AP 233 - LECTURE FINAL
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
REABSORPTION OF IONS, ORGANIC MOLECULES, VITAMINS, AND WATER
Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?
REBUILDING THE ENDOMETRIUM IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF PROLACTIN
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation:
RECTUS ABDOMINIS AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?
REGRESSION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM AND A DECREASE IN OVARIAN PROGESTERONE SECRETION
The pampiform plexus is important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role it plays?
REGULATE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE TESTES
Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except
RELAXATION OF THE CARDIAC SPHINCTER
Blood plasma is filtered in the ________.
RENAL CORPUSCLE
The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________.
RESIDUAL VOLUME
Emphysema can lead to which of the following?
RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS
You walk into your dorm room and find your roommate in the midst of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. You're unable to calm her down, so you call an ambulance. When she arrives at the ER, which of the following is her likely diagnosis?
RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS
The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME
The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is
RIBOFLAVIN
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
RIGHT PRIMARY
On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, FSH levels will be ________. The follicle that will become dominant is in the ________ stage of maturation. Progesterone levels in blood are ________.
RISING; PRIMARY TO SECONDARY; LOW
Most amino acids are absorbed via
SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT
The absorption of dipeptides in the small intestine involves
SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH H+
Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of
SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH Na+
The absorption of amino acids in the small intestine involves
SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH Na+
A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called ________.
SECRETIN
An intestinal hormone that leads to the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and decreases production of HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach is
SECRETIN
The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is
SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ________.
SMALL INTESTINE; SMALL INTESTINE
A pulmonologist is examining a patient who has been smoking cigarettes for several years. The patient's history includes frequent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. What explains the patient's history?
SMOKING SUPPRESSES THE INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCTING ZONE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to:
SOFTEN COLLAGEN FIBERS
Which of the following statements regarding male reproductive function is FALSE? - Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. - Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens. - Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile. - The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients. - The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein.
SPERM ENTERING THE EPIDIDYMIS ARE FULLY MOTILE
Protein digestion begins in the
STOMACH
Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?
SUBATMOSPHERIC INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and fructose, this carbohydrate is probably
SUCROSE
Ejaculation of semen from the penis is caused by
SYMPATHETIC NERVE FIRING, WHICH INITIATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN THE EPIDIDYMIS, VAS DEFERENS, EJACULATORY DUCTS, PROSTATE, AND SEMINAL VESICLES
During implantation, the trophoblast divides into a superficial layer called the ________, which is composed of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm.
SYNCYTIOTROHPOBLAST
The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in
SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD
The muscle tone of the ________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called ________.
TAENIAE COLI; HAUSTRA
Degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of:
TESTOSTERONE
Growth of the mesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of:
TESTOSTERONE
Which of the following does NOT normally play a role in removing protons from the body trough the urine
THE AMINE GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS BINDING TO H+
What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?
THE DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Which of the following will occur after ovulation?
THE ENDOMETRIUM ENTERS ITS SECRETORY PHASE
The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called:
THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?
THE LUNGS AND THE KIDNEYS
At menopause all of the following occur, except that
THE OVARIES SWELL
Sperm cannot fertilize an ovum unless it has been in the female reproductive tract for several hours. This enhanced ability of the sperm to fertilize the ovum is called capacitation. In vitro studies indicate that the sperm can fertilize the ovum if sperm are first washed before being introduced to the ovum. These observations suggest that
THE PROCESS OF CAPACITATION INVOLVES THE REMOVAL OF SOME INHIBITING SUBSTANCES FROM THE SPERM
Henry's law states that
THE VOLUME OF A GAS THAT WILL DISSOLVE IN A SOLVENT IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SOLUBILITY OF THE GAS AND THE GAS PRESSURE
In response to high plasma osmolarity,
THERE IS AN INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF THE MEMBRANE OF THE RENAL COLLECTING DUCTS TO WATER
Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because ________.
THEY ACT ONLY IN THE LUMEN AND DO NOT DIGEST INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS
When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that
THEY ARE EQUAL
Human egg and sperm are similar in that:
THEY HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES
The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?
THEY REGULATE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE TESTES
The volume of air from the end of a normal inhalation until muscles begin contracting in exhilation is the
TIDAL VOLUME
The chloride shift occurs in order to
TRANSPORT BICARBONATE IONS INTO THE BLOOD PLASMA
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
TRIGLYCERIDES
Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus through the ________.
UMBILICAL VEIN
In the ovarian cycle, the dominant follicle
UPREGULATES ITS SENSITIVITY TO FSH AND LH
Water output is largely controlled by varying ________.
URINE VOLUME
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
URINE WITH A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF POTASSIUM IONS
Ketosis results from
UTILIZING FATTY ACIDS AS A PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE
The part of the nephron that protects the medullary gradient from the lose of osmotically active solutes is the
VASA RECTA
Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?
VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
VITAL CAPACITY
White hair (W) is dominant over green hair (w) and detached earlobes (D) is dominant over attached earlobes (d). Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 9/16 white hair and detached earlobes, 3/16 white hair attached earlobes, 3/16 green hair detached earlobes and 1/16 green hair attached earlobes?
WwDd x WwDd
Following the fusion of the pronuclei the cell is known as the:
ZYGOTE
Immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta and are important to the immunity of infants are
lgG
A decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?
pH WILL INCREASE
If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their female offspring can be expected to be color blind?
1/2
The gene for normal skin pigment (A) can also code for the recessive trait of albinism (a). An albino man and a homozygous normal pigmented woman produce four children. What is the phenotype of the children?
100% NORMAL
An individual has a vital capacity of 4500 ml, a tidal volume of 500 ml and a expiratory reserve volume of 1000 ml, and a residual volume of 1200 what is their inspiratory capacity?
3500 ml
What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?
7.35 - 7.45
During glycolysis - two molecules of ATP are produced - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. - two NAD+ are produced. - A and B only - A, B, and C
A & B ONLY
Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include - deoxyribonuclease. - lipase. - enterokinase. - A and B only - A, B, and C
A & B ONLY
Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include - trypsin (as trypsinogen). - amylase. - maltase. - A and B only - A, B, and C
A & B ONLY
In the electron transport chain - coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2. - oxidized molecules gain energy at the expense of reduced molecules. - oxidative phosphorylation takes place and ATP is formed. - all of the above - A and C only
A & C ONLY
A hemorrhage results in which of the following?
A DECREASE IN WATER VOLUME WITHOUT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING THE OSMOLARITY
Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?
A DROP IN BLOOD OSMOLARITY
During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,
A NEW FUNCTIONAL LAYER IS FORMED IN THE UTERUS
Secretion of potassium into the urine is - increased by aldosterone. - associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. - decreases under acidic conditions. - A, B, and C - A and B only
A, B & C
A couple whose blood types are A and B may have a child with which of the following blood types?
A, B, AB, and O
A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to
ABSENCE OF ADH
The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require
ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IONS FROM THE ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE
Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?
ADH
Functions of the urinary system include: - helping to stabilize blood pH. - regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. - conservation of valuable nutrients. - regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. - all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Steven, who had way too many margaritas, has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. - hydrogen ion - water - sodium - bicarbonate ion - all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? - increased clotting time - jaundice - edema - all of the above - B and C only
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which is the function of the ovaries? - secretion of hormones - formation of immature gametes - production of oocytes - secretion of inhibin - all of the above
ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa - HCl secretion - alkaline mucous - tight junctions - High mitotic division rate - All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE PROTECTIVE FEATURES OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA
Pneumotaxic centers in the pons - modify respiratory rate and depth. - inhibit the apneustic centers. - promote passive or active exhalation. - receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. - All of the answers are correct.
ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT
What occurs during spermiogenesis? - Centrioles give rise to the flagellum - Cytoplasm and most organelles are shed - Golgi complex forms the acrosome - All of the choices are correct.
ALL OF THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT
The extraembryonic membrane that becomes the umbilical cord it is the
ALLANTOIS
Asthma is
AN ACUTE CONDITION RESULTING FROM UNUSUALLY SENSITIVE, IRRITATED CONDUCTING AIRWAYS
Puberty in females begins with
AN INCREASE IN GnRH
Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?
APPROXIMATELY ONE-THIRD OF THE WATER IS IN THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT
Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs
AS A RESULT OF A FALL IN PLASMA LEVELS OF ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE
Most carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood
AS BICARBONATE IONS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA
Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
AT NORMAL RESTING SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL PO2, HEMOGLOBIN IS ALMOST 100% SATURATED WITH OXYGEN
On day 14 of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, LH concentration in the blood will be ________. The endometrium will be ________. Estrogen concentration in the blood is ________.
AT OR NEAR A PEAK; NEAR THE END OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE; RELATIVELY HIGH
Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth. b: stomach. c: pancreas. d: lining of the small intestine.
C, D
________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.
CANINES
The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called ________.
CAPACITATION
The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water.
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE
Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to
CHANGES IN PCO2, PO2, AND pH
Pepsinogen is produced by ________ and is activated by ________, which is secreted by ________. Question options:
CHIEF CELLS; HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl); PARIETAL CELLS
The most common bacterial STD is
CHLAMYDIA
The penis is homologous to the ________.
CLITORIS
Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by
COTRANSPORT WITH Na AND K IONS
The conchae
CREATE TURBULENCE IN THE AIR TO TRAP PARTICULATE MATTER IN MUCUS
Surfactant aids in breathing by
DECREASING SURFACE TENSION PREVENTING THE ALVEOILI FROM COLLAPSING
Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by
DEPRESSION OF THE SOFT PALATE
Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________.
DIABETES MELLITUS
External respiration involves the
DIFFUSION OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI AND THE CIRCULATING BLOOD
Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the ________ lactose because they lack the enzyme ________.
DISACCHARIDE; LACTASE
The Bohr effect describes the ________.
EFFECT OF pH ON THE AFFINITY OF HEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN
The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the ________ period.
EMBRYONIC
Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?
EMULSIFY LIPIDS
Braxton-Hicks can begin after
ESTROGEN LEVELS SURPASS PROGESTERONE LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY
During ________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia.
EXCITEMENT
Which of the following statements regarding hypoxia is correct?
EXPOSURE TO HIGH ALTITUDE IS A FORM OF HYPOXIC HYPOXIA
Glycogen stores within the epithelium of the vaginal wall are used :
FOR LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will
FORM THE EMBRYO
Sertoli cells are stimulated by ________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________.
FSH; LH
Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female is false?
INCREASING ESTROGEN, DECREASING PROGESTERONE AND INCREASED GROWTH OF THE CORUS LUTEUM
During quiet breathing,
INSPIRATION INVOLVES MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS AND EXPIRATION IS PASSIVE
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
Which of the following statements about estrogen in females is FALSE? - In high plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates release of FSH and LH. - Estrogen stimulates follicular growth. - In low plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates pituitary secretion of LH and FSH. - In the presence of high plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogen stimulates increased secretion of GnRH. - Estrogen secretion is required for the LH surge.
INT HE PRESENCE OF HIGH PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE, ESTROGEN STIMULATES INCREASED SECRETION OF GnRH
Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of
INTERNAL RESPIRATION
Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?
INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN ALVEOLAR PRESSURE
Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?
IT CAUSES HYPERPOLARIZATION
Which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier?
IT PREVENTS ANTIBODIES IN THE BLOOD FROM GETTING TO THE GERM CELLS
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
IT PROMOTES WATER CONSERVATION
Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the CSF. The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?
IT WILL CAUSE AN INCREASE IN RESPIRATORY RATE
The zona pellucidum:
KEEPS THE OOCYTE BATHED IN ESTROGEN
Emily is hyperventilating due to anxiety over the test causing respiratory alkalosis, in response to correct the problem the
KIDNEYS RETAIN MORE HYDROGEN IONS
If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably
LACTOSE
The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because
LARGE MASSES OF FOOD CAN PASS THROUGH THE ESOPHAGUS DURING SWALLOWING
Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is
LESS THAN HEMOGLOBINS AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN WHEN THE BPG LEVEL IS LOW
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is
LH
Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?
LIVER
Factors that lead to an increased risk for an ectopic pregnancy include all the following except
LOW ESTROGEN LEVELS
Soluble fiber is a part of a healthy diet because
LOWERS BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS
In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signalling for ____________.
MACULA DENSA; CONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
During pregnancy, a woman's areolae and nipples become darker under the influence of
MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE FROM THE PLACENTA
If the amount of progesterone in the blood remained at the level seen in the middle of the luteal phase for 6 straight months, what would the effect be on menstruation?
MENSTRUATION WOULD NOT OCCUR
Adipose is formed from the:
MESODERM
A pregnant woman with chronic morning (and afternoon and evening) sickness could develop
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Hypoventilation can correct ________.
METABOLIC ALKALOSIS
Cleavage involves a series of ________ divisions and ________ in the overall size of the conceptus (zygote, morula, blastocyst).
MITOTIC; NO CHANGE
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
MODIFIES THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING
A slow increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to: - depolarzation of cells - increased polarization of the cell membrane. - muscle weakness. - depression of the nervous system. - more than one of the above.
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
Colostrum differs from breast milk because: - HAS A LAXATIVE EFFECT? - MORE ANTIBODIES? - CONTAINS MORE WHITE BLOOD CELLS? - HIGHER FAT IN BREAST MILK? - MORE THAN ONE?
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
During gestation, further ovulatory events are suppressed by elevated levels of: - ESTROGEN? - PROGESTERONE? - INHIBIN? - RELAXIN? - MORE THAN ONE?
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes can lead to ________. - KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME? - PATAU SYNDROME? - EDWARDS SYNDROME? - TURNER'S SYNDROME? - MORE THAN ONE?
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
Rosie gets hit by a car while on her bike and has extensive damage to her kidneys resulting in decreased kidney hormone levels leading to - decreased blood calcium levels - increased protein catabolism - decreased hematocrit - increased blood glucose levels - more than one of the above
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during - glycolysis. - the Kreb's cycle. - pyruvate oxidation. - the formation of water. - more than one of the above.
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release - Cholecystokinin. - Gastrin. - Secretin. - Gastric Inhibitory Peptide. - more than one of the above
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
The slow block to polyspermy involves: - Ca++ leading to hardening of the oocyte membrane? - Coming home early and unexpectedly? - Release of cortical Ca++? - Removal of receptors from the oocyte? - More than one?
MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE
Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________, whereas protein digestion begins in the ________.
MOUTH; STOMACH
Pulmonary ventilation refers to the
MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS
Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the
MOVEMENT OF THE ARYTENOID CARTILAGES AND CONTRACTION OF THE LARYNGEAL MUSCLES
Hypocalcemia can lead to
MUSCLE SPASMS
During glycolysis
NAD+ IS REDUCED
Contraceptive pills mimic the ________ feedback effect of ________.
NEGATIVE; ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE
A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to: - increase of blood pressure. - more secretion of aldosterone. - decreased urinary loss of sodium. - increased sodium reabsorption. - none of the above.
NONE OF THE ABOVE
An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 32, this would indicate the individual probably has: - uncompensated metabolic acidosis. - compensated respiratory acidosis. - uncompensated metabolic alkolosis. - compensated respiratory alkalosis - NONE OF THE ABOVE
NONE OF THE ABOVE
Cryptorchidism is - late onset of menstrual cycles - a result of ovarian cysts causing hormonal - abnormalities - a camouflged flower - a chromosomal abnormality - none of the above
NONE OF THE ABOVE
Degeneration of the mesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of: - estrogens - hCG - testosterone - progesterone - none of the above
NONE OF THE ABOVE
Late one night while studying for your A&P class, you open a box of crackers to snack on. After chewing for a while you notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this? - bacterial activity in the mouth is changing pH - sweet taste receptors are slower than salty receptors - sugars are part of the serous saliva to moisten the crackers - amylase is converting lipids to carbohydrates - none of the above.
NONE OF THE ABOVE
Mass movements are - peristalic waves moving food down the esophagus - strong contractions of the gastric muscularis leading to vomiting - peristalic contractions moving chyme from the stomach to the small intestine - peristalic contractions moving chyme from - the small intestine to the large intestine - none of the above
NONE OF THE ABOVE
One aspect of renal autoregulation involves: - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high osmotic concentration of the blood. - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to decreased blood pressure. - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to low osmotic concentration of the filtrate. - constriction of the efferent arteriole in respose to high blood pressure. - none of the above.
NONE OF THE ABOVE
In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up ________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and ________.
Na+; PREVENTS THE ENTRANCE OF ANY MORE SPERM
Natriuretic peptide inhibits ________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which ________ urine output.
NaCl; INCREASES
Consider a mother with normal vision who has a son with red-green color blindness. The mother was a "carrier" of the affected gene, as she had a normal phenotype but
ONE DOMINANT & ONE RECESSIVE ALLELE
The following is true regarding spermatogenesis and oogenesis: - oocytes stall in anaphase II at puberty. - 4 sperm and 4 oocytes result from meiotic division. - oocytes do not complete meiosis until following fertilization. - sperm complete meiosis upon fertilization. - each mature sperm and oocyte contain 23 pair of chromosomes.
OOCYTES DO NOT COMPLETE MEIOSIS UNTIL FOLLOWING FERTILIZATION
Each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true, except - an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilized. - ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. - at the time of birth the ovaries contain only primary oocytes. - oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause. - all of the above are true.
OOGENESIS OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY FROM PUBERTY UNTIL MENOPAUSE
The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers
OVULATION
Involution of the uterus following childbirth is aided by
OXYTOCIN
Powerful contractions of the uterus are the result of rising levels of
OXYTOCIN
The organ that produces enzymes capable of digesting all the macromolecule classes is the
PANCREAS
For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the
PCO2 SHOULD BE LOW
Those characteristics that can be determined on superficial inspection of an individual are known as:
PHENOTYPIC
The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of:
PLASMA PROTEIN
What is the principal anion of the ICF?
PO4-
Adult humans have the dental formula 2 1 2 3 over 2 1 2 3, the second 2 in both sets of num bers represent the
PREMOLARS
Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure?
PREVENTING SODIUM LOSS IN THE URINE
The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to
PRODUCE ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEINS IN THE SERTOLI CELLS
All the following are true of the Sertoli cells, EXCEPT - produce androgen binding proteins - produce testosterone - produce inhibin - forms blood-testis barrier - all of the above are true
PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE
The corona radiata:
PRODUCES ESTROGEN FOR THE OOCYTE FOLLOWING OVULATION
The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is
PROGESTERONE
During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle
PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE AT THEIR HIGHEST
The meiotic stage at which oocytes are at birth is
PROPHASE I
The gland that produces a secretion that contains citric acid, Ca++, and fibrinolysin is the
PROSTATE GLAND
Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?
PROTEASE
Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?
PROTEINS
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
The 6 weeks following birth when the mother's body readjusts to non-pregnant conditions is known as.
PUERPERIUM
The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called
PYRAMIDS
Acetyl CoA is formed during
PYRUVATE OXIDATION
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?
B12
A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would:
BE STERILE
The Kreb's cycle
BEGINS WITH THE FORMATION OF A MOLECULE OF CITRIC ACID
Each of the following is a function of the liver, except - bicarbonate production. - storage of glycogen and iron reserves. - synthesis of plasma proteins. - synthesis and secretion of bile. - inactivation of toxins.
BICARBONATE PRODUCTION
Normally menstruation occurs when:
BLOOD LEVELS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE DECREASE
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
BOUND TO HEMOGLOBIN
The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the
BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
Assume an individual has no sodium in their intestinal tract. If this were the case the asorption of _____ would be most affected
GALACTOSE
Bile is stored in the
GALLBLADDER
The presence of food in the stomach increases the pH and triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the gastric smooth muscle and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of
GASTRIN IN THE GASTRIC PHASE OF DIGESTION
Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate __________________ in the liver and skeletal muscle.
GLYCOGEN
The STD that can lead to blindness in newborns
GONORRHEA
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is
GREATER THAN THE PERCENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS 43 DEGREES CENTIGRADE
The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is
GREATER THAN THE PERCENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN WHEN THE pH IS 7.2
Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.
HIGH ESTROGEN LEVELS RESULT IN A SURGE OF LH RELEASE
Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is
HIGH PITCHED AND LOUD
Which is characteristic of a person chronically suffering from hypoxic hypoxia?
HIGHER-THAN-NORMAL HEMATOCRIT
The presence of a recessive gene is phenotypically expressed only if the individual is
HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE
The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased __________ production.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
After a night of trying to keep up with Jess's drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severly depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from
HYPOKALEMIA
Acidosis can cause all of the following, except
HYPONATREMIA
Dalton's law states that
IN A MIXTURE OF GASES SUCH AS AIR, THE TOTAL PRESSURE IS THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE GASES IN THE MIXTURE
The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:
IN OOGENESIS, ONE MATURE OVUM IS PRODUCED, AND IN SPERMATOGENESIS FOUR MATURE SPERM ARE PRODUCED FROM THE PARENT CELL
Histotoxic hypoxia results from
INABILITY OF THE CELLS TO USE OXYGEN
Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except
INCREASE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
Which of the following conditions would lead to the Highest affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?
INCREASED pH
