AP 233 - LECTURE FINAL

The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is

REABSORPTION OF IONS, ORGANIC MOLECULES, VITAMINS, AND WATER

Which of the following statements about the female reproductive process is not true?

REBUILDING THE ENDOMETRIUM IS UNDER THE CONTROL OF PROLACTIN

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation:

RECTUS ABDOMINIS AND INTERNAL INTERCOSTAL MUSCLES

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female occur simultaneously?

REGRESSION OF THE CORPUS LUTEUM AND A DECREASE IN OVARIAN PROGESTERONE SECRETION

The pampiform plexus is important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role it plays?

REGULATE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE TESTES

Gastrin secretion leads to all of the following except

RELAXATION OF THE CARDIAC SPHINCTER

Blood plasma is filtered in the ________.

RENAL CORPUSCLE

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration is the ________.

RESIDUAL VOLUME

Emphysema can lead to which of the following?

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

You walk into your dorm room and find your roommate in the midst of anxiety-induced hyperventilation. You're unable to calm her down, so you call an ambulance. When she arrives at the ER, which of the following is her likely diagnosis?

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

The condition resulting from inadequate production of surfactant and the resultant collapse of alveoli is

RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME

The vitamin that is part of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is

RIBOFLAVIN

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

RIGHT PRIMARY

On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, FSH levels will be ________. The follicle that will become dominant is in the ________ stage of maturation. Progesterone levels in blood are ________.

RISING; PRIMARY TO SECONDARY; LOW

Most amino acids are absorbed via

SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT

The absorption of dipeptides in the small intestine involves

SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH H+

Reabsorption of filtered glucose from the lumen in the PCT is largely by means of

SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH Na+

The absorption of amino acids in the small intestine involves

SECONDARY ACTIVE SYMPORT WITH Na+

A sodium bicarbonate solution is secreted in response to a hormone called ________.

SECRETIN

An intestinal hormone that leads to the release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas and decreases production of HCl and pepsinogen in the stomach is

SECRETIN

The lining of the gastrointestinal tract that allows for absorption and secretion is

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

Amino acids and monosaccharides are absorbed in the ________, and fatty acids are absorbed in the ________.

SMALL INTESTINE; SMALL INTESTINE

A pulmonologist is examining a patient who has been smoking cigarettes for several years. The patient's history includes frequent upper and lower respiratory tract infections. What explains the patient's history?

SMOKING SUPPRESSES THE INNATE (NON-SPECIFIC) DEFENSES IN THE CONDUCTING ZONE OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries. The function of this hormone is to:

SOFTEN COLLAGEN FIBERS

Which of the following statements regarding male reproductive function is FALSE? - Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. - Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens. - Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile. - The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients. - The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein.

SPERM ENTERING THE EPIDIDYMIS ARE FULLY MOTILE

Protein digestion begins in the

STOMACH

Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating?

SUBATMOSPHERIC INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and fructose, this carbohydrate is probably

SUCROSE

Ejaculation of semen from the penis is caused by

SYMPATHETIC NERVE FIRING, WHICH INITIATES SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN THE EPIDIDYMIS, VAS DEFERENS, EJACULATORY DUCTS, PROSTATE, AND SEMINAL VESICLES

During implantation, the trophoblast divides into a superficial layer called the ________, which is composed of a multinucleate mass of cytoplasm.

SYNCYTIOTROHPOBLAST

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is greatest in

SYSTEMIC VENOUS BLOOD

The muscle tone of the ________ along the colon contracts it lengthwise, causing its walls to bulge and form pouches called ________.

TAENIAE COLI; HAUSTRA

Degeneration of the paramesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of:

TESTOSTERONE

Growth of the mesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of:

TESTOSTERONE

Which of the following does NOT normally play a role in removing protons from the body trough the urine

THE AMINE GROUP OF AMINO ACIDS BINDING TO H+

What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles?

THE DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP OF THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Which of the following will occur after ovulation?

THE ENDOMETRIUM ENTERS ITS SECRETORY PHASE

The structures that receive the ovulated oocyte, providing a site for fertilization, are called:

THE FALLOPIAN TUBES

Which of the following two organs function as the most important physiological buffer systems?

THE LUNGS AND THE KIDNEYS

At menopause all of the following occur, except that

THE OVARIES SWELL

Sperm cannot fertilize an ovum unless it has been in the female reproductive tract for several hours. This enhanced ability of the sperm to fertilize the ovum is called capacitation. In vitro studies indicate that the sperm can fertilize the ovum if sperm are first washed before being introduced to the ovum. These observations suggest that

THE PROCESS OF CAPACITATION INVOLVES THE REMOVAL OF SOME INHIBITING SUBSTANCES FROM THE SPERM

Henry's law states that

THE VOLUME OF A GAS THAT WILL DISSOLVE IN A SOLVENT IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SOLUBILITY OF THE GAS AND THE GAS PRESSURE

In response to high plasma osmolarity,

THERE IS AN INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF THE MEMBRANE OF THE RENAL COLLECTING DUCTS TO WATER

Several digestive enzymes are secreted as zymogens because ________.

THEY ACT ONLY IN THE LUMEN AND DO NOT DIGEST INTRACELLULAR PROTEINS

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that

THEY ARE EQUAL

Human egg and sperm are similar in that:

THEY HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF CHROMOSOMES

The dartos and cremaster muscles are important to the integrity of the male reproductive system. Which of the following is true about the role they play?

THEY REGULATE THE TEMPERATURE OF THE TESTES

The volume of air from the end of a normal inhalation until muscles begin contracting in exhilation is the

TIDAL VOLUME

The chloride shift occurs in order to

TRANSPORT BICARBONATE IONS INTO THE BLOOD PLASMA

Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?

TRIGLYCERIDES

Oxygenated blood reaches the fetus through the ________.

UMBILICAL VEIN

In the ovarian cycle, the dominant follicle

UPREGULATES ITS SENSITIVITY TO FSH AND LH

Water output is largely controlled by varying ________.

URINE VOLUME

In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce

URINE WITH A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF POTASSIUM IONS

Ketosis results from

UTILIZING FATTY ACIDS AS A PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

The part of the nephron that protects the medullary gradient from the lose of osmotically active solutes is the

VASA RECTA

Which of the following would reduce the glomerular filtration rate?

VASOCONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

VITAL CAPACITY

White hair (W) is dominant over green hair (w) and detached earlobes (D) is dominant over attached earlobes (d). Which of the following crosses would produce offspring in the ratio of 9/16 white hair and detached earlobes, 3/16 white hair attached earlobes, 3/16 green hair detached earlobes and 1/16 green hair attached earlobes?

WwDd x WwDd

Following the fusion of the pronuclei the cell is known as the:

ZYGOTE

Immunoglobulins that can cross the placenta and are important to the immunity of infants are

lgG

A decrease in metabolism without a similar, compensatory decrease in alveolar ventilation will have what effect on the systemic pH?

pH WILL INCREASE

If a color-blind (X-linked recessive trait) man marries a woman who is heterozygous for the trait, what proportion of their female offspring can be expected to be color blind?

1/2

The gene for normal skin pigment (A) can also code for the recessive trait of albinism (a). An albino man and a homozygous normal pigmented woman produce four children. What is the phenotype of the children?

100% NORMAL

An individual has a vital capacity of 4500 ml, a tidal volume of 500 ml and a expiratory reserve volume of 1000 ml, and a residual volume of 1200 what is their inspiratory capacity?

3500 ml

What is the normal pH of tissue fluid?

7.35 - 7.45

During glycolysis - two molecules of ATP are produced - a molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid. - two NAD+ are produced. - A and B only - A, B, and C

A & B ONLY

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include - deoxyribonuclease. - lipase. - enterokinase. - A and B only - A, B, and C

A & B ONLY

Enzymes secreted by the pancreas include - trypsin (as trypsinogen). - amylase. - maltase. - A and B only - A, B, and C

A & B ONLY

In the electron transport chain - coenzymes receive hydrogen atoms from NADH and FADH2. - oxidized molecules gain energy at the expense of reduced molecules. - oxidative phosphorylation takes place and ATP is formed. - all of the above - A and C only

A & C ONLY

A hemorrhage results in which of the following?

A DECREASE IN WATER VOLUME WITHOUT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTING THE OSMOLARITY

Long-term inhibition of thirst is mostly associated with which of the following?

A DROP IN BLOOD OSMOLARITY

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

A NEW FUNCTIONAL LAYER IS FORMED IN THE UTERUS

Secretion of potassium into the urine is - increased by aldosterone. - associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts. - decreases under acidic conditions. - A, B, and C - A and B only

A, B & C

A couple whose blood types are A and B may have a child with which of the following blood types?

A, B, AB, and O

A patient excretes a large volume of very dilute urine on a continuing basis. This is may be due to

ABSENCE OF ADH

The mechanisms for creating the solute concentration gradient in the renal medulla of Elyse's kidneys require

ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF SODIUM AND CHLORIDE IONS FROM THE ASCENDING LIMB OF THE LOOP OF HENLE

Which hormone most affects the osmolarity of blood?

ADH

Functions of the urinary system include: - helping to stabilize blood pH. - regulation of blood volume and blood pressure. - conservation of valuable nutrients. - regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions. - all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Steven, who had way too many margaritas, has been both vomiting and having diarrhea is losing ________ from his body. - hydrogen ion - water - sodium - bicarbonate ion - all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Tony is a chronic alcoholic with cirrhosis of the liver, a condition in which liver cells die and are replaced by connective tissue. Which of the following signs would you expect to observe in Tony? - increased clotting time - jaundice - edema - all of the above - B and C only

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which is the function of the ovaries? - secretion of hormones - formation of immature gametes - production of oocytes - secretion of inhibin - all of the above

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Which of the following is NOT a protective feature of the gastric mucosa - HCl secretion - alkaline mucous - tight junctions - High mitotic division rate - All of the above are protective features of the gastric mucosa

ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE PROTECTIVE FEATURES OF THE GASTRIC MUCOSA

Pneumotaxic centers in the pons - modify respiratory rate and depth. - inhibit the apneustic centers. - promote passive or active exhalation. - receive input from the hypothalamus and cerebrum. - All of the answers are correct.

ALL OF THE ANSWERS ARE CORRECT

What occurs during spermiogenesis? - Centrioles give rise to the flagellum - Cytoplasm and most organelles are shed - Golgi complex forms the acrosome - All of the choices are correct.

ALL OF THE CHOICES ARE CORRECT

The extraembryonic membrane that becomes the umbilical cord it is the

ALLANTOIS

Asthma is

AN ACUTE CONDITION RESULTING FROM UNUSUALLY SENSITIVE, IRRITATED CONDUCTING AIRWAYS

Puberty in females begins with

AN INCREASE IN GnRH

Water occupies two main fluid compartments within the body, the intracellular fluid compartment and the extracellular fluid compartment. Which of the following statements is true concerning the volume of intracellular fluid?

APPROXIMATELY ONE-THIRD OF THE WATER IS IN THE INTRACELLULAR FLUID COMPARTMENT

Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs

AS A RESULT OF A FALL IN PLASMA LEVELS OF ESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE

Most carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood

AS BICARBONATE IONS IN THE BLOOD PLASMA

Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?

AT NORMAL RESTING SYSTEMIC ARTERIAL PO2, HEMOGLOBIN IS ALMOST 100% SATURATED WITH OXYGEN

On day 14 of a typical 28-day menstrual cycle, LH concentration in the blood will be ________. The endometrium will be ________. Estrogen concentration in the blood is ________.

AT OR NEAR A PEAK; NEAR THE END OF THE PROLIFERATIVE PHASE; RELATIVELY HIGH

Digestion of carbohydrates within the small intestine involves enzymes that come from the a: mouth. b: stomach. c: pancreas. d: lining of the small intestine.

C, D

________ are pointed teeth that are adapted for tearing and slashing.

CANINES

The process of sperm gaining the ability to fertilize an ovum as they pass through the female reproductive tract is called ________.

CAPACITATION

The enzyme ________ catalyzes the formation of H2CO3 from CO2 and water.

CARBONIC ANHYDRASE

Blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies would interfere with the brain's ability to regulate breathing in response to

CHANGES IN PCO2, PO2, AND pH

Pepsinogen is produced by ________ and is activated by ________, which is secreted by ________. Question options:

CHIEF CELLS; HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl); PARIETAL CELLS

The most common bacterial STD is

CHLAMYDIA

The penis is homologous to the ________.

CLITORIS

Chloride ion is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb by

COTRANSPORT WITH Na AND K IONS

The conchae

CREATE TURBULENCE IN THE AIR TO TRAP PARTICULATE MATTER IN MUCUS

Surfactant aids in breathing by

DECREASING SURFACE TENSION PREVENTING THE ALVEOILI FROM COLLAPSING

Food is prevented from entering the nasal cavity by

DEPRESSION OF THE SOFT PALATE

Prior to chemical tests for glycosuria, clinicians checked for sweetness of the urine as a sign of ________.

DIABETES MELLITUS

External respiration involves the

DIFFUSION OF GASES BETWEEN THE ALVEOLI AND THE CIRCULATING BLOOD

Lactose intolerant individuals cannot digest the ________ lactose because they lack the enzyme ________.

DISACCHARIDE; LACTASE

The Bohr effect describes the ________.

EFFECT OF pH ON THE AFFINITY OF HEMOGLOBIN FOR OXYGEN

The third through eighth weeks of development are known as the ________ period.

EMBRYONIC

Which of the following is not a function of gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

EMULSIFY LIPIDS

Braxton-Hicks can begin after

ESTROGEN LEVELS SURPASS PROGESTERONE LEVELS DURING PREGNANCY

During ________, the uterus is tented (erected) and the cervix is withdrawn from the vagina. Typically, the clitoris is engorged and the labia are bright red to violet due to hyperemia.

EXCITEMENT

Which of the following statements regarding hypoxia is correct?

EXPOSURE TO HIGH ALTITUDE IS A FORM OF HYPOXIC HYPOXIA

Glycogen stores within the epithelium of the vaginal wall are used :

FOR LACTIC ACID PRODUCTION

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will

FORM THE EMBRYO

Sertoli cells are stimulated by ________, while Leydig cells are stimulated by ________.

FSH; LH

Which of the following phases or processes in the monthly reproductive cycle of the female is false?

INCREASING ESTROGEN, DECREASING PROGESTERONE AND INCREASED GROWTH OF THE CORUS LUTEUM

During quiet breathing,

INSPIRATION INVOLVES MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS AND EXPIRATION IS PASSIVE

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME

Which of the following statements about estrogen in females is FALSE? - In high plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates release of FSH and LH. - Estrogen stimulates follicular growth. - In low plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates pituitary secretion of LH and FSH. - In the presence of high plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogen stimulates increased secretion of GnRH. - Estrogen secretion is required for the LH surge.

INT HE PRESENCE OF HIGH PLASMA CONCENTRATION OF PROGESTERONE, ESTROGEN STIMULATES INCREASED SECRETION OF GnRH

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of

INTERNAL RESPIRATION

Where is the greatest volume of water in the body found?

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

During a yoga class you take a deep breath, then relax and let the breath out slowly. During that exhalation, which would NOT be true?

INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE IS GREATER THAN ALVEOLAR PRESSURE

Acidosis has what effect on the resting membrane potential of nerve cells?

IT CAUSES HYPERPOLARIZATION

Which of the following is true regarding the blood-testis barrier?

IT PREVENTS ANTIBODIES IN THE BLOOD FROM GETTING TO THE GERM CELLS

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?

IT PROMOTES WATER CONSERVATION

Drug X is a new drug to treat Alzheimer's Disease. This drug is able to cross the blood-brain barrier and circulate in the CSF. The drug is slightly acidic and at the recommended dose it decreases the CSF pH from 7.4 to 7.3. Will Drug X have any effect on respiration?

IT WILL CAUSE AN INCREASE IN RESPIRATORY RATE

The zona pellucidum:

KEEPS THE OOCYTE BATHED IN ESTROGEN

Emily is hyperventilating due to anxiety over the test causing respiratory alkalosis, in response to correct the problem the

KIDNEYS RETAIN MORE HYDROGEN IONS

If digestion of a carbohydrate results in equal amounts of glucose and galactose, this carbohydrate is probably

LACTOSE

The C shape of the tracheal cartilages is important because

LARGE MASSES OF FOOD CAN PASS THROUGH THE ESOPHAGUS DURING SWALLOWING

Hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen when the BPG level is high is

LESS THAN HEMOGLOBINS AFFINITY FOR OXYGEN WHEN THE BPG LEVEL IS LOW

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is

LH

Which organ is not part of the gastrointestinal tract?

LIVER

Factors that lead to an increased risk for an ectopic pregnancy include all the following except

LOW ESTROGEN LEVELS

Soluble fiber is a part of a healthy diet because

LOWERS BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVELS

In tubuloglomerular autoregulation, an increase in filtrate osmolarity will lead to the ______________ cells signalling for ____________.

MACULA DENSA; CONSTRICTION OF THE AFFERENT ARTERIOLE

During pregnancy, a woman's areolae and nipples become darker under the influence of

MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE FROM THE PLACENTA

If the amount of progesterone in the blood remained at the level seen in the middle of the luteal phase for 6 straight months, what would the effect be on menstruation?

MENSTRUATION WOULD NOT OCCUR

Adipose is formed from the:

MESODERM

A pregnant woman with chronic morning (and afternoon and evening) sickness could develop

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Hypoventilation can correct ________.

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

Cleavage involves a series of ________ divisions and ________ in the overall size of the conceptus (zygote, morula, blastocyst).

MITOTIC; NO CHANGE

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

MODIFIES THE RATE AND DEPTH OF BREATHING

A slow increase in Mattie's blood potassium levels resulting from acidosis will lead to: - depolarzation of cells - increased polarization of the cell membrane. - muscle weakness. - depression of the nervous system. - more than one of the above.

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

Colostrum differs from breast milk because: - HAS A LAXATIVE EFFECT? - MORE ANTIBODIES? - CONTAINS MORE WHITE BLOOD CELLS? - HIGHER FAT IN BREAST MILK? - MORE THAN ONE?

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

During gestation, further ovulatory events are suppressed by elevated levels of: - ESTROGEN? - PROGESTERONE? - INHIBIN? - RELAXIN? - MORE THAN ONE?

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

Nondisjunction of sex chromosomes can lead to ________. - KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME? - PATAU SYNDROME? - EDWARDS SYNDROME? - TURNER'S SYNDROME? - MORE THAN ONE?

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

Rosie gets hit by a car while on her bike and has extensive damage to her kidneys resulting in decreased kidney hormone levels leading to - decreased blood calcium levels - increased protein catabolism - decreased hematocrit - increased blood glucose levels - more than one of the above

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during - glycolysis. - the Kreb's cycle. - pyruvate oxidation. - the formation of water. - more than one of the above.

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulate enteroendocrine cells to release - Cholecystokinin. - Gastrin. - Secretin. - Gastric Inhibitory Peptide. - more than one of the above

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

The slow block to polyspermy involves: - Ca++ leading to hardening of the oocyte membrane? - Coming home early and unexpectedly? - Release of cortical Ca++? - Removal of receptors from the oocyte? - More than one?

MORE THAN ONE OF THE ABOVE

Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________, whereas protein digestion begins in the ________.

MOUTH; STOMACH

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the

MOVEMENT OF AIR INTO AND OUT OF THE LUNGS

Tension on the vocal cords is regulated by the

MOVEMENT OF THE ARYTENOID CARTILAGES AND CONTRACTION OF THE LARYNGEAL MUSCLES

Hypocalcemia can lead to

MUSCLE SPASMS

During glycolysis

NAD+ IS REDUCED

Contraceptive pills mimic the ________ feedback effect of ________.

NEGATIVE; ESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE

A drug that inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) may lead to: - increase of blood pressure. - more secretion of aldosterone. - decreased urinary loss of sodium. - increased sodium reabsorption. - none of the above.

NONE OF THE ABOVE

An individual is hospitalized and the initial blood work indicates high levels of CO2 in the blood and a pH of 7. 32, this would indicate the individual probably has: - uncompensated metabolic acidosis. - compensated respiratory acidosis. - uncompensated metabolic alkolosis. - compensated respiratory alkalosis - NONE OF THE ABOVE

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Cryptorchidism is - late onset of menstrual cycles - a result of ovarian cysts causing hormonal - abnormalities - a camouflged flower - a chromosomal abnormality - none of the above

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Degeneration of the mesonephric ducts occurs under the influence of: - estrogens - hCG - testosterone - progesterone - none of the above

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Late one night while studying for your A&P class, you open a box of crackers to snack on. After chewing for a while you notice a sweet taste in your mouth. What accounts for this? - bacterial activity in the mouth is changing pH - sweet taste receptors are slower than salty receptors - sugars are part of the serous saliva to moisten the crackers - amylase is converting lipids to carbohydrates - none of the above.

NONE OF THE ABOVE

Mass movements are - peristalic waves moving food down the esophagus - strong contractions of the gastric muscularis leading to vomiting - peristalic contractions moving chyme from the stomach to the small intestine - peristalic contractions moving chyme from - the small intestine to the large intestine - none of the above

NONE OF THE ABOVE

One aspect of renal autoregulation involves: - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to high osmotic concentration of the blood. - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to decreased blood pressure. - constriction of the afferent arteriole in response to low osmotic concentration of the filtrate. - constriction of the efferent arteriole in respose to high blood pressure. - none of the above.

NONE OF THE ABOVE

In the fast block to polyspermy, binding of sperm opens up ________ channels, which depolarizes the egg membrane and ________.

Na+; PREVENTS THE ENTRANCE OF ANY MORE SPERM

Natriuretic peptide inhibits ________ reabsorption by the collecting duct, which ________ urine output.

NaCl; INCREASES

Consider a mother with normal vision who has a son with red-green color blindness. The mother was a "carrier" of the affected gene, as she had a normal phenotype but

ONE DOMINANT & ONE RECESSIVE ALLELE

The following is true regarding spermatogenesis and oogenesis: - oocytes stall in anaphase II at puberty. - 4 sperm and 4 oocytes result from meiotic division. - oocytes do not complete meiosis until following fertilization. - sperm complete meiosis upon fertilization. - each mature sperm and oocyte contain 23 pair of chromosomes.

OOCYTES DO NOT COMPLETE MEIOSIS UNTIL FOLLOWING FERTILIZATION

Each of the following statements concerning oogenesis is true, except - an ovum will only complete meiosis if it is fertilized. - ova develop from stem cells called oogonia. - at the time of birth the ovaries contain only primary oocytes. - oogenesis occurs continuously from puberty until menopause. - all of the above are true.

OOGENESIS OCCURS CONTINUOUSLY FROM PUBERTY UNTIL MENOPAUSE

The surge in luteinizing hormone that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers

OVULATION

Involution of the uterus following childbirth is aided by

OXYTOCIN

Powerful contractions of the uterus are the result of rising levels of

OXYTOCIN

The organ that produces enzymes capable of digesting all the macromolecule classes is the

PANCREAS

For maximum loading of hemoglobin with oxygen at the lungs, the

PCO2 SHOULD BE LOW

Those characteristics that can be determined on superficial inspection of an individual are known as:

PHENOTYPIC

The fluid in the glomerular (Bowman's) capsule is similar to plasma except that it does not contain a significant amount of:

PLASMA PROTEIN

What is the principal anion of the ICF?

PO4-

Adult humans have the dental formula 2 1 2 3 over 2 1 2 3, the second 2 in both sets of num bers represent the

PREMOLARS

Which of the following is not a method by which natriuretic peptides reduce blood volume and pressure?

PREVENTING SODIUM LOSS IN THE URINE

The role of the pituitary hormone follicle-stimulating hormone in males is to

PRODUCE ANDROGEN BINDING PROTEINS IN THE SERTOLI CELLS

All the following are true of the Sertoli cells, EXCEPT - produce androgen binding proteins - produce testosterone - produce inhibin - forms blood-testis barrier - all of the above are true

PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE

The corona radiata:

PRODUCES ESTROGEN FOR THE OOCYTE FOLLOWING OVULATION

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

PROGESTERONE

During the secretory phase of the uterine cycle

PROGESTERONE LEVELS ARE AT THEIR HIGHEST

The meiotic stage at which oocytes are at birth is

PROPHASE I

The gland that produces a secretion that contains citric acid, Ca++, and fibrinolysin is the

PROSTATE GLAND

Which of the following is not normally found in saliva?

PROTEASE

Which of the following nutrients must be digested in order to be absorbed?

PROTEINS

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

The 6 weeks following birth when the mother's body readjusts to non-pregnant conditions is known as.

PUERPERIUM

The structures located in the renal medulla that contain the Loop of Henle and Vasa recta are called

PYRAMIDS

Acetyl CoA is formed during

PYRUVATE OXIDATION

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

B12

A boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that FSH is no longer released, but LH is normal. After he grows to maturity, one would expect that he would:

BE STERILE

The Kreb's cycle

BEGINS WITH THE FORMATION OF A MOLECULE OF CITRIC ACID

Each of the following is a function of the liver, except - bicarbonate production. - storage of glycogen and iron reserves. - synthesis of plasma proteins. - synthesis and secretion of bile. - inactivation of toxins.

BICARBONATE PRODUCTION

Normally menstruation occurs when:

BLOOD LEVELS OF ESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE DECREASE

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

BOUND TO HEMOGLOBIN

The small paired structures at the base of the penis that produce a lubricating secretion are the

BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS

Assume an individual has no sodium in their intestinal tract. If this were the case the asorption of _____ would be most affected

GALACTOSE

Bile is stored in the

GALLBLADDER

The presence of food in the stomach increases the pH and triggers the release of a hormone that stimulates contraction of the gastric smooth muscle and relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. Specifically, these events involve release of

GASTRIN IN THE GASTRIC PHASE OF DIGESTION

Glucose is stored as the carbohydrate __________________ in the liver and skeletal muscle.

GLYCOGEN

The STD that can lead to blindness in newborns

GONORRHEA

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the temperature is 38 degrees centigrade is

GREATER THAN THE PERCENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN WHEN THE TEMPERATURE IS 43 DEGREES CENTIGRADE

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 is

GREATER THAN THE PERCENT OF OXYGEN SATURATION OF HEMOGLOBIN WHEN THE pH IS 7.2

Select the correct statement about the hormonal events of the ovarian cycle.

HIGH ESTROGEN LEVELS RESULT IN A SURGE OF LH RELEASE

Tina is singing a song. At a certain point in the song she forces a large volume of air out of the glottis and at the same time increases the tension on her vocal cords. The sound that she produces is

HIGH PITCHED AND LOUD

Which is characteristic of a person chronically suffering from hypoxic hypoxia?

HIGHER-THAN-NORMAL HEMATOCRIT

The presence of a recessive gene is phenotypically expressed only if the individual is

HOMOZYGOUS RECESSIVE

The acid secretions from an ulcer in the stomach damaging the underlying connective tissue will lead to increased __________ production.

HYDROCHLORIC ACID

After a night of trying to keep up with Jess's drinking, Jacob spent the day vomiting, until his breathing rate became severly depressed and he was admitted to the ER with muscle spasms resulting from

HYPOKALEMIA

Acidosis can cause all of the following, except

HYPONATREMIA

Dalton's law states that

IN A MIXTURE OF GASES SUCH AS AIR, THE TOTAL PRESSURE IS THE SUM OF THE INDIVIDUAL PARTIAL PRESSURES OF THE GASES IN THE MIXTURE

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that:

IN OOGENESIS, ONE MATURE OVUM IS PRODUCED, AND IN SPERMATOGENESIS FOUR MATURE SPERM ARE PRODUCED FROM THE PARENT CELL

Histotoxic hypoxia results from

INABILITY OF THE CELLS TO USE OXYGEN

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney can do all of the following, except

INCREASE THE GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

Which of the following conditions would lead to the Highest affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen?

INCREASED pH