AP BIO cell resp

In the absence of oxygen, what is the net gain of ATP for each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis? up to 30 ATP four ATP two ATP none, because all of the available energy remains in either lactate or ethanol none, because in the absence of oxygen, no ATP can be made

(two atp) Four ATP are made, but two ATP are consumed to start the process of glycolysis.

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the electron transport chain? 0% 2% 10% 38% 100%

0

Chemiosmosis

Process by which a Hydrogen pump pumps protons into the thylakoid membrane. H+ passively flows through the ATP synthase which leads to the creation of ATP.

The electrons stripped from glucose in cellular respiration end up in which compound? ATP water oxygen carbon dioxide NADH

water At the end of the electron transport chain, the electrons and protons are added to oxygen, forming water.

Carbon skeletons for amino acid biosynthesis are supplied by intermediates of the citric acid cycle. Which intermediate could directly supply the carbon skeleton for synthesis of a five-carbon amino acid (see the figure)? succinate malate α-ketoglutarate citrate isocitrate

α-ketoglutarate

Starting with one molecule of isocitrate and ending with fumarate, how many ATP molecules can be made through substrate-level phosphorylation (see the figure)? 11 24 12 1 2

1

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, if glucose is the sole energy source? 1/6 1/3 1/2 2/3 all of it

1/3

Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed by the reactions of glycolysis? 38% 2% 0% 10% 100%

100%

For each molecule of glucose that is metabolized by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle (see the figure), what is the total number of NADH + FADH2 molecules produced? 12 6 4 5 10

12

If a cell is able to synthesize 30 ATP molecules for each molecule of glucose completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water, approximately how many ATP molecules can the cell synthesize for each molecule of pyruvate completely oxidized to carbon dioxide and water? 2 6 14 28 60

14

How many carbon atoms are fed into the citric acid cycle as a result of the oxidation of one molecule of pyruvate? 4 6 2 8 10

2

For each molecule of glucose consumed in glycolysis, there is a net consumption of which of the following? 2 NAD+ and 2 ADP 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 2 NADH and 2 ADP 4 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ADP 2 NAD+ and 4 ADP

2 NAD+ and 2 ADP

Glycolysis results in a net production of which of the following from each molecule of glucose? 6 CO2, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 4 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. 2 FADH2, 2 pyruvate, and 4 ATP. 6 CO2, 2 pyruvate, and 30 ATP. 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP. 2 NAD+, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP

What fraction of the carbon dioxide exhaled by animals is generated by the reactions of the citric acid cycle, if glucose is the sole energy source? 1/6 1/2 2/3 1/3 all of it

2/3

Starting with citrate, which of the following combinations of products would result from three acetyl CoA molecules entering the citric acid cycle (see the figure)? 1 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 3 ATP, 3 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2 3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2 36 ATP, 6 CO2, 6 NADH, and 6 FADH2 2 ATP, 2 CO2, 3 NADH, and 3 FADH2

3 ATP, 6 CO2, 9 NADH, and 3 FADH2

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during the complete oxidation of a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration? 2 4 8 30-32

4

For each mole of glucose (C6H12O6) completely oxidized by cellular respiration, how many moles of CO2 are released in the citric acid cycle (see the figure)? 2 3 4 6 12

4

Approximately how many molecules of ATP are produced from the complete oxidation of two molecules of glucose (C6H12O6) in aerobic cellular respiration? 4 60-64 15 30-32 2

60-64

In a mitochondrion, if the matrix ATP concentration is high and the intermembrane space proton concentration is too low to generate sufficient proton-motive force, then ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space. ATP synthase will increase the rate of ATP synthesis. ATP synthase will synthesize ATP and pump protons into the matrix. ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the matrix. ATP synthase will synthesize ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space.

ATP synthase will hydrolyze ATP and pump protons into the intermembrane space.

Brown fat cells produce a protein called thermogenin in their mitochondrial inner membrane. Thermogenin is a channel for facilitated transport of protons across the membrane. What will occur in the brown fat cells when they produce thermogenin? ATP synthesis and heat generation will both increase. ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase. ATP synthesis and heat generation will both decrease. ATP synthesis will increase, and heat generation will decrease.

ATP synthesis will decrease, and heat generation will increase

Yeast cells grown anaerobically can obtain energy by fermentation, which results in the production of ATP, CO2, and lactate. ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. ATP, CO2, and acetyl CoA. ATP, CO2, and ethanol. ATP and lactate.

ATP, CO2, and ethanol.

select the right one Animals carry out cellular respiration whereas plants carry out photosynthesis. Plants carry out cellular respiration only in organs such as roots that cannot carry out photosynthesis. Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level.

Cellular respiration and breathing differ in that cellular respiration is at the cellular level, whereas breathing is at the organismal level.

New biosensors, applied like a temporary tattoo to the skin, can alert serious athletes that they are about to "hit the wall" and find it difficult to continue exercising. These biosensors monitor lactate, a form of lactic acid, released in sweat during strenuous exercise. Which of the statements below is the best explanation of why athletes would need to monitor lactate levels? During aerobic respiration, muscles cells produce too much lactate which causes a rise in the pH of the muscle cells, thus athletes must consume increased amounts of sports drinks, high in electrolytes, to buffer the pH. During fermentation lactate levels increase, which indicates insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles causing athletic performance to suffer. During fermentation muscle cells receive too little pyruvate, thus athletes experience cramping and fatigue. During aerobic respiration, muscle cells cannot produce enough lactate to fuel muscle cell contractions and muscles begin to cramp, thus athletic performance suffers.

During fermentation lactate levels increase, which indicates insufficient oxygen is reaching the muscles causing athletic performance to suffer.

Which of the following is an accurate description of the events that occur along the electron transport chain depicted in the figure? The potential energy of electrons increases at each step in the pathway. Electron transfer is directly coupled to chemiosmosis. Each electron transfer between carriers results in oxidation of one carrier and reduction of another. ATP is generated directly at three points in the pathway.

Each electron transfer between carriers results in oxidation of one carrier and reduction of another.

Why is glycolysis described as having an energy investment phase and an energy payoff phase? Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from NADH, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH. Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH, and later steps store an equal amount of energy in ATP and NAD+. Early steps consume energy from ATP and NADH and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP.

Early steps consume energy from ATP, and later steps store an increased amount of energy in ATP and NADH.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the lowest energy level? FADH2 FAD NAD+ ATP NADH

FADH2

What happens at the end of the chain in the figure? Two electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and two hydrogen atoms. One electron combines with a molecule of oxygen and a hydrogen atom. Four electrons combine with four hydrogen and two oxygen atoms. Four electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and 4 protons. Two electrons combine with a proton and a molecule of NAD+.

Four electrons combine with a molecule of oxygen and 4 protons.

Which statement best supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is an ancient metabolic pathway that originated before the last universal common ancestor of life on Earth? Glycolysis is found in all eukaryotic cells. Ancient prokaryotic cells existed long before oxygen was present in Earth's atmosphere. Glycolysis neither uses nor requires O2. The enzymes of glycolysis are found in the cytosol rather than in a membrane-enclosed organelle. Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Glycolysis is widespread and is found in the domains Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

A young dog has never had much energy. He is brought to a veterinarian for help, and she decides to conduct several diagnostic tests. She discovers that the dog's mitochondria can use only fatty acids and amino acids for cellular respiration, and his cells produce more lactate than normal. Of the following, which is the best explanation of the dog's condition? His cells cannot transport NADH from glycolysis into the mitochondria. His cells lack an essential enzyme in glycolysis so they cannot produce pyruvate. His cells have a defective electron transport chain, so glucose goes to lactate instead of to acetyl CoA. His cells contain something that inhibits oxygen use in his mitochondria. His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

His mitochondria lack the transport protein that moves pyruvate across the outer mitochondrial membrane.

Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved? It produces much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation. It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms. It relies on chemiosmosis, which is a metabolic mechanism present only in prokaryotic cells. It is found in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.

It does not involve organelles or specialized structures, does not require oxygen, and is present in most organisms.

In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about five times the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes. What purpose must this serve? It increases the surface area for substrate-level phosphorylation. It increases the surface area for glycolysis. It increases the surface area for the citric acid cycle. It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

It increases the surface area for oxidative phosphorylation.

Why is the citric acid cycle a cyclic pathway rather than a linear pathway? More ATP is produced per CO2 released in cyclic processes than in linear processes. It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA. Redox reactions that simultaneously produce CO2 and NADH occur only in cyclic processes. Cyclic processes, such as the citric acid cycle, require a different mechanism of ATP synthesis than linear processes, such as glycolysis.

It is easier to remove electrons and produce CO2 from compounds with three or more carbon atoms than from a two-carbon compound such as acetyl CoA. Although it is possible to oxidize the two-carbon acetyl group of acetyl CoA to two molecules of CO2, it is much more difficult than adding the acetyl group to a four-carbon acid to form a six-carbon acid (citrate). Citrate can then be oxidized sequentially to release two molecules of CO2.

A glucose molecule is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, but together these two processes yield only a few molecules of ATP. What happened to most of the energy that the cell obtains from the oxidation of glucose? It was lost as heat. It is stored in pyruvate. It is stored in NADH and FADH2 It is stored in the carbon dioxide and water molecules released by these processes. It is stored in the ATP that was formed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycl

It is stored in NADH and FADH2 The electrons obtained from the oxidation of glucose are temporarily stored in NADH and FADH2. The energy derived from the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 is used to drive the electron transport chain and chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP.

When an individual is exercising heavily and the muscle becomes oxygen-deprived, muscle cells convert pyruvate to lactate. What happens to the lactate in skeletal muscle cells? It oxidizes FADH2 to FAD+. It is converted to alcohol. It is oxidized to CO2 and water. It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate. It is reduced and converted back to pyruvate in muscle cells.

It is taken to the liver and converted back to pyruvate.

Which of the following describes the process of glycolysis? Glycolysis occurs in the mitochondria. Glycolysis produces 30 ATP from each molecule of glucose. It converts one glucose molecule to two molecules of pyruvate and carbon dioxide. It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell. It requires ATP and NADH.

It represents the first stage in the chemical oxidation of glucose by a cell. Catabolism of glucose begins with glycolysis

A man interested in losing weight and increasing his fitness followed a strict diet and exercise regimen for three months. Body fat analysis indicated that the man had lost 7 kg (about 15 pounds) of fat by following this exercise and diet program. What is the most likely form by which the fat left his body? It was released as CO2 and H2O. It was converted to ATP, which weighs much less than fat. It was broken down to amino acids and eliminated from the body. It was converted to heat, which was released to the environment.

It was released as CO2 and H2O.

The free energy for the oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water is -686 kcal/mol, and the free energy for the reduction of NAD+ to NADH is +53 kcal/mol. Why are only two molecules of NADH formed during glycolysis when it appears that as many as a dozen could be formed? Glycolysis is a very inefficient reaction, with much of the energy of glucose released as heat. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose is used in the production of ATP in glycolysis. Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis. Glycolysis consists of many enzyme-catalyzed reactions, each of which extracts a small amount of energy from the glucose molecule.

Most of the free energy available from the oxidation of glucose remains in pyruvate, one of the products of glycolysis.

During aerobic respiration, which of the following directly donates electrons to the electron transport chain at the highest energy level? FAD NAD+ FADH2 NADH ATP

NADH

the figure shows the electron transport chain. Which of the following is initially added to the chain with the highest free energy? NADH water oxygen FADH2 CO2

NADH

In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis? NADH and pyruvate CO2 and NADH CO2 and H2O H2O, FADH2, and citrate CO2 and pyruvate

NADH and pyruvate

If pyruvate oxidation is blocked, what will happen to the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate in the citric acid cycle shown in the figure? Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citrate will decrease. Both oxaloacetate and citrate will accumulate. Both oxaloacetate and citrate will decrease. There will be no change in the levels of oxaloacetate and citrate. Oxaloacetate will decrease and citrate will accumulate.

Oxaloacetate will accumulate and citrate will decrease

In cellular respiration, a series of molecules forming an electron transport chain alternately accepts and then donates electrons. What is the advantage of such an electron transport chain? The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates. The advantage of the respiratory electron transport chain is that oxygen is the final electron acceptor. The advantage of an electron transport chain is the production of a large number of reduced, high-energy intermediates.

The advantage of an electron transport chain is that a small amount of energy is released with the transfer of an electron between each pair of intermediates.

Part complete Identify all correct statements about the basic function of fermentation. Select all that apply. The basic function of fermentation is the production of additional ATP by further oxidation of the products of glycolysis. The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis. The basic function of fermentation is the production of ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.

The basic function of fermentation is the regeneration of NAD+, which allows continued ATP production by glycolysis.

In most cells, not all of the carbon compounds that participate in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are converted to carbon dioxide by cellular respiration. What happens to the carbon in these compounds that does not end up as CO2? These carbon compounds are used to convert ADP to ATP via chemiosmosis. The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules. They are used to make NADH. They are used to make ATP from NADH. They are converted to heat energy.

The carbon compounds are removed from these processes to serve as building blocks for other complex molecules.

Which of the following statements about the chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP is correct? The energy for production of ATP from ADP comes directly from a gradient of electrons across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Oxygen participates directly in the reaction that makes ATP from ADP and P. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP occurs only in eukaryotic cells because it occurs in mitochondria. Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis requires oxygen.

The chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP requires that the electron transport in the inner mitochondrial membrane be coupled to proton transport across the same membrane. Chemiosmosis uses the energy of a proton gradient to make ATP; the proton gradient is formed by coupling the energy produced by electron transport with movement of protons across the membrane.

substrate-level phosphorylation

The enzyme-catalyzed formation of ATP by direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of a metabolic pathway involved in cellular respiration? The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP. The function of the bonding of acetic acid to the carrier molecule CoA to form acetyl CoA is the reduction of glucose to acetyl CoA. The function of the citric acid cycle is the transfer of electrons from pyruvate to NADH to O2.

The function of glycolysis is to begin catabolism by breaking glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, with a net yield of two ATP.

Which statement about the citric acid cycle is correct? The citric acid cycle oxidizes glucose to carbon dioxide. The citric acid cycle produces most of the ATP that is subsequently used by the electron transport chain. The oxidation of compounds by the citric acid cycle requires molecular oxygen. The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. The citric acid cycle depends on the availability of NAD+, which is a product of glycolysis.

The last reaction in the citric acid cycle produces a product that is a substrate for the first reaction of the citric acid cycle. The last reaction of the citric acid cycle produces oxaloacetate, which is a substrate for the first enzyme; this is the correct description of the cyclic nature of this sequence of reactions.

A mutation in yeast makes it unable to convert pyruvate to ethanol. How will this mutation affect these yeast cells? The mutant yeast will be unable to metabolize glucose. The mutant yeast will produce lactate under anaerobic conditions. The mutant yeast will be unable to grow aerobically. The mutant yeast will grow anaerobically only when provided glucose. The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically.

The mutant yeast will be unable to grow anaerobically.

Which one of the following statements about the redox reactions of the electron transport chain is correct? NADH gains electrons in the initial reaction of the electron transport chain. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane. The oxidation of NADH is directly coupled to the reduction of oxygen to water. The electron transport chain takes electrons from water and gives them to oxygen. The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled with the synthesis of ATP.

The redox reactions of the electron transport chain are directly coupled to the movement of protons across a membrane.

ATP synthase is a key enzyme of mitochondrial energy conversion. Mitochondrial ATP synthase deficiency is due to a mutation in a gene important for the formation of a subunit in the ATP synthase complex. Scientists could use cells with this gene mutation to investigate which of the following questions? What effect does the mutation have on the number of protons pumped into the intermembrane space of the mitochondria? What effect does the mutation have on the number of water molecules formed at the end of the electron transport chain? What effect does the mutation have on the movement of electrons between the electron carriers of the electron transport chain? What effect does the mutation have on the amount of ATP synthesized during cellular respiration

What effect does the mutation have on the amount of ATP synthesized during cellular respiration?

In the complete reactions of aerobic respiration, the energy for the majority of ATP synthesis is provided by high-energy phosphate bonds from organic molecule intermediates in the citric acid cycle. the production of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the electron transport chain. a proton gradient across a membrane. splitting water to produce oxygen. transfer of electrons from organic molecules to acetyl CoA.

a proton gradient across a membrane

uring acetyl CoA formation and the citric acid cycle, all of the carbon atoms that enter cellular respiration in the glucose molecule are released in the form of CO2. Use this diagram to track the carbon-containing compounds that play a role in these two stages.

a- 2 b- 6 c- 6 d- 5 e- 4 f- 4 g- 4 h- 4 i- 4

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event? the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP glycolysis accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain the citric acid cycle the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain

Which one of the following is formed by the removal of a carbon (as CO2) from a molecule of pyruvate? glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate acetyl CoA oxaloacetate citrate lactate

acetyl CoA

In the presence of oxygen, the three-carbon compound pyruvate can be catabolized in the citric acid cycle. First, however, the pyruvate (1) loses a carbon, (2) is oxidized to form a two-carbon compound, which (3) is covalently bound to coenzyme A. These three steps result in the formation of acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2. acetyl CoA, CO2, and ATP. acetyl CoA, NAD+, ATP, and CO2. acetyl CoA, FADH2, and CO2. acetyl CoA, NADH, H2, and CO2.

acetyl CoA, NADH, H+, and CO2.

Which kind of metabolic poison would most directly interfere with glycolysis? an agent that reacts with NADH and oxidizes it to NAD+ an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized an agent that binds to pyruvate and inactivates it an agent that blocks the passage of electrons along the electron transport chain an agent that reacts with oxygen and depletes its concentration in the cell

an agent that closely mimics the structure of glucose but is not metabolized

The synthesis of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, using the energy released by movement of protons across the membrane down their electrochemical gradient, is an example of a redox reaction. active transport. an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction. allosteric regulation.

an endergonic reaction coupled to an exergonic reaction

How do the catabolic products of beta oxidation enter into the citric acid cycle? as acetyl CoA as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate as CO2 as pyruvate as glycerol

as acetyl CoA

During intense exercise, as skeletal muscle cells switch to fermentation, the human body will increase its catabolism of carbohydrates only. proteins only. fats only. fats and proteins only. fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

carbohydrates only.

Inside an active mitochondrion, most electrons follow which pathway? citric acid cycle → FADH2 → electron transport chain → ATP electron transport chain → citric acid cycle → ATP → oxygen citric acid cycle → ATP → NADH → oxygen NADH → oxidative phosphorylation → ATP → oxygen citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

citric acid cycle → NADH → electron transport chain → oxygen

Which of the protein complexes labeled with Roman numerals in the figure will transfer electrons to O2? complex III complex I complex IV complex II All of the complexes can transfer electrons to O2.

complex IV

In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + i to ATP? energy released from dehydration synthesis reactions energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase energy released from substrate-level phosphorylation energy released as electrons flow through the electron transport system

energy released from movement of protons down their electrochemical gradient through ATP synthase

What carbon sources can yeast cells metabolize to make ATP from ADP under anaerobic conditions? pyruvate glucose lactic acid ethanol

glucose

Yeast cells with defective mitochondria are incapable of cellular respiration. These cells will be able to grow by catabolizing which of the following carbon sources for energy? proteins pyruvate fatty acids glucose

glucose

Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation? the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA the citric acid cycle glycolysis chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation

glycolysis

Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent? the citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis electron transport chemiosmosis

glycolysis

Which of the following occur(s) in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell? oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA fermentation and chemiosmosis oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis and fermentation citric acid cycle

glycolysis and fermentation

Which catabolic processes may have been used by cells on ancient Earth before free oxygen became available? only oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen only glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation only glycolysis and fermentation only glycolysis and the citric acid cycle glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen

A molecule that is phosphorylated has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work. has been reduced as a result of a redox reaction involving the loss of an inorganic phosphate. has a decreased chemical energy and is less likely to provide energy for cellular work. has been oxidized as a result of a redox reaction involving the gain of an inorganic phosphate.

has increased chemical potential energy that may be used to do cellular work.

When hydrogen ions are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space, the result is a decrease in the pH of the mitochondrial matrix. the reduction of NAD+. the creation of a proton-motive force. the formation of ATP.

he creation of a proton-motive force.

Chemiosmosis is used to synthesize ATP in which of the following? in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria that generate proton gradients across their plasma membranes only in mitochondria and bacteria that generate proton gradients across their plasma membranes only in mitochondria and chloroplasts only in mitochondria in animal cells only in bacteria that generate proton gradients across their plasma membranes

in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and bacteria that generate proton gradients across their plasma membranes

pyruvates

in the end of glycolysis, glucose broken into two 3-carbon substrates

Where in mitochondria is the enzyme ATP synthase localized? mitochondrial matrix outer membrane inner membrane electron transport chain

inner membrane

Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located? mitochondrial intermembrane space mitochondrial outer membrane mitochondrial inner membrane mitochondrial matrix cytosol

mitochondrial inner membrane

Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ into which location in eukaryotic cells? mitochondrial intermembrane space outer mitochondrial membrane cytosol mitochondrial matrix inner mitochondrial membrane

mitochondrial intermembrane space

What is the source of the oxygen used to form water in the complete reactions of cellular respiration? pyruvate (C3H3O3-) glucose (C6H12O6) molecular oxygen (O2) carbon dioxide (CO2)

molecular oxygen (O2)

How will a healthy individual's ATP production change during an eight-hour fast? The individual's ATP production will decrease significantly. The individual's ATP production will not change significantly. The individual's ATP production will increase significantly.

not signifigantly

What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration? oxidation of glucose oxidation of fatty acids oxidation of proteins oxidation of pyruvate

oxidation of fatty acids

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is released during which of the following stages of cellular respiration? the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis and the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which of the following occur(s) in mitochondria? fermentation and chemiosmosis fermentation and oxidative phosphorylation glycolysis and fermentation oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle glycolysis and oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA

oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA and the citric acid cycle

Which metabolic pathway requires a proton gradient? the citric acid cycle the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA fermentation glycolysis oxidative phosphorylation

oxidative phosphorylation

Which of the following produces the most ATP when glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized to carbon dioxide (CO2) and water? citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) glycolysis oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA fermentation

oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis)

One primary function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to oxidize NADH to NAD+. reduce FADH2 to FAD+. reduce FAD+ to FADH2. reduce NAD+ to NADH.

oxidize NADH to NAD+.

The energy used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix across the inner membrane and into the intermembrane space is derived from decreasing the pH in the mitochondrial matrix. redox reactions in the electron transport chain. ATP hydrolysis. splitting water to form oxygen and protons.

redox reactions in the electron transport chain.

When a molecule of NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) gains a hydrogen atom (not a proton), the NAD+ molecule becomes reduced. oxidized. hydrolyzed. redoxed. dehydrogenated.

reduced

In alcohol fermentation, NAD+ is regenerated from NADH by oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. reduction of pyruvate to lactate. oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde. reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol. reduction of acetyl CoA to ethanol.

reduction of acetaldehyde to ethanol.

During glycolysis, when each molecule of glucose is catabolized to two molecules of pyruvate, most of the potential energy contained in glucose is stored in the NADH produced. transferred to ADP, forming ATP. released as heat. retained in the two pyruvates.

retained in the two pyruvates.

The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to donate high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. combine with acetyl CoA, forming pyruvate. serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water. serve as an acceptor for released carbon, forming CO2.

serve as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.

The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following? oxidative phosphorylation substrate-level phosphorylation aerobic respiration the electron transport chain chemiosmosis

substrate-level phosphorylation

The ATP produced in glycolysis is generated by photophosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation. chemiosmosis. electron transport. substrate-level phosphorylation.

substrate-level phosphorylation

The ATP produced in the citric acid cycle is generated by chemiosmosis. substrate-level phosphorylation. electron transport. oxidative phosphorylation. photophosphorylation.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Which metabolic pathway generates a proton gradient? the citric acid cycle the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA the electron transport chain glycolysis chemiosmosis

the electron transport chain

What is the proton-motive force? the force required to remove an electron from hydrogen the force that moves hydrogen to NAD+ the force provided by a transmembrane hydrogen ion gradient the force that moves hydrogen into the intermembrane space the force that moves hydrogen into the mitochondrion

the force provided by a transmembrane hydrogen ion gradient

The direct energy source that drives ATP synthesis during respiratory oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotic cells is the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. the thermodynamically favorable transfer of phosphate from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle intermediate molecules of ADP. oxidation of glucose to CO2 and water. the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane. the final transfer of electrons to oxygen.

the proton-motive force across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

In vertebrate animals, brown fat tissue's color is derived from abundant blood vessels and capillaries. White fat tissue, on the other hand, is specialized for fat storage and contains relatively few blood vessels or capillaries. Brown fat cells have a specialized protein that allows protons to diffuse across the inner mitochondrial membrane. Which of the following might be the function of the brown fat tissue? to increase the rate of oxidative phosphorylation from its few mitochondria to increase the rate of ATP production to regulate temperature by converting most of the energy from NADH oxidation to heat to increase the metabolic rate when it is especially hot

to regulate temperature by converting most of the energy from NADH oxidation to heat

In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate, two molecules of ATP are used and six molecules of ATP are produced. two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced. four molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced. two molecules of ATP are used and two molecules of ATP are produced.

two molecules of ATP are used and four molecules of ATP are produced.