ap bio final

Describe the effect on an enzyme of an increase in environmental temperature above the optimum temperature range of the enzyme

An increase in environmental temperature above the optimum temperature range of the enzyme will cause the enzyme to denature which reduces the reaction rate.

On the template in the space provided for your response, represent the location where carbon fixation takes place by writing "CF" and the location of the electron transport proteins by writing "ETP".

CF is stroma ETP is thylakoid

Intercellular signaling

During intercellular signaling, chemical signals are released via exocytosis. One of these signals binds to a transmembrane receptor, leading to a response (e.g. opening a channel).

Chemiosmotic production of ATP

During the chemiosmotic production of ATP, the electron transport chain in the membrane pumps hydrogen ions across the membrane, establishing a hydrogen ion gradient and allowing the hydrogen ions to flow through the ATP synthase. In doing this, ATP is produced and allows for cells to continue living.

Fertilization of an egg

During the fertilization of an egg, the sperm binds to the egg's receptors. The plasma membranes of both the sperm and the egg fuse together, and the electrical charge of the egg membrane changes to prevent further fertilization. Exocytosis hardens the egg cell and nuclear membrane of the sperm and egg membrane fuse.

Increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are correlated with increased global surface temperatures. Based on the data, predict how a surface temperature that continues to rise above 40°C40°C most likely affects the amount of energy available to primary consumers in an ecosystem. Provide reasoning to justify your prediction. One model predicts that an increase in greenhouse gases will lead to a 2°C2°C increase in average surface temperature on Earth. Based on the data from the experiment and the prediction of an increase in average surface temperature by the model, predict how the locations of plant species are expected to change over time.

Less energy would be available because the carbon fixation decreases at temperatures above 40 degrees celcius. This is shown in the graph where the carbon fixation decreases by over 30 from 35 to 40 degrees celcius. As the temperature increases, the ranges where individual plant species are found will move to colder areas.

Identify THREE macromolecules that are components of the plasma membrane in a eukaryotic cell and discuss the structure and function of each

One macromolecule in the plasma membrane is phospholipids, the function of phospholipids is to be selectively permeable and create a barrier for the cell. The structure of a phospholipid is a polar head and a nonpolar tail which form a lipid bilayer. A second macromolecule is cholesterol, the function of cholesterol is to moderate fluidity and stabilize the membrane. It has a ring structure and is embedded in the bilayer. The third macromolecule is proteins, the function of proteins is signal transduction and recognition. Proteins are transmembrane embedded and form a channel and they are peripheral on the surface.

Based on the sample means and standard errors of the means, identify the two populations that are most likely to have statistically significant differences in the mean stem trichome densities. Justify your response.

Populations 1 and 3 because the error bars for 1 and 3 don't overlap.

What are the components of water potential

R: Pressure constant (.0821) T: Temperature C: concentration pressure potential and solute potential

Using the experimental results, describe the pathway that secretory proteins take from their synthesis to their release from the cell.

Secretory proteins first synthesized by ribosomes on the rough ERThen transported to golgi body to be modified for functionalityThen secretory vesicles envelope the proteins and fuse their membrane with the cell membrane in order to release their contents to the outside of the cell (exocytosis)

Predict what would happen to typical animal cells placed in 0.0 M sucrose solution, and explain your prediction.

The cell would expand because the solute on the inside is higher than the solute on the outside.

Predict what would happen to typical animal cells placed in 1.0 M sucrose solution, and explain your prediction.

The cell would shrink because the solute is lower on the inside than it is on the outside.

Explain the function of the structure labeled with an X in Figure 1.

The function is the structure labeled X is the chloroplast membrane. The chloroplast membrane allows for the light reaction to take places because that is where PS1 and Ps2 are located.

Describe the independent and dependent variables and a control treatment for an experiment to test the hypothesis that higher trichome density in plants is selected for in the presence of herbivores. Identify an appropriate duration of the experiment to ensure that natural selection is measured, and predict the experimental results that would support the hypothesis.

The independent variable is the presence of herbivores and the dependent variable would be the trichrome density. The control would be the absence of herbivores. The duration of the experiment would be a generation of the plant then measure if the trichrome in the plants affected the rate at which they were eaten. The trichrome density will be higher in the plant population that is exposed to herbivores than in the population with the exposure of herbivores.

From your graph, find the apparent molar concentration (osmolarity) of the potato core cells.

The molar concentration of the potato core cells is about 0.3 M.

Describe the major process that takes place in this eukaryotic organelle.

The process that takes place in this eukaryotic organelle is photosynthesis.

Explain how the shape and stacking of the thylakoids contributes to the rate of carbon fixation by the chloroplast.

The thin stacked nature of the thylakoid allows for more surface area which allows for a greater amount of chlorophyl molecules and electron transport proteins.

Determine whether there is a statistical difference in the amount of CO2CO2 fixed by rubisco at 30°C30°C and 40°C40°C.

There is not a statistical difference between the 30 degrees and the 40 degrees because error bars overlap.

Why is water potential important for the movement of water in plants?

Water potential is important for the movement of water in plants because it is required to move water from areas of high water potential such as the roots to areas of low water potential, the leaves. Also the cell wall allows for increased pressure.

Based on an analysis of the data, identify a likely primary function of each cell type and explain how the data support the identification.

X: Used for movements because it has Cilia and large amounts of Mitochondria, adding energy to fuel cell locomotion Y: Primary function could be to package, transport, and synthesize proteins with the large amounts of Golgi Bodies and Rough ERs Z: Seems like it has no function. It may be dead and does not require these organelles

Predict what the results would be if mRNA were radioactively labeled instead of polypeptides. Give reasoning to support your prediction.

mRNA would begin in the nucleus and go to the endoplasmic reticulum, and it would end there because the mRNA is only used as a blueprint. Once the protein is made there is no use for the mRNA.