AP 2 - Ch. 18 Test Bank
The temperature of blood is about ______ than measured body temperature.
1 C higher
The life span of an erythrocyte is about _________ days.
120
The globulins make up about ________ percent of all plasma proteins.
37
How many globins (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule?
4
How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?
4
Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.
5 liters
Plasma makes up about ______ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood.
55
Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight?
92%
Which is going to result in significant agglutination?
Donor is type AB, recipient is type B
The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is
Multi-CSF
Which leukocytes are derived from the myeloid line?
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes
When trying to diagnose an infection that alters the percentages of leukocyte types found in the blood, it is useful for clinicians to perform
a white blood cell differential count
Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes
a, b, e
Which leukocytes are granulocytes? a: Neutrophils b: Eosinophils c: Lymphocytes d: Monocytes e: Basophils f: Erythrocytes
a, b, e
Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract
a, c, d, f
An individual's hematocrit would vary with
age, sex, altitude (all of the choices are correct)
The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the
albumins
Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules
b, c, e
Which are characteristic of type A blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes f: Will agglutinate with blood type B
b, c, f
Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood? a: Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies b: Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present c: Always has Rh (D) antigen d: Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be present e: Is inherited independent of the ABO group
b, e
Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .
basic; proteins
Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?
basophil
Which are the least numerous of the leukocytes?
basophils
The first phase of hemostasis involves
blood vessel constriction
The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to
both oxygen and carbon dioxide
Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte
c, a, e, b, d, f
The process of ______________ is the third and final phase of _______________, where the protein fibrin forms a meshwork that catches other elements of the blood.
coagulation; hemostasis
During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to
collagen with the assistance of von Willebrand factor
The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the ________ pathway.
common
Oxygen-poor blood is ______ in color.
dark red
If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely
decrease
One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will
decrease
In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be
decreased in number and less efficient
A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure
decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space
The main function of leukocytes is to
defend against pathogens
As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol
degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2
Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.
destruction; plasmin
The viscosity of blood is ______ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ______ proportional to the amount of fluid.
directly; indirectly
Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma
electrolytes
The most numerous of the formed elements are the
erythrocytes
When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the
erythrocytes
The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of
erythrocytes in the blood
In young children, hematopoiesis occurs in most of their bones, but in adulthood it primarily occurs in
flat bones of the axial skeleton
The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are
found on the surface of erythrocytes
The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the __________ units.
globin
The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called
hematopoiesis
Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.
hemostasis; 9
One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to
increase the viscosity of the blood
Beta-globulins transport ________, whereas gamma-globulins are ________.
iron ions; antibodies
The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes
lack a nucleus and organelles
Leukocytes are the _______ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ______________.
largest; prominent nuclei
Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the
liver and spleen
Between the fifth week and fifth month of development, the ___________ is the primary site of hematopoiesis. After birth, however, the ___________ is the main site for hematopoiesis.
liver; red bone marrow
When blood oxygen is _____, erythropoietin is released, which ______ production of erythrocytes
low; stimulates
T-lymphocytes are a category of
lymphocytes
The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)
monocyte
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of
monocytes from monoblasts
In hematopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _________ line.
myeloid
The type of leukocyte that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n)
neutrophil
Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?
neutrophils
Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a
platelet repellant
The "buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of
platelets and leukocytes
Glucose is a
polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma
Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are
proplatelets
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies?
protection
Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?
prothrombin is activated to thrombin
Vascular spasms last
several minutes when tissue damage is extensive
When over 10% of the body's blood has been lost, a survival response occurs involving activation of the ________ nervous system.
sympathetic
Which clotting pathway involves the combining of thromboplastin (factor III) with factor VII and calcium?
the extrinsic pathway
Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?
the intrinsic pathway
If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate
the wrong blood type was used
A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that
their values are very similar
Blood is correctly classified as a(n)
tissue
Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?
transportation
The first phase in hemostasis is
vascular spasm
To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers
vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate
Congenital hemolytic anemia is
when destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal
