtually through the internet in addition to face to face interaction

true

Males and females in a given primate population may be co-dominant.

true

Most people are unaware of the structure of a language until someone speaking it makes a mistake

true

Mutation is the only source of new genetic material

true

Neanderthals and modern humans share the same genus and species classification (Homo sapien).

true

A word that best describes participant observation is

unstructured

The comparative method

uses data from many different societies

It is easy to identify direct causal links between genes and behavior.

false

Language always change very slowly, taking generation or even centuries

false

Old World monkeys are exclusively terrestrial dwellers

false

People rarely hold conflicting values

false

The appearance of culture was the event that signaled the arrival of modern humans

false

The art found on the walls at Lascaux has been thoroughly deciphered as to its function and meaning

false

The taxonomic ordering of Homo erectus has been completely resolved through careful fossil analysis.

false

Shaking hands when you meet someone is an example of

folkway

The physical characteristics of any organism that can be seen are known as the phenotype.

true

An evolutionary perspective on variations in physical traits reflect

adaptive changes

One of the methods that archaeologists can use to determine potentially useful areas to excavate involves the use of

aerial surveys, surface surveys, regional surveys, GIS systems

Fossils of Homo erectus are found:

all over the old world

Cultural anthropologists do research by

building trusting relationships with people over a long period of time

When children in the United States reach a certain age, they often move out of their parents' home and into their own living space, something anthropologists refer to as

dispersal

If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on

everyday interactions

Countries find it relatively easy to decide what language its citizens will speak

false

Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences

false

In order to study culture one must travel to distant , far off places.

false

In order to truly practice cultural relativism, one should never make a judgement on what is right and wrong.

false

In science, a theory is only a guess.

false

The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called

functionalism

The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety is called

holistic

Anthropologist think that the fist hominin capable of speaking in sounds, not signals, was:

homo erectus

Darwin's idea about the major process of evolution is called:

natural selection

How, in general, does Marvin Harris (a materialist) explain the biblical dietary laws?

they resulted from some practical, usually economic considerations

Gene flow is the movement of genetic material across different populations.

true

Males and females in a given primate population may be co dominant

true

Primates often live in groups in order to avoid predators

true


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