AOA Quiz 3, South America

Recently a new city site was found this region, and it may indicate that there was a horizon even earlier than the Early Horizon. What is this site called, and how old is it?

El Caral, and it predates Andean Culture by 1200 years. 2000 BCE.

How do we know that these cultures definitely had trade interaction with the cultures of the Amazon River Basin (the Amazonians)?

The Andeans used Amazonian Tropical Bird feathers in their textiles (Chimu featherwork tunics)

One of the most important discoveries about the Moche was made in 1988. What was discovered? Why is this important?

The Royal Tombs of Sipan. "The Great Warrior Priest", who we see on vessels and ear spools, so we know these people were real, or took on the role. The world's richest unlooted tomb. Ceramics, metalwork, and evidence of human sacrifice, telling about the culture.

a) What are the cultures of South America along the Andes mountain range called? b) The five time periods of Andean cultures alternate between ________ and __________. c) Which are time periods of cultural unification? What does this mean? d) Which are time periods of regional variation? What does this mean?

a) Andean Cultures b) Cultural Unification and Regional Variation (or Diversification) c) Early, Middle, and Late Horizon, It means the cultures came together under one rule, and the things the cultures were known for, such as textiles, overlapped in terms of style, knowledge. (Things became more alike.) d) Early and Late Intermediate, and it is when the cultures were NOT under 1 rule. They developed their own style and knowledge. (Things developed individually.)

.a) What culture was the unifying force behind the Early Horizon? b) This culture is named after what site? c) What is the major building of this site called? d) This building consisted of a U-shaped temple platform and a sunken circular plaza. Why is this significant?

a) Chavin b) The Chavín civilization was named for and centered around a large temple at Chavín de Huántar c) The Old Temple d) The platform still survives. It is faced with granite. Highland cultures. 50 feet high. Combined 2 forms of architecture, probably political propaganda.

a) The Sicán were absorbed by what culture? b) What was the capitol of the Sicán? What does this name mean? c) For what type of art are the Sicán famous? d) Name the identifiable traits of the Sicán Deity. e) What is an Andean cup called? f) What is an Andean sacrificial knife called?

a) Chimu Culture b) Batan Grande, "Temple of the moon"?? c) Forging metal d) The top of the figure at the top of the diety is a series of 3 half circles (kind of like a half moon), Eyes are tear drop shaped. e) Kero cup d) Tumi.

These cultures started developing early on the world scale, but they started making textiles VERY early, and they took textiles to a pinnacle of development. They used textiles in many creative ways. a) One way they used textiles was for a special kind of robe that was like a blanket worn around the shoulders. What is this called? b) Another way they used textiles was as a record-keeping device. What is this called? Recently, another version of this device was discovered; what is it, and why is it so exciting? c) Besides clothing, blankets, and record-keeping, name at least five other, relatively unusual ways these cultures used textiles. d) Early textiles were twined, but later textiles were woven on an ingeniously simple but versatile device that they developed. What is it? e) On this device, what are the stationary (vertical) threads called? What are the threads woven through the stationary threads called? f) Some of the textiles had designs that were made while the cloth was being woven; what is this kind of cloth called? g) Other textiles had designs that were sewn on to a finished piece of cloth; what is this kind of cloth called?

a) Mantle b) Quipus c) 1. Soft Sculptures, like dolls 2. Boats 3. Nets 4. Rope Bridges 5. Modular houses d) Backstrap Loom e) 1) Warp 2) Weft f) Tapestries g) Embroideries

a) Chimú are famous for what kind of architecture? What kind of decoration appeared on it? b) What other artform(s) did the Chimú produce? c) What is the capitol of the Chimú?

a) Massive adobe architecture, relief carving. b) featherwork c) Chan Chan

a) The Paracas were absorbed by what other culture around 1 BCE? b) This culture made boldly colored designs on their textiles and ceramics, often with black outlines. What are these kinds of designs called? c) The Paracas also developed a new kind of vessel, which this culture adopted and developed; what was it?? d) What innovation did this type of vessel have over stirrup-spout vessels? e) This culture was also famous for the Nazca Lines. What is the technical term for these? f) What is the most likely function of the Nazca Lines? What are they associated with?

a) Nazca b) Polychrome Designs c) Bridge-Spout Vessels. The Nazca added a rounded bottom so that it doesnt tip over. d) Rounded bottom so it wouldn't tip over. e) Geoglyph f) The locals do ritual processions through the path of the geoglyphs.

This culture developed a tradition of very low-relief stone sculpture, and a very common image in this sculpture was a creature composed with parts from several different animals. a) What is this kind of creature called? b) What three types of animals was it composed from? c) What are the identifying features of this creature? d) This creature can be viewed right-side-up or upside-down; how do you know which view is the primary (right-side-up) view? e) Is this creature more likely a religious image or a political image? Why? f) One specific type of this creature holds a big, scepter-like object in one or both hands; what is this specific version of the creature called? What does the female version most likely represent? What does the male version most likely represent?

a) Polymorph b)Avians, felines, and reptiles c) grinning or grimacing u shaped mouth and the fangs, multiple animals combined into human from, pendant eyes. d) pendant eyes - pupils roll to the top. you know if the figure is right-side-up if the pupils are rolled to the top. e) It's overlapping and confusing because it's supernatural/religious. clear images are political messages. f) Raimondi Stone - Female goddess is earth/agriculture god. Male god is sky/creator god.

The Moche were famous for the many different elaborate ceramic stirrup-spout vessels that they made. Be able to identify and name all of the different kinds.

a) Portrait Vessels (funerary) b) Figural Vessels (full figure) c) Deck (figure vessel) d) parts portrait vessels (found in graves, body parts) e) Fine Line Painting Vessel (Standard stirrup vessel painted with fine lines. There are also combinations of these vessels.

a) What are the native cultures of the Americas before European contact called? b) What is the time period after European contact with the Americas called?

a) Pre-Columbian b) Post Contact

a) This culture also developed a technologically advanced ceramic vessel. What is this vessel called? Why does it have this name? b) How is this vessel technologically advanced for travel in dry, hot areas? c) What else did this culture develop?

a) Stirrup Spout Vessel. air bubbles trap the water from spilling. the shape of the spout prevents evaporation. sturdy spout and easy to attach to llama. b) sturdy spout and easy to attach to llama. c) Chavin Textile fragment and metal work

a) The Moche culture built platform mounds and palaces of sun-dried mudbrick (adobe). Why did they use mudbrick? b) What was the capitol of the Moche? c) What were the PROPER names of their two largest structures (pyramids)? What were these structures used for? (What was on top?) d) Why was the largest of these two pyramids destroyed by the Spanish?

a) There was no stone or wood in the area. b) Cerro Blanco c) Huaca Del Sol and Huaca De La Luna. Used as temples and pyramids for the dead. d) The spanish found out that the Mochi buried many things with their dead, and they diverted the river to wash away the building and loot the goods.

a) These cultures also developed sophisticated agricultural systems, developing crops that would later be adopted by cultures around the world. What kinds of crops did they grow in the coastal communities? b) They also grew these crops in the mountains, but what very important crop did they also grow in the mountains? How did they cultivate the land in the mountains? c) In the mountains, they also domesticated the only domesticable beast-of-burden native to the Americas; what animal is this? What are the four major species of this animal? How were these animals used?

a) Used terraces to grow potatoes, cotton, corn, beans, peanuts, and gourds. b) Potatoes c) 1. Camelids. - llamas - alpacas - Vicuna - Guanaco They were used as pack animals, to carry burdens. (could not pull a cart bc of their necks) Also used for wool, hides as wall hangings, and in emergencies, food.

a) Under what culture were the Andean cultures unified during the Middle Horizon? b) What was the capitol of this culture called? c) What kind of textiles are they famous for making? Explain the designs on them. d) What other forms of art did they produce? e) What kinds of architectural decoration did they make? f) What does the figure in the center of the Sun Gate represent? What do the figures in the friezes (rows) on each side of the central figure represent?

a) Wari-Tiwanaku b) Wari and Tiwanaku c) Complex woven bowls, very abstract and complex. d) Metalwork and Mosaics. e) Architectural Stone Carving f) Relief Sculpture represents and early ruler, bc its clearly human. Either side has either human figures or bird/human figures. Winged staff bearing attendants.

In the Early Intermediate Period, the Paracas culture began to flourish. a) What kinds of textiles are they most famous for making? b) They developed the Staff God motif into many different elaborate creatures, supposedly with large eyes; these creatures are collectively called _________________. c) While these creatures have many variations, they appear to have a certain features in common; what features9? d) The Paracas culture also developed a design of human figures that used to be called "dancing figures." What do we now know these figures are actually doing? e) Another important design developed by the Paracas from the Staff God motif called the Bird Impersonator. What kind of people do these represent? How do we know that these motifs had to do with sacrifice? f) What other motif was very popular in Paracas textiles?

a) embroideries b) Oculate beings c) a streamer coming out of the back of the head / hold staffs in their hands. They all seem to hold a head as well. d) performing self sacrifices e) they are each holding sacrificial heads. f) Cat textiles

a) How did the Inca found their empire? How did they maintain it? b) What is the capitol of the Inca? c) What did they use for record-keeping? What did they use as a system of writing? d) Explain the patterns on the Inca Royal Tunic. e) What other artforms did the Inca produce? f) What is Machu Picchu? g) What two kinds of stonework architecture did the Inca produce? One used large, natural stones; how were they made to fit together? h) What is now on top of the Inca's Temple of the Sun? i) What is gold, in Inca mythology? What is silver?

a) formed by conquering almost all of the Andean region, maintained by taxes of food, labor, and textiles. b) Cuzco c) Both accounting system and writing are done with quipus. d) Large range of t'oqapu (geometric designs) indicates royal, and symbolizes power. Fine thread and expert weave, with bright colors indicate ability to taxation of the empire and access to rare luxury items like a hard to get dye and the most expert weavers. They also indicate rank, town and militaries. e) Silver sculptures. f) It's use is still unknown, but it is renowned for its sophisticated dry-stone walls that fuse huge blocks without the use of mortar. 7,000-9,000 feet above sea level. g) Ashlar masonry, perfectly flat cut, no masonry. Boulder masonry, perfectly fitted with no masonry. h) A Spanish cathedral i) The Inca believed that gold was the sweat of the sun god, Inti, while silver was the tears of his wife, the moon goddess Mama-Quilla.