AP Bio Midterm
How many molecules of water are needed to completely hydrolyze a polymer that is 11 monomers long?
10
Cytosine makes up 38% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in the sample will be thymine?
12
Normal cells of alfalfa, the American badger, the European honey queen bee, and yeast all have a diploid number of 32. How many chromosomes would be in each daughter cell after the completion of meiosis?
16
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidized to pyruvate
2 molecules of ATP are used and 4 molecules of ATP are produced
A possible sequence of nucleotides in the template strand of DNA that would code for the polypeptide sequence phe-leu-ile-val would be
3' AAA-GAA-TAA-CAA 5'
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is
3' UCA 5'
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form the replication fork: 3'CCTAGGCTGCAATCC5' ^ An RNA primer is formed starting at the T indicated above. Which of the following represents the primer sequence?
5' ACGUUAGG3'
Each time a molecule of glucose (C6H12O6) is completely oxidized via aerobic respiration, how many oxygen molecules (O2) are required?
6
A triploid cell contains three sets of chromosomes. If a cell of a usually diploid species with 42 chromosomes per cell is triploid, this cell would be expected to have which of the following?
63 chromosomes, each with 3 chromatids
Of the following, which is the most current description of a gene?
A DNA sequence that is expressed to form a functional product: either RNA or a polypeptide
Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animal is that in plants
A cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas in animals a cleavage furrow is initiated at that stage
Which of the following is an example of alteration of generations?
A diploid plant (sporophyte) produces, by meiosis, a spore that gives rise to a multicellular, haploid pollen grain (gametophyte)
What is a karyotype?
A display of every pair of homologous chromosomes within a cell, organized according to size and shape
Which of the following descriptions best fits the class of molecules known as nucleotides?
A nitrogenous base, a phosphate group, and a pentose sugar
A human cell containing 22 autosomes and a Y chromosome is
A sperm
During aerobic cellular respiration, oxygen gas is consumed at the same rate as carbon dioxide gas is produced. In order to provide accurate volumetric measurements of oxygen gas consumption, the experimental setup should include which of the following?
A substance that removes carbon dioxide gas
When biologists wish to study the internal ultrastructure of cells, they most likely would use
A transmission electron microscope
Which of the following nucleotide triplets best represents a codon?
A triplet in the same reading frame as an upstream AUG
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
In the absence of oxygen, yeast cells can obtain energy by fermentation, resulting in the production of
ATP, CO2, and ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
The nitrogenous base adenine is found in all members of which group?
ATP, RNA, and DNA
The R group or side chain of the amino acid serine is-CH2-0H. The R group or side chain of the amino acid alanine is -CH3. Where would you expect to find these amino acids in a globular protein in aqueous solution?
Alanine would be in the interior, and serine would be on the exterior of the globular protein.
The Golgi Apparatus has a polarity or sidedness to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?
All of the above: Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side; Proteins in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other; Lipids in the membrane of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other; Soluble proteins in the cisternae (interior) of the Golgi may be sorted and modified as they move from one side of the Golgi to the other
In order for a protein to be an integral membrane protein it would have to be which of the following?
Amphipathic
What is a ribozyme?
An RNA with enzymatic activity
A mutation result in a defective enzyme A. Which of the following would be a consequence of that mutation?
An accumulation of A and no production of B and C
All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cell except
An endoplasmic reticulum
Which of these individuals is most likely to be successful in an evolutionary sense?
An organism that dies after 5 days of life but leaves 10 offspring, all of whom survive to reproduce
Centromeres of sister chromatids disjoin and chromatids separate
Anaphase II
A part of the promoter, called the TATA box, is said to be highly conserved in evolution. Which might this illustrate?
Any mutation in the sequence is selected against.
Which following types of cells utilize deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA) as their genetic material but do not have their DNA encased within a nuclear envelope?
Archaea
Lactose, a sugar in milk, is composed of one glucose molecule joined by a glycosidic linkage to one galactose molecule. How is lactose classified?
As a disaccharide
Asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction differ in all but which of the following ways?
Asexual reproduction is utilized only by fungi and protists, whereas sexual reproduction is utilized only by plants and animals
Which of the following represents the activation energy required for the enzyme-catalyzed reaction?
B
A plant has a unique photosynthetic pigment. The leaves of this plant appear to be reddish yellow. What wavelengths of visible light are being absorbed by this pigment?
Blue and violet
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during
Both photosynthesis and respiration
Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in
Breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water
How does the sexual life cycle increase the genetic variation in a species?
By allowing independent assortment of chromosomes
How does a noncompetitive inhibitor decrease the rate of an enzyme reaction?
By changing the shape of an enzyme
The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a molecule made by linking 3 glucose molecules together by dehydration reactions?
C18H32O16
Alternative RNA splicing
Can allow the production of proteins of different sizes from a single mRNA
Which term most precisely describes the cellular process of breaking down large molecules into smaller ones?
Catabolism
Grana, thylakoids, and stroma are all components found in
Chloroplasts
A biologist ground up some plant leaf cells and then centrifuged the mixture fractionate the organelles. Organelles in one of the heavier fractions could produce ATP in the light, while organelles in the lighter fraction could produce ATP in the dark. The heavier and lighter fractions are most likely to contain, respectively,
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
In order for chromosomes to undergo inversion or translocation, which of the following is required?
Chromosome breakage and rejoining
Which of the following contain the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules?
Cilia and flagella
If mammalian cells receive a go-ahead signal at the G1 checkpoint, they will
Complete the cell cycle and divide
Chiasmata are what we see under a microscope that let us know which of the following had occurred
Crossing over
Which of the following is a protein synthesized at specific times during the cell cycle that associate with a kinase to form a catalytically active complex
Cyclin
Where does glycolysis take place?
Cytosol
Which of the following represents the 🔺G of the reaction?
D
In trying to determine whether DNA or protein is the genetic material, Hershey and Chase made use of which of the following facts?
DNA contains phosphorus, but protein does not
Actinomycin D is an antibiotic drug that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking transcription. In some cells, the application of the drug does not affect the synthesis of certain proteins. Which of the following best explains such an occurrence?
DNA transcription is not necessary for protein synthesis
What is the chemical mechanism by which cells make polymers from monomers?
Dehydration reactions
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
Dehydration reactions
There are 20 different amino acids. What makes one amino acid different from another?
Different side chains (R groups) attached to an alpha (a) carbon
The chemical reaction for photosynthesis is 6CO2 +12H2O +light energy-> C6H12O6 +6O2 +6H2O If the input water is labeled with a radioactive isotope of oxygen, 18O, then the oxygen gas released as the reaction proceeds is also labeled with 18O. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?
During the light reactions of photosynthesis, water is split, removing electrons and protons, and oxygen gas is released
Which of the following is true of a species that has a chromosome number of 2n=16?
Each cell has 8 homologous pairs
The Karyotype of one species of primate has 48 chromosomes. In a particular female, cell division goes awry and she produces one of her eggs with an extra chromosome (25). The most probable source of this error would be a mistake in which of the following?
Either anaphase I or II
Which of the following is reflective of the phrase "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts"?
Emergent properties
Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?
Energy cannot be created or destroyed
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP+ Pi to ATP?
Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the
Entropy of the universe
Which of the following properties or processes do we associate with living things?
Evolutionary adaptations Energy processing Responding to the environment Growth and reproduction (All of the above)
Which of the following terms best describes the reaction?
Exergonic
What are the coding segments of a stretch of eukaryotic DNA called?
Exons
A cell lacking the ability to make and secrete glycoproteins would most likely be deficient in its
Extracellular matrix and Golgi apparatus
CAM plants keep stomata closed during the daytime, thus reducing loss of water. They can do this because they
Fix CO2 into organic acids during the nights
Nerve and muscle cells are in this phase:
G0
The two molecules shown in figure 4.3 are best described as
Geometric isomers
Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
Glycolysis
Which process in eukaryotic cells will proceed normally whether oxygen (O2) is present or absent?
Glycolysis
What are polyribosomes?
Groups of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously
After telophase I of meiosis, the chromosomal makeup of each daughter cell is
Haploid, and the chromosomes are each composed of 2 chromatids
Which of the following separates the DNA strands during replication?
Helicase
In a transformation experiment, a sample of E. Coli bacteria was mixed with a plasmid containing the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin (ampr). Plasmid was not added to a second sample. Samples were plated on nutrient agar plates, some of which were supplemented with the antibiotic ampicillin. Plates that have only ampicillin-resistant bacteria growing include which of the following?
IV only
Even though plants carry on photosynthesis, plant cells still use their mitochondria for oxidation of pyruvate. When and where will this occur?
In photosynthesizing cells in dark periods and in other tissues all the time
If a young male child has cystic fibrosis, which of the following would affect his fertility?
Incorrect concentrations of ions in semen
A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02 molar glucose is placed in a test tube of water containing 0.02 molar glucose. Assuming that glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms describes the tonicity of the external solution relative to the cytoplasm of the cell?
Isotonic
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of a carrier protein in a plasma membrane?
It exhibits a specificity for a particular type of molecule
In liver cells, the inner mitochondrial membranes are about 5x the area of the outer mitochondrial membranes, and about 17x that of the cell' s plasma membrane. What purpose must this serve?
It increases the surface for oxidative phosphorylation
What is the effect of a nonsense mutation in a gene?
It introduces a premature stop codon into the mRNA
When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?
It is lost to the environment
Water passes quickly through cell membranes because
It moves through aquaporins in the membrane
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the chemical reaction illustrated in figure 5.5?
It results in a peptide bond
A compound contains hydroxyl groups as its predominant functional group. Which of the following statements is true concerning this compound?
It should dissolve in a nonpolar solvent
You have a friend who lost 7kg (15 lbs) of fat on a "low carb" diet. How did the fat leave her body?
It was released as CO2 and H2O
For this pair of items, choose the option that best describes their relationship
Item (A) is less than item (B)
Diploid cell has three pairs of homologous chromosome designated J1/J2, K1/K2, and L1/L2. Which of the following represents a probable chromosome complement in a haploid cell formed by meiosis?
J2, K1, and L2
Which of these is reflective of the hierarchical organization of life from most to least inclusive?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
Which of the following makes it necessary for animal cells, although they have no cell walls, to have intercellular junctions?
Large molecules, especially proteins, do not readily go through one, much less two adjacent cell membranes
You briefly expose bacteria undergoing DNA replication to radioactively labeled nucleotides. When you centrifuge the DNA isolated from the bacteria, the DNA and separates into two classes. One class of labeled DNA include very large molecules (thousands or even millions of nucleotides long), and the other includes short stretches of DNA (several hundred to a few thousand nucleotides in length). These two classes of DNA probably represent
Leading strands and Okazaki fragments
A gene's location along a chromosome is known as which of the following?
Locus
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox or oxidation-reduction reaction
Loses electrons and loses energy
What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence? 5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'
Met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
Imagine looking through a microscope at a squashed onion root tip. The chromosomes of many of the cells are plainly visible. In some cells, replicated chromosomes are aligned along the center (equator) of the cell. These particular cells are in which stage of mitosis?
Metaphase
Tetrads of chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle; alignment determines independent assortment
Metaphase I
The differences among the three categories of cytoskeletal elements would suggest that each of the following has specialized roles. Which of the following is a correct match?
Microtubules and chromosome movement
Organelles other than the nucleus that contain DNA include
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
Where are the proteins of the electron transport chain located?
Mitochondrial inner membrane
According to the data, the crickets at 25 degrees C gave greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than to the crickets at 10 degrees C. This trend in oxygen consumption is the opposite of that in the mice. The difference in trends in oxygen consumption among crickets and mice is due to their
Mode of internal temperature regulation
Which of the following sequences represent the hierarchy of biological organization from the least to the most complex level?
Molecule, cell, organ system, population, ecosystem, biosphere
Which of the following statements is true regarding the molecule illustrated in figure 5.2?
Molecules of this type are usually liquid at room temperature
Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?
Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other
Which lifecycle stage is found in plants but not animals?
Multicellular haploid
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
NADH and pyruvate
Which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?
Na+ ions moving out of the cell
When 2 atoms are equally electronegative, they will interact to form
Nonpolar covalent bonds
A certain female's chromosomes 12 both have the blue gene and chromosomes 19 both have the long gene. As cells in her ovaries undergo meiosis, her resulting eggs may have which of the following?
One chromosome 12 with one blue gene and one chromosome 19 with one long gene
When a glucose molecule loses a hydrogen atom as the result of an oxidation-reduction reaction, the molecule becomes
Oxidized
A human cell in prophase of mitosis can be distinguished from a human cell in prophase I of meiosis by the presence of
Paired homologous chromosomes in the meiotic cell
White blood cells engulf bacteria through what process?
Phagocytosis
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it
All of the following serve an important role in determining or maintaining the structure of plant cells. Which of the following are distinct from the others in their composition?
Plant cell walls
The volume enclosed by the plasma membrane of plant cells is often much larger than the corresponding volume in animal cells. The most reasonable explanation for this observation is that
Plant cells contain a large vacuole that reduces the volume of the cytoplasm
(The following question is based on figure 3.1: solute molecule surrounded by a hydration shell of water) Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule is most likely
Positively charged
Movement of the chromosomes during anaphase would be most affected by a drug that
Prevents shortening of microtubules
If the spliceosome was nonfunctional, the cell would
Produce polypeptides much longer than normal
Synapsis of homologous pairs occurs; crossing over may occur
Prophase I
Which is a general term for enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them?
Protein kinase
Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?
Proteins
Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein disposal from prokaryotic cells?
Proteins that are excreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes that are bound to the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane
In which of the following actions does RNA polymerase differ from DNA polymerase?
RNA Polymerase can initiate RNA synthesis, but DNA polymerase requires a primer to initiate DNA synthesis
When a molecule of NAD+ gains a hydrogen atom (not a hydrogen ion) the molecule becomes
Reduced
Which of the following normally occurs during mitosis?
Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate
During glycolysis, when glucose is catabolized to pyruvate, most of the energy of glucose is
Retained in the pyruvate
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells generally have which of the following features in common?
Ribosomes
It's became apparent to Watson and Crick after completion of their model that the DNA molecule could carry a vast amount of hereditary information in which of the following?
Sequence of bases
Which of the following help to hold the DNA strands apart while they are being replicated?
Single-strand binding proteins
The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and therefore abundant in liver cells?
Smooth ER
In his work with pneumonia-causing bacteria and mice, Griffith found that
Some substance from pathogenic cells was transferred to nonpathogenic cells, making them pathogenic
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
Stroma of the chloroplast
The structures of glucose and fructose are
Structural isomers
For most ecosystems ______ is (are) the ultimate source of energy, and energy leaves the ecosystem in the form of _____.
Sunlight; heat
Which of the following occurs in meiosis but not in mitosis?
Synapsis of chromosomes
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
Synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
Each of the following options as the modification of the sentence THECATATETHERAT. Which of the following is analogous to a frameshift mutation?
THECATATTHERAT
Testosterone and estradiol are male and female sex hormones, respectively, in many vertebrates. In what way(s) do these molecules differ from each other?
Testosterone and estradiol have different functional groups attached to the same carbon skeleton
What is meant by the description "antiparallel" regarding the strands that make up DNA?
The 5' to 3' direction of one strand runs counter to the 5' to 3' direction of the other strand
A tRNA has its 3' end projecting beyond its 5' end. What will occur at this 3' end?
The amino acid binds covalently
If a cell were unable to produce histone proteins, which of the following would be a likely effect?
The cell's DNA couldn't be packed into its nucleus
Quantum dots are small (15-30nm diameter), bright particles visible using light microscopy. If the dots can be specifically bound to individual proteins on a plasma membrane of a cell, which of the following correctly describes the advantage of using quantum dots in examining proteins?
The dots permit the motion of the proteins to be determined more precisely
Which of the following is a reasonable explanation for why unsaturated fatty acids help keep any membrane more fluid at lower temperatures?
The double bonds form kinks in the fatty acid tails, forcing adjacent lipids to be further apart
According to the data, the mice at 10 degrees C demonstrated greater oxygen consumption per gram of tissue than did the mice at 25 degrees C. This is most likely explained by which of the following statements?
The mice at 10 degrees C had a higher rate of ATP production than the mice at 25 degrees C.
By discharging electric sparks into a laboratory chamber atmosphere that consisted of water vapor, hydrogen gas, methane, and ammonia, Stanley Miller obtained data that showed that a number of organic molecules, including many amino acids, could be synthesized. Miller was attempting to model early earth conditions as understood in the 1950s. The results of Miller's experiments best support which of the following hypotheses?
The molecules essential to life today could have formed under early Earth conditions
Which of the following is a major cause of the size limits for certain types of cells?
The need for a surface area of sufficient area to allow the cell's function
What determines the nucleotide sequence of the newly synthesized strand during DNA replication?
The nucleotide sequence of the template strand
A patient has had a serious accident and lost a lot of blood. In an attempt to replenish body fluids, distilled water, equal to the volume of blood lost, is transferred directly into one of his veins. What will be the most probable result of this transfusion?
The patient's red blood cells will swell because the blood fluid is hypotonic compared to the cells
What would be an unexpected consequence of changing one amino acid in a protein consisting of 325 amino acids?
The primary structure of the protein would be changed. The tertiary structure of the protein might be changed. The biological activity or function of the protein might be altered. (A,B, and C)
Independent assortment of chromosomes is a result of
The random and independent way in which each pair of homologous chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate during meiosis I
Temperature usually increases when water condenses. Which behavior of water is most directly responsible for this phenomenon?
The release of heat by the formation of hydrogen bonds
From the following list, which is the first event in translation in eukaryotes?
The small subunit of the ribosome recognizes and attaches to the 5' cap of mRNA
A controlled experiment is one in which
There are at least two groups, one of which does not receive the experimental treatment
According to the fluid mosaic model of cell membranes, which of the following is a true statement about membrane phospholipids?
They can move laterally along the plane of the membrane
Which of the following is (are) true for anabolic pathways?
They consume energy to build up polymers from monomers
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
Thylakoid membranes Inner mitochondrial membrane (A and C)
Why do chromosomes coil during mitosis?
To allow the chromosomes to move without becoming entangled and breaking
In RNA, ___ and ___ are pyrimidines.
Uracil and cytosine