AP 2 - Ch. 18 Test Bank

The temperature of blood is about ______ than measured body temperature.

1 C higher

The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.

120

The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.

37

How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?

4

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.

55

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?

92%

Which is going to result in significant agglutination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

Multi-CSF

Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform

a white blood cell differential count

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract

a, c, d, f

An individual's hematocrit would vary with

age, sex, altitude (all of the choices are correct)

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the

albumins

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B

b, c, f

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group

b, e

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic; proteins

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

basophil

Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?

basophils

The first phase of hemostasis involves

blood vessel constriction

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

c, a, e, b, d, f

The process of ______________ is the third and final phase of _______________, where the protein fibrin forms a meshwork that catches other elements of the blood.

coagulation; hemostasis

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to

collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.

common

Oxygen-poor blood is ______ in color.

dark red

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely

decrease

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

decreased in number and less efficient

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

The main function of leukocytes is to

defend against pathogens

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction; plasmin

The viscosity of blood is ______ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

directly; indirectly

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma

electrolytes

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood

In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in

flat bones of the axial skeleton

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.

globin

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called

hematopoiesis

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis; 9

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to

increase the viscosity of the blood

Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.

iron ions; antibodies

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles

Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.

largest; prominent nuclei

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the

liver and spleen

Between the fifth week and fifth month of development, the ___________ is the primary site of hematopoiesis. After birth, however, the ___________ is the main site for hematopoiesis.

liver; red bone marrow

When blood oxygen is _____, erythropoietin is released, which ______ production of erythrocytes

low; stimulates

T-lymphocytes are a category of

lymphocytes

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of

monocytes from monoblasts

In hematopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.

myeloid

The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)

neutrophil

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

neutrophils

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelet repellant

The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of

platelets and leukocytes

Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are

proplatelets

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?

protection

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

prothrombin is activated to thrombin

Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive

When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.

sympathetic

Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?

the extrinsic pathway

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

the intrinsic pathway

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that

their values are very similar

Blood is correctly classified as a(n)

tissue

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

transportation

The first phase in hemostasis is

vascular spasm

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

Congenital hemolytic anemia is

when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal