Anthropology test 1 - chapter 1

Medical Anthropology

A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study

True

A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."

Theories

A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is

Culture

A key feature of the __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.

a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience

A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is

what words people use to classify things in their environment

A linguistic anthropologist studying people's relationships to the natural world would be most interested in

quantitative methods

A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.

ethnographic method

A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community.

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community

A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except

building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the communitybuilding and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures

A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in

comparative method

A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.

Qualitative Methods

A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs

Theory

A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis

all of the above

An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize

Applied Anthropology

Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.

Practicing Anthropology

Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product

False

Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.

False

Anthropologists never disguise their informants' identities in order to preserve the transparency of their research process.

Ethnocentrism

Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called

False

Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."

Othering

Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms.

True

Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."

all of the above

During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists

Holism

Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation.

moral questions

Ethics, which are __________, are important to anthropologists.

the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture

Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they doas science because

False

Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories.

all of the above

Increasingly, professional anthropologists are

all of the above

Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study

Ethics

Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior.

True

Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.

Qualitative

Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________study.

quantitative data

Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing

Evolution

The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations.

all of the above

The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on

Ethnocentrism

The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.

Practicing Anthropology

The broadest category of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organization, process, or product.

all of the above

The comparative method

Industrialization

The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to afactory-based one

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.

Colonialism

The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.

cultural relativism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as

cultural relativism

The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.

Edward Burnett Tylor

The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was

Salvage Paradigm

The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.

informed consent

The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called __________.

the people or species they study

The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to

natural selection

The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is

False

The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.

diversity

The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.

Scientific Method

The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses.

Linguistic Anthropology

The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-prehistory and histories ,and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions.

Archaeology

The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity

Biological Anthropology

The study of the biological aspects of the human species, pastand present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.

Cultural Anthropology

The study of the social lives of living communities

Cultural Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called

Biological Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called

Linguistic Anthropology

The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called

Archaeology

The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called

Culture

The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.

multiplicity and variety

The term diversity, when defined anthropologically,

Charles Darwin

The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was

True

There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.

empirical

Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory.

proof of their primitive nature

Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as

Industrialization

What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?

Industrial Revolution

What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?

Fieldwork

When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing __________.

1800s

When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?

anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out

Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?

Evolution

__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations

ethnographic method

the method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the ____________.