AP BIO Ch. 27.1, 27.2, 38.1

1. During the alternation of generations in plants, _____. A) meiosis produces gametes B) mitosis produces gametes C) fertilization produces spores D) fertilization produces gametes

B

29. Which two processes are responsible for the shape of the curve at Time B? 1. transduction 2. entry of single-stranded Hfr DNA 3. rolling circle replication of single-stranded Hfr DNA 4. activation of DNA pumps in plasma membrane A) 1 and 2 B) 1 and 4 C) 2 and 3 D) 3 and 4

C

4. Animals that consume Brazil nuts derive nutrition mostly from tissue whose nuclei have how many chromosomes? A) 17 B) 34 C) 51 D) 68

C

7. Sperm cells are formed in plants by _____. A) meiosis in pollen grains B) meiosis in anthers C) mitosis in male gametophyte D) mitosis in the micropyle

C

14. The same bees that pollinate the flowers of the Brazil nut trees also pollinate orchids, which are epiphytes (in other words, plants that grow on other plants); however, orchids cannot grow on Brazil nut trees. These observations explain _____. A) the coevolution of Brazil nut trees and orchids B) why Brazil nut trees do not set fruit in monoculture plantations C) why male orchid bees do not pollinate Brazil nut tree flowers D) why male orchid bees are smaller than female orchid bees

B

24. In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located on the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium readily performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be the _____. A) temporary possession by this bacterium of a completely diploid genome B) rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat C) subsequent loss of tetracycline resistance from this bacterium D) production of endospores among the bacterium's progeny

B

25. The cells in the 12 cell lines grown in low-glucose conditions showed the effects of which of the following processes? A) gene flow and genetic drift B) natural selection and mutation C) natural selection and gene flow D) conjugation and transformation

B

32. Prokaryotes' essential genetic information is located in the A) nucleolus. B) nucleoid. C) nucleosome. D) plasmids. E) exospore.

B

5. In which of the following pairs are the two terms equivalent? A) ovule — egg B) embryo sac — female gametophyte C) seed — zygote D) microspore — pollen grain

B

9. Double fertilization means that _____. A) flowers must be pollinated twice to yield fruits and seeds B) one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilize the polar nuclei C) the egg of the embryo sac is diploid D) every sperm has two nuclei

B

In this eight-year experiment, twelve populations of E. coli, each begun from a single cell, were grown in low-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations. Each culture was introduced to fresh growth medium every twenty-four hours. Occasionally, samples were removed from the populations, and their fitness in low-glucose conditions was tested against that of members sampled from the ancestral (common ancestor) E. coli population. 22. If new genetic variation in the experimental populations arose solely by spontaneous mutations, then the most effective process for subsequently increasing the prevalence of the beneficial mutations in the population over the course of generations is _____. A) transduction B) binary fission C) conjugation D) transformation

B

Termites eat wood, but many do not produce enzymes themselves that will digest the cellulose in the wood. Instead, some termites house a complex community of protozoa, bacteria, and archaea that could help digest the cellulose. Imagine an experiment that fed termites either wood only or wood and antibiotics, and then measured the amount of energy extracted from the wood. 31. If both groups gained equal amounts of energy, which of the conclusions is the most logical? A) We would conclude that the protozoa contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. B) We would conclude that the archaea contributed to digestion of cellulose and lignin. C) We would conclude that the bacteria did not contribute to digestion of cellulose and lignin. D) We would conclude that none of the three groups were needed to digest cellulose and lignin.

C

10. Which of the following flower parts develops into a seed? A) ovule B) ovary C) stamen D) carpel

A

13. Orchid bees are to Brazil nut trees as ________ are to pine trees. A) breezes B) rain droplets C) seed-eating birds D) squirrels

A

26. Imagine that after generation 20,000, the experimental cells were grown in high-glucose conditions for 20,000 generations (using the same transfer process described). Refer to the y-axis on the graph and predict the fitness of the new lines when tested in low- and high-glucose conditions. A) low: 1.0; high: 1.0 B) low: 1.6; high: 1.6 C) low: 1.0; high: 1.6 D) low: 1.6; high: 1.0

A

30. During which two times can the recipient accurately be described as "recombinant" due to the sequence of events portrayed in the figure? A) during Times C and D B) during Times A and C C) during Times A and B D) during Times B and D

A

6. The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells? A) mitosis B) meiosis C) mitosis without subsequent cytokinesis D) meiosis without subsequent cytokinesis

A

The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Which of the following statements about the bacteria is most probably accurate? A) The bacterium cannot donate DNA through conjugation with another cell. B) The bacterium cannot take up DNA from its external environment. C) The bacterium cannot form an endospore. D) The bacterium cannot reproduce.

A

11. What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means? 1. The exterior of the seed coat should have barbs or hooks. 2. The seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animal's mouth. 3. The seed coat should be able to withstand low pHs. 4. The seed coat, upon its complete digestion, should provide vitamins or nutrients to animals. 5. The seed coat should be resistant to the animals' digestive enzymes. A) 4 only B) 1 and 2 C) 3 and 5 D) 3, 4, and 5

C

17. The cell also lacks F factors and F plasmids. Upon its death, this bacterium should be able to participate in _____. A) conjugation B) transduction C) transformation D) conjugation and transduction

C

19. Which two species should have much more phospholipid, in the form of bilayers, in their cytoplasms than most other bacteria? A) species A and B B) species A and C C) species B and E D) species C and D

C

2. Cottonwood, aspen, and willow trees have beige flowers, with no petals, that appear before the tree's leaves are out in the spring; and they are dioecious. What does this indicate about these trees? A) Their insect pollinators are specialists. B) Early emerging insects are probably the pollinators. C) Their pollen is dispersed by wind. D) The trees are self-pollinating.

C

20. Which species are capable of directed movement? A) species A B) species B C) species C D) species D

C

21. How many of these species probably have a cell wall that consists partly of an outer membrane of lipopolysaccharide? A) only one species B) two species C) three species D) four species

C

28. How is the recipient cell different at Time D than it was at Time A? A) It has a greater number of genes. B) It has a greater mass of DNA. C) It has a different sequence of base pairs. D) It contains bacteriophage DNA.

C

8. Which of the following statements regarding flowering plants is correct? A) The gametophyte is the dominant generation. B) Female gametophytes develop from megaspores within the anthers. C) Pollination is the delivery of pollen to the stigma of a carpel. D) The food-storing endosperm is derived from the cell that contains one polar nucleus and two sperm nuclei.

C

A hypothetical bacterium swims among human intestinal contents until it finds a suitable location on the intestinal lining. It adheres to the intestinal lining using a feature that also protects it from phagocytes, bacteriophages, and dehydration. Fecal matter from a human in whose intestine this bacterium lives can spread the bacterium, even after being mixed with water and boiled. The bacterium is not susceptible to the penicillin family of antibiotics. It contains no plasmids and relatively little peptidoglycan. 16. Adherence to the intestinal lining by this bacterium is due to its possession of _____. A) fimbriae B) pili C) a capsule D) a flagellum

C

The figure below depicts changes to the amount of DNA present in a recipient cell that is engaged in conjugation with an Hfr cell. Hfr cell DNA begins entering the recipient cell at Time A. Assume that reciprocal crossing over occurs (in other words, a fragment of the recipient's chromosome is exchanged for a homologous fragment from the Hfr cell's DNA). 27. What is occurring at Time C that is decreasing the DNA content? A) crossing over B) cytokinesis C) degradation of DNA that was not retained in the recipient's chromosome D) reversal of the direction of conjugation

C

12. Which of the following flower parts develops into the pulp of a fleshy fruit? A) stigma B) style C) ovule D) ovary

D

23. If the experimental population of E. coli lacks an F factor or F plasmid, and if bacteriophages are excluded from the bacterial cultures, then beneficial mutations might be transmitted horizontally to other E. coli cells via _____. A) sex pili B) transduction C) conjugation D) transformation

D

3. The egg of a plant has a haploid chromosome number of 12 (n = 12). What is true about the number of chromosomes in the cells of other tissues of this plant? A) The sperm has 6 chromosomes. B) The leaves and stems have 12 chromosomes. C) The zygote has 12 chromosomes. D) The endosperm has 36 chromosomes.

D