anthropology test 1 - chapter 2
all of the above
A cross-cultural perspective on eating insect larvae would reveal
Values
A focus on __________ helps anthropologists understand intrinsically desirable principles held by a group of people.
holistic perspective
A perspective that aims to identify and understand the whole—that is, the systematic connections between individual cultural beliefs and practices—rather than the individual parts.
Functionalism
A perspective that assumes that cultural practices and beliefs serve social purposes in any society.
social sanctions
A reaction or measure intended to enforce norms and punish their violation
something that conventionally and arbitrarily stands for something else.
A symbol is...
Interpretive theory of culture
A theory that culture is embodied and transmitted through symbols.
False
Activities that are biologically based, such as eating and sleeping, are universally the same for all humans
False
All humans are born with some culture.
Interpretive
An __________ approach to culture, such as that promoted by Clifford Geertz, Victor Turner, and Mary Douglas, emphasizes that culture is a shared system of meanings.
cross-cultural perspective
Analyzing a human social phenomenon by comparing that phenomenon in different cultures.
cross-cultural
Anthropologists believe that analyzing human cultural phenomena by comparing those phenomena across different societies, called the approach, is necessary to appreciate how "artificial" our beliefs and actions are
Seeing matters from the point of view of another culture
Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by
integrated
Because our values and beliefs include many elements of life such as clothes, food, and language means that culture is
cultural construction
Collective definitions of proper and improper behavior that "build" meanings through common experiences and negotiations are cultural __________.
False
Cultural appropriation involves relationships of power.
all of the above : it explains all human action as the product of culture alone, it can justify atrocities, it denies the influence of factors like physical environment and biology on humans
Cultural determinism is unproductive for cultural analysis because
False
Cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do.
False
Culture can only be transmitted through face-to-face interaction
True
Culture consists of the collective processes that make the artificial seem natural.
comprised of a dynamic and interrelated set of social, economic, and belief structures.
Culture is
False
Culture is uniquely human
the process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society, which begins at birth.
Ethnocentrism
traditions
Even though many people believe that their __________ are very old, these enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are often much more recent than we realize
families, sport teams, religions, hospitals, and healthcare systems
Examples of social institutions are
it is important to understand Native American claims from their point of view though it doesn't necessarily mean we should accept them as the only way to view the issue
How would a critical relativist explain Native American criticisms of cultural appropriation?
this way of teaching organizes people to promote shared cultural goals
If a functionalist were to explain why the teacher lectures from the front of the classroom to students organized in neatly arranged chairs, she or he would emphasize that
everyday interactions
If you wanted to understand the norms of a society, you would most likely focus on
customs
Long-established norms that have a codified and lawlike aspect
Interpretive Theory
Michael Ames developed exhibits with native Canadian communities at the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia because he believed in __________
True
Most anthropologists believe in a single unified theory of culture.
people learn them when they are young.
Norms are stable because
social institutions
Organized sets of social relationships that link individuals to each other in a structured way in a particular society
False
People rarely hold conflicting values.
tradition
Practices and customs that have become most ritualized and enduring
Symbol
Something—an object, idea, image, figure, or character—that represents something else.
Values
Symbolic expressions of intrinsically desirable principles or qualities
Franz Boas
The American anthropologist responsible for the concept of historical particularism was named
the interconnections between different domains of a society
The application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals
Power of tradition
The controversy between Native Americans and National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) schools using mascots illustrates
individual societies develop particular cultural traits and undergo a unique process of change
The defining feature of historical particularism is
Ethnocentrism
The experience of feeling that the way your culture does things is the right way and any different way of doing things is wrong is called .
a way of explaining how the world works
The idea that Ongee ancestors make tidal waves and earthquakes would be understood by an interpretive anthropologist as
cultural determinism
The idea that all human actions are the product of culture, which denies the influence of other factors, such as physical environment and human biology, on human behavior.
Social Evolutionism
The idea that cultures pass through stages from primitive to complex is known as .
Post-structuralism
The idea that embraces dynamic cultural processes and the idea that the observer of cultural processes can never see culture completely objectively represent
through systematic connections of different parts
The main idea behind the holistic perspective is to study culture
cultural construction
The meanings, concepts, and practices that people build out off their shared and collective experiences.
traditions
The most enduring and ritualized aspects of culture are referred to as
holistic perspective
The perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in the entirety is called
cultural relativism
The process of learning culture from a very young age is called
Enculturation
The process of learning the social rules and cultural logic of a society.
people make sense of the world through binary oppositions
The structuralist approach to culture theorizes what?
Micheal Foucault
The theorist most connected with post-structuralism is
Functionalism
The theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, and institutions fulfill the psychological and physical needs of society is called
cultural relativism
The theory that posits that cultural practices and beliefs serve purposes for society is called
cultural appropriation
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control of the symbols, objects, and practices of others is called .
cultural appropriation
The unilateral decision of one social group to take control over the symbols, practices, or objects of another
Norms
Typical patterns of actual behavior as well as the rules about how things should be done
challenged her right, as a foreign anthropologist, to study the Maya culture
When Kay Warren presented her anthropological research, a group of Maya intellectuals, activists, and political leaders
the use of acupuncture in the United States
Which of the following is an example of cultural appropriation?
Herbert Spencer
Who was responsible for the theory of functionalism?
Lewis Henry Morgan
Who was responsible for the theory of social evolution?