Biology Chapter 11 Control of Gene Expression
spectral karyotyping (SKY)
a for of FISH used to study complex changes in genetic material
proto-oncogenes
code for regulatory proteins that ensure that the events of cell division occur in the proper sequence and at the correct rate
repressor protein
coded for by regulatory genes; when attached to operator, it blocks the advancement of RNA polymerase toward the structural genes
cell differentiation
development of cells that have specialized functions
morphogenesis
development of form in an organism
lactose
disaccharide that is composed of the monosaccharides glucose and galactose
Jacob and Monod
discovered how genes control the metabolism of the sugar lactose in E.coli
regulatory proteins
formed when a homeotic gene is transcribed and translated
lung, colon, prostate, and breast
four most common cancers
transcription and translation
gene expression begins at two steps
Drosophila
genus of the fruit fly
melanoma
malignant skin tumor
Fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH)
method used to identify part of a chromosome
inducer
molecule that initiates gene expression; ex:lactose
oncogenic transformation
process of making a malignant tumor
regulatory proteins
regulate development by switching groups of developmental genes on or off
introns and exons
two kinds of segments beyond the promoter in eukaryotic gene
euchromatin
uncoiled form; site of active of transcription of DNA into RNA
cancer
uncontrolled growth of cells that can ivade other parts of the body
human papilloma virus
virus that has been shown to cause cervical cancer
Operator
DNA segment that controls the access of RNA polymerase to the promoter; controls the ability of RNA polymerase to move along the structural genes
promoter
DNA segment that is recognized by the enzyme RNA polymerase; binding site of RNA polymerase
homeobox
DNA sequence within a homeotic gene; codes for proteins that regulate patterns of development
ribozymes
RNA molecules that act as enzymes
tumor
abnormal proliferation of cells that results from uncontrolled, abnormal cell division
mutagens
agents that cause mutations to occur within a cell
Escherichia coli
bacterium that lives in the intestines of mammals
pathfinder cells
can stimulate the regeneration of organs independent of the tissue source
Genome
complete genetic material contained in an individual
spliceosomes
complex assemblies of RNA and protein that split the Pre-mRNA at each end of an intron and join the exons
collagen
fibrous protein; very abundant
structural genes
genes that code for polypeptides; located next to each other on the chromosome; code for enzymes that allow E.coli to metabolize lactose
tumor-suppressor genes
genes that code for proteins that prevent cell division fro occurring too often
proto-oncogenes
genes that regulate cell growth, cell division, and the ability of cells to adhere to one another
lac operon
includes the entire segment of DNA required to produce the enzymes involved in lactose metabolism
metastasis
spread of cancer cells beyond their original site
Human Genome project
13-year effort to map the human genome; funded by US gov; determined the sequence of the 3 billion base pairs that make up human DNA
Dolly the sheep
1st successful cloning of an organism from differentiated cells
Structural genes, promoter, operator
3 elements found within the DNA of E. coli that regulate the enzymes that control metabolism of lactose
lactose was present
Jacob and Monod found that the genes for the enzymes for lactose utilization were expressed only when ________.
gene expression
activation or ¨turning on¨ of a gene that results in transcription and the production of mRNA
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
allows researchers to quickly make billions of copies of specific segment of DNA
environmental tobacco smoke
another name for secondhand tobacco smoke
repressor protein
attaches to operator when lactose is not present; protein that inhibits genes from being expressed
DNA chips
contain a microscopic grid with 1,000s of known DNA fragments that are ¨tagged¨ with a fluorescent compound
level of the individual chromosome
control of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at ______
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
declared secondhand tobacco smoke is a carcinogen
carcinogen
ex: tobacco smoke, asbestos, and ionizing radiation
roundworm
first full sequencing of a genome in a _______ was completed
Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod
first scientists to discover gene expression (in prokaryotes); won Nobel Prize
Pre-mRNA
form of mRNA that contains introns and extrons
oncogene
gene that can cause uncontrolled cell proliferation; formed by a mutation in a proto-oncogene
oncogenes
genes that are damaged and can cause cancer; cancer gene; disrupts cell function
regulator genes
genes that are located some distance form the operators they effect; code for repressor proteins
homeotic genes
master genes of development that determine the overall body organization of multicellular organisms
lac operon
name for operon Monod and Jacob studied.; structural genes coded for the enzymes that regulate lactose metabolism
neoplasms
new growth; malignant or benigne
homeotic genes
regulatory genes that determine where certain anatomical structures (appendages) develop in an organism during morphogenesis
transcription factors
regulatory proteins in eukaryotes
gene expression
related to the coiling and uncoiling of DNA
exons
sections of a structural gene that are transcribed and translated
Introns
sections of a structural gene that are transcribed but not translated
enhancers
sequences of DNA that transcription factor bind to; located at a position far from the promoter
Operon
series of genes that code for specific products and the regulatory elements that control these genes
lymphomas
solid tumors that grow in the tissues of the lymphatic system
operon
structural genes, the promoter, and the operator collectively form _________.
carcinogen
substance that can induce or promote cancer
pseudopodia
temporary projections of eukaryotic cell membrane
DNA chip
tool for tracking gene expression
benign tumor
tumor; cells that that make it up remain in the mass; generally pose no threat; example: fibroid cysts
malignant tumor
tumor; uncontrolled dividing cells may invade and destroy healthy tissues elsewhere in the body
leukemia
tumors in blood-forming tissues; uncontrolled production of white blood cells
sarcomas
tumors that grow in bone and muscle tissues
carcinomas
tumors that grow in the skin and the tissues that line the organs of the body, ex: lung and breast