Anthropology test 1 - chapter 1
Medical Anthropology
A biological anthropologist interested in health and illness would study
True
A key concern in the 1850s that shaped the discipline of anthropology was the emergence of a new scientific theory called "evolution."
Theories
A key element of the scientific method, which both explains things and guides research, is
Culture
A key feature of the __________ concept is that it refers to the taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group that feel natural.
a goal of synthesizing the entire context of human experience
A key principle of the holistic perspective developed by Franz Boas is
what words people use to classify things in their environment
A linguistic anthropologist studying people's relationships to the natural world would be most interested in
quantitative methods
A methodology that classifies features of a phenomenon, counting or measuring them and constructing mathematical and statistical models to explain what is observed.
ethnographic method
A prolonged and intensive observation of and participation in the life of a community.
the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the community
A qualitative approach to studying social life in your university would emphasize all of the following except
building and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
the construction of statistical models to explain activities in the communitybuilding and testing hypotheses by collecting, classifying, and measuring the remains of past cultures
A quantitative approach to studying the archaeological past would be most interested in
comparative method
A research method that derives insights from careful comparisons of aspects of two or more cultures or societies.
Qualitative Methods
A research strategy producing an in-depth and detailed description of social activities and beliefs
Theory
A tested and repeatedly supported hypothesis
all of the above
An ethical approach to anthropological research would emphasize
Applied Anthropology
Anthropological research commissioned to serve an organization's needs.
Practicing Anthropology
Anthropological work involving research as well as involvement in the design, implementation, and management of some organization, process, or product
False
Anthropologists have always approached a problem by specializing in one of the four subfields.
False
Anthropologists never disguise their informants' identities in order to preserve the transparency of their research process.
Ethnocentrism
Assuming your culture's way of doing things is the best is called
False
Contemporary cultural anthropologists often rank societies along an evolutionary scale from "primitive" to "advanced."
Othering
Defining colonized peoples as different from, and subordinate to, Europeans in terms of their social, moral, and physical norms.
True
Diversity, defined anthropologically, refers to both multiplicity and variety, which is not the same thing as "difference."
all of the above
During fieldwork, cultural anthropologists
Holism
Efforts to synthesize distinct approaches and findings into a single comprehensive interpretation.
moral questions
Ethics, which are __________, are important to anthropologists.
the complexity of social behavior prevents any completely objective analysis of human culture
Even though anthropologists use parts of the scientific method, some don't see what they doas science because
False
Historical archaeologists excavate sites where there are no written or oral histories.
all of the above
Increasingly, professional anthropologists are
all of the above
Linguistic anthropologists traditionally study
Ethics
Moral questions about right and wrong and standards of appropriate behavior.
True
Qualitative methods often use the researchers themselves as the research instrument.
Qualitative
Research that involves interviews, observations, images, objects, and words is a __________study.
quantitative data
Techniques that classify features of a phenomenon and count, measure, and construct statistical models are collecting and analyzing
Evolution
The adaptive changes in populations of organisms across generations.
all of the above
The application of the comparative method in his research in Papua New Guinea led coauthor Robert Welsch to focus on
Ethnocentrism
The assumption that one's own way of doing things is correct, while dismissing other people's practices or views as wrong or ignorant.
Practicing Anthropology
The broadest category of anthropological work is known as __________ in which the anthropologist not only performs research but is involved in the design, implementation, and management of the some organization, process, or product.
all of the above
The comparative method
Industrialization
The economic process of shifting from an agricultural economy to afactory-based one
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones is called __________ and was a driving force in anthropology.
Colonialism
The historical practice of more powerful countries claiming possession of less powerful ones.
cultural relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is known as
cultural relativism
The moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices.
Edward Burnett Tylor
The nineteenth-century British anthropologist credited with the development of the concept of culture through an evolutionary perspective was
Salvage Paradigm
The paradigm which held that it was important to observe indigenous ways of life, interview elders, and assemble collections of objects made and used by indigenous peoples.
informed consent
The practice of anthropologists explaining their research to participants and being clear about the risks involved is called __________.
the people or species they study
The primary ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to
natural selection
The process by which inheritable traits are passed along to offspring because they are better suited to the environment is
False
The scientific method is a research method in pursuit of ultimate truths.
diversity
The sheer variety of ways of being human around the world.
Scientific Method
The standard methodology of science that begins from observable facts, generates hypotheses from these facts, and then tests these hypotheses.
Linguistic Anthropology
The study of how people communicate with one other another through language and how language use shapes group membership and identity.
Anthropology
The study of human beings, their biology, their pre-prehistory and histories ,and their changing languages, cultures, and social institutions.
Archaeology
The study of past cultures, by excavating sites where people lived, worked, farmed, or conducted some other activity
Biological Anthropology
The study of the biological aspects of the human species, pastand present, along with those of our closest relatives, the nonhuman primates.
Cultural Anthropology
The study of the social lives of living communities
Cultural Anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human diversity, beliefs, and practice is called
Biological Anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies human evolution, including human genetics and human nutrition, is called
Linguistic Anthropology
The subfield of anthropology that studies language use is called
Archaeology
The subfield of anthropology that studies the material remains of past cultures, often focusing on the rise of cities, is called
Culture
The taken-for-granted notions, rules, moralities, and behaviors within a social group.
multiplicity and variety
The term diversity, when defined anthropologically,
Charles Darwin
The thinker who developed evolutionary theory in the nineteenth century was
True
There is rarely any guessing involved in the development of theories because they are tested repeatedly.
empirical
Verifiable through observation rather than through logic or theory.
proof of their primitive nature
Western colonial powers understood the different customs and cultures of the people they colonized as
Industrialization
What process involves shifting from an agricultural economy to a factory-based one?
Industrial Revolution
What prompted intellectuals to start systematically explaining the differences among people?
Fieldwork
When cultural anthropologists live in societies for one or more years observing social life, they are doing __________.
1800s
When did anthropology emerge as an academic discipline?
anthropologists need to collect information from societies before they die out
Which of the following is the most significant aspect of the salvage paradigm?
Evolution
__________ refers to the adaptive changes that organisms make across generations
ethnographic method
the method of data collection that involves prolonged and intensive observation of everyday life and is a hallmark of cultural anthropology is the ____________.