AP Bio Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

What are the stages of cellular respiration

1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate oxidation 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorylation

What are the names of the 2 parts of photosynthesis

1. Light-dependent reactions 2. Light-independent/dark reactions, or the calvin cycle

Explain what occurs in the light reactions, using NADP+ and phosphorylation

1. Split H20 2. Release O2 3. Generate ATP from ADP by phosphorylation (see previous flashcard- plant uses photons from sun to split water) 4. Reduce NADP+ to NADH

What are the 3 phases of the calvin cycle

1. carbon fixation 2. Reduction 3. regeneration

What goes into oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport)

10 NADH, 2 FADH2

What comes out of pyruvate oxidation

2 acetyl coA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2

What goes into the citric acid cycle

2 acetyl coA, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD, 2 ADP

What goes into pyruvate oxidation

2 pyruvate, 2 coenzyme A, 2 NAD+

What comes out of glycolysis

2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, 2 NADH

How many turns of the calvin cycle to get one G3P, net

3

What comes out of oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport)

32-34 ATP, 10 NAD-, 2 FAD

How many molecules of ATP are gained by substrate-level phosphorylation from the complete breakdown of a single molecule of glucose in the presence of oxygen?

4 (this is glycolysis)

(Textbook question) For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle.

6

From Kahoot: How many turns of the calvin cycle (theoretically) just to make glucose

6

What comes out of the citric acid cycle

6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

3 products of the light reactions

ATP, NADPH, oxygen

What is the difference between an absorption spectrum and an action spectrum

Absorption spectrum is a graph that plots a specific pigment's light absorption vs wavelength (so, for example, it would show chlorophyll's absorption at different wavelengths) Action spectrum shows the different effectiveness of wavelengths in driving a process (so would show which wavelengths were most effective for photosynthesis overall)

What do C4 and CAM plants have in common

Adapted to hot, low-water environments. Open stomata at night, and store CO2 with organic acids in the mesophyll in order to conserve water

(Textbook question) The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____. A. NADH and FADH2 B. ATP C. kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient

C

3 reactants of the calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, NADPH

What happens in the first phase of the calvin cycle

Carbon fixation- plant breathes in CO2, and rubisco takes it and reacts it with RuBP. RubP+ CO2= first intermediate of calvin cycle.

(Textbook question) Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. pyruvates B. ATP C. water D. FADH2

D

From Kahoot: PGAL is also known as

G3P

What is the name of the carbohydrate produced directly from the calvin cycle

G3P

What goes into glycolysis

Glucose, 2 ATP, 4 ADP, 2 NAD+

3 products of the calvin cycle

Glucose, ADP and P, and NADP+ (also maybe G3P)

Where does pyruvate oxidation happen

Going into mitochondira

Where does oxidative phosphorylation happen

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Where does the citric acid cycle happen

Matrix of mitochondria

From Kahoot: What are really the 2 main products of light dependent reactions

NADPH and ATP (oxygen is a waste product, does not go to Calvin cycle)

What is a thylakoid

ONE of the green pancakes

(Textbook question) Oxidation happens when Reduction happens when

Oxidation happens when something LOSES electrons Reduction happens when something GAINS electrons

Difference between photolysis and phosphorylation. What is oxidative phosphorylation? What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

Photolysis is using sunlight energy to split H2O into H+, electrons, and O2 Phosphorylation happens any time P is added to ADP Oxidative phosphorylation is another term for the electron transport chain (this one involves a proton gradient and ATP synthase) Substrate-level phosphorylation is what happens during glycolysis

What happens in the second phase of the calvin cycle

Reduction (gaining of electrons) is used to make G3P NADPH donates electons to an intermediate, and then that makes a G3P

What happens in the third phase of the calvin cycle

Regeneration of RuBP

What is photorespiration

Rubisco adds O2 instead of CO2 in the calvin cycle This consumes O2 and organic fuel and releases CO2 without producing ATP or sugar

What is noncyclic electron flow/linear photosynthesis

The light reactions as they happen normally, involving both photosystems (as opposed to cyclic photosynthesis, which only involves photosystem 1 and only makes ATP)

When protein molecules are used as fuel for cellular respiration, _____ are produced as waste. (myeBook Concept 9.6) a. amino groups b. fatty acids c. sugar molecules d. molecules of lactate e. ethanol and CO2

a

Which one of the following is cycled in the cyclic part of light reactions? (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. electrons b. ATP c. NADPH d. DPGA e. none of the above

a

During respiration in a eukaryotic cell, reactions of glycolysis occur _____. (myeBook Concept 9.2) a. in the cytosol b. in the matrix of the mitochondrion c. in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion d. in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

a.

A gram of fat oxidized by respiration produces approximately twice as much ATP as a gram of carbohydrate. Which of the following best explains this observation? (myeBook Concept 9.6) a. Fats are produced when cells take in more food than they need. b. Fats are better electron donors to oxygen than are sugars. c. Fats are less soluble in water than sugars. d. Fats do not form true macromolecules as sugars do. e. Fats are closely related to lipid molecules, the basic building blocks of cellular membranes.

b

Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. () a. Rubisco b. RuBP c. G3P d. 3-PGA e. NADPH

b

During photosynthesis in a eukaryotic cell, a high proton concentration accumulates or is formed in the ______. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. thylakoid membrane b. (inner) thylakoid space c. stroma d. stomata e. matrix

b

During photosynthesis in chloroplasts, O2 is produced from ______ via a series of reactions associated with ______. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. CO2; photosystem II b. H2O; photosystem II c. CO2; the Calvin cycle d. H2O; photosystem I e. CO2; both photosystem I and the Calvin cycle

b

During respiration in eukaryotic cells, reactions of the citric acid cycle occur _____. (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. in the cytosol b. in the matrix of the mitochondrion c. in the cristae of the mitochondrion d. in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. across the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

b

Each ATP molecule contains about 1% of the amount of chemical energy available from the complete oxidation of a single glucose molecule. Cellular respiration produces about 38 ATP from one glucose molecule. What happens to the rest of the energy in glucose? a. It is stored as fat. b. It is converted to heat. c. It is used to make water from hydrogen ions and oxygen. d. It is released as carbon dioxide and water e. It is converted to starch.

b

In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells. a. stoma b. cytoplasm c. thylakoids d. stroma e. grana

b

In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to a. substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis. b. oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration. c. the Calvin cycle. d. carbon fixation. e. reduction of NADP

b

In the Calvin cycle, CO2 is combined _____. (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. with a 2-carbon compound to form a 3-carbon compound b. with a 5-carbon compound to form an unstable 6-carbon compound, which decomposes into two 3-carbon compounds c. with a 7-carbon compound to form two 4-carbon compounds d. with a 5-carbon compound to form a stable 6-carbon compound that can be converted directly to glucose e. with two 2-carbon compounds to form a 5-carbon compound

b

Molecular oxygen is produced during _____. (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. glycolysis b. the light reactions of photosynthesis c. the Calvin cycle d. aerobic respiration e. the electron transport chain

b

Most of the electrons removed from glucose by cellular respiration are used for which of the following processes? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. reducing NAD+ to NADH in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle b. producing a proton gradient for ATP synthesis in the mitochondria c. driving substrate-level phosphorylation in glycolysis d. The first two choices are correct. c. The first three answers are correct.

b

The ATP synthase in a human cell obtains energy for making ATP directly from which of the following processes? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. the oxidation of NADH and FADH2 b. the flow of H+ across a membrane through the ATP synthase enzyme c. the oxidation of glucose d. the movement of electrons through a series of carriers e. the reduction of oxygen

b

The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. a. NADPH ... NADP+ b. water ... NADPH c. carbon dioxide ... oxygen d. carbon dioxide ... sugar e. NADPH ... oxygen

b

The reaction center, light-harvesting complexes, and primary electron acceptors that cluster in the thylakoid membrane form what? (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. the fluorescence center b. the photosystem c. the electron transport chain d. the carbon-fixation unit e. the electromagnetic spectrum

b

Which of the following accompanies the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA before the citric acid cycle? (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. formation of CO2 and ATP b. formation of CO2 and NADH c. formation of CO2 and coenzyme A d. removal of coenzyme A f. regeneration of NAD+

b

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis? a. NADPH → O2 → CO2 b. H2O → NADPH → Calvin cycle c. NADPH → chlorophyll → Calvin cycle d. H2O → photosystem I → photosystem II e. NADPH → electron transport chain → O2

b

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. The light reactions produce carbon dioxide, ATP, NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle. b. The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle. c. The light reactions produce ADP and NADP+, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle. d. The light reactions produce water, ATP, NADPH, all of which are used in the Calvin cycle. e. The light reactions produce carbon dioxide and water all of which are used in the Calvin cycle

b

Why are C4 plants more suited to hot climates than C3 plants? (myeBook Concept 10.4) a. They do not close their stomata in hot, dry weather. b. Unlike C3 plants, they keep fixing carbon dioxide even when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the leaf is low. c. They evolved in cold weather but migrated to the tropics where they were more suitable. d. They suspend photosynthesis in the heat. e. The same cells that bind carbon dioxide perform the Calvin cycle.

b

You have a large, healthy philodendron that you carelessly leave in total darkness while you are away on vacation. You are surprised to find that it is still alive when you return. What has the plant been using for an energy source while in the dark? (myeBook Concept 10.4) a. Even though it can't carry out the light reactions, the plant can still produce sugars because the Calvin cycle doesn't require light. b. While it did have access to light, the plant stored energy in the form of sugars or starch, and it was able to derive energy from the stored molecules during your vacation. c. Even though the plant received no visible light, it was able to use the short-wave part of the electromagnetic spectrum (gamma rays and X-rays) to carry out photosynthesis. d. When light energy is not available, plants can derive energy from inorganic molecules. e. none of the above

b

(Textbook question) In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____. a. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NAD+, and ATP b. carbon dioxide, ethanol, NADH, and ATP c. carbon dioxide, lactate, NAD+, and ATP

c

(Textbook question) In the overall process of glycolysis and cellular respiration, _____ is oxidized and _____ is reduced. a. oxygen; ATP b. ATP; oxygen c. glucose; oxygen d. carbon dioxide; water e. glucose; ATP

c

After completion of the citric acid cycle, most of the usable energy from the original glucose molecule is in the form of _____. (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. acetyl CoA b. ATP c. NADH d. CO2 e. FADH

c

C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____. a. open their stomata only at night b. are better adapted to wet conditions c. transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs d. use malic acid to transfer carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle e. use PEP carboxylase to fix carbon dioxide

c

During respiration in eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in or on the _____. (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. cytosol b. matrix of the mitochondrion c. inner membrane of the mitochondrion d. intermembrane space of the mitochondrion e. none of the above

c

Fermentation is essentially glycolysis plus an extra step in which pyruvate is reduced to form lactate or alcohol and carbon dioxide. This last step _____. (myeBook Concept 9.5) a. removes poisonous oxygen from the environment b. extracts a bit more energy from glucose c. enables the cell to recycle NAD+ d. prevents pyruvate from accumulating e. enables the cell to make pyruvate into substances it can use

c

How is photosynthesis similar in C4 plants and CAM plants? a. In both cases, only photosystem I is used. b. Both types of plants make sugar without the Calvin cycle. c. In both cases, rubisco is not used to fix carbon initially. d. Both types of plants make most of their sugar in the dark. e. In both cases, thylakoids are not involved in photosynthesis.

c

How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8 e. 10

c

In brewing beer, maltose (a disaccharide of glucose) is _____. (myeBook Concept 9.5) a. a flavoring ingredient b. the substrate for aerobic respiration c. the substrate for alcoholic fermentation d. one of the enzymes for alcoholic fermentation e. a substitute for pyruvate that cannot be made in yeast

c

In glycolysis in the absence of oxygen, cells need a way to regenerate which compound? (myeBook Concept 9.5) a. ethanol b. carbon dioxide c. NAD+ d. lactate e. glucose

c

In glycolysis, there is no production of carbon dioxide as a product of the pathway. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? a. There are no oxidation or reduction reactions in glycolysis to produce CO2. b. There is very little ATP produced in glycolysis. c. The two pyruvate molecules produced from each glucose molecule each contain three carbon atoms. d. The initial steps of glycolysis require an input of energy in the form of ATP (two per glucose). e. none of the above

c

Of the following, which occurs during the Calvin cycle? (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. Light energy is converted to chemical energy. b. ATP and NADPH are synthesized. c. CO2 is reduced. d. Excited electrons are conveyed from chlorophyll to an electron acceptor. e. Photons are absorbed.

c

The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used in which of the following processes? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. the breakdown of glucose b. the production of NADH and FADH2 c. pumping H+ across a membrane d. the oxidation of water e. the production of CO2

c

The overall efficiency of respiration (the percentage of the energy released that is saved in ATP) is approximately _____. (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. 0.5% b. 2% c. 40% d. 94% e. 100%

c

The photosynthetic event known as the Calvin cycle occurs in the _____. (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. thylakoid membrane b. (inner) thylakoid space c. stroma d. stomata e. matrix

c

The reactions of the Calvin cycle are not directly dependent on light, but they usually do not occur at night. Why? (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. It is often too cold at night for these reactions to take place. b. Carbon dioxide concentrations decrease at night. c. The Calvin cycle depends on products of the light reactions. d. Plants usually open their stomata at night. e. At night, plants cannot produce the water needed for the Calvin cycle.

c

What is the name of the process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate with the production of ATP and NADH? (myeBook Concept 9.2) a. chemiosmosis b. fermentation c. glycolysis d. the citric acid cycle e. none of the above

c

When a poison such as cyanide blocks the electron transport chain, glycolysis and the citric acid cycle soon grind to a halt as well. Which of the following is the best explanation for this? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. A high level of NADH is present in the cell. b. The uptake of oxygen stops because electron transport was inhibited. c. NAD+ and FAD are not available for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to continue. d. Electrons are no longer available from the electron transport chain to power glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. e. They run out of ADP.

c

Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle? a. carbon fixation b. oxidation of NADPH c. release of oxygen d. regeneration of the CO2 acceptor e. consumption of ATP

c

Which of the following groups of organisms contain only heterotrophs? () a. pine trees b. algae c. mushrooms d. bacteria

c

Which of the following represents the major (but not the only) energy accomplishment of the citric acid cycle? (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. formation of CO2 b. formation of ATP c. formation of NADH and FADH2 d. utilization of O2 e. completion of substrate-level phosphorylation

c

Which of the following sequences correctly describes the synthesis of ATP associated with electron transport in mitochondria? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. NADH, electron transport, chemiosmosis, proton gradient b. NADH, electron transport, proton gradient, substrate-level phosphorylation c. NADH, electron transport, proton gradient, chemiosmosis d. NADH, electron transport, substrate-level phosphorylation, ATP e. None of the above correctly shows the pattern of energy flow between electron transport and ATP synthesis.

c

Why is the citric acid cycle called a cycle? (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. The pyruvate that enters the cycle is regenerated in the last step of the pathway. b. NAD+ and FAD are recycled. c. The four-carbon acid that accepts the acetyl CoA in the first step of the cycle is regenerated by the last step of the cycle. d. All of the carbon from glucose is cycled back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. e. NADH is cycled down the electron transport chain

c

You could distinguish a granum from a crista because the granum, but not the crista, would _____. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. be inside a mitochondrion b. function in energy transformation c. have photosynthetic pigments d. contain protein but not lipids e. None of the above

c

The energy used to produce ATP in the light reactions of photosynthesis comes from _____. Also, what is this process called? (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. the burning of sugar molecules b. splitting water c. movement of H+ through a membrane d. carbon fixation e. fluorescence

c Termed "chemiosmosis," the diffusion of hydrogen ions through the thylakoid membrane provides the energy to produce ATP.

In photosynthesis, plants use carbon from _____ to make sugar and other organic molecules. ()

carbon dioxide gas

Where do the light reactions and the calvin cycle take place

chloroplast

(Textbook question) Oxygen gas (O2) is one of the strongest oxidizing agents known. The explanation for this is that _____ a. oxygen is so abundant in the atmosphere b. oxygen gas is composed of two atoms of oxygen c. oxygen gas contains a double bond d. the oxygen atom is very electronegative e. oxygen acts as the final electron acceptor in cellular respiration

d

During photosynthesis, an electron transport chain is used to _____. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. transport NADPH from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle b. transport excited electrons from P700 to an electron acceptor c. transport excited electrons from P680 to an electron acceptor d. transport electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I e. transport excited electrons from P700 to an electron acceptor and transport excited electrons from P680 to an electron acceptor

d

How does carbon dioxide enter the leaf? (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. through the chloroplasts b. through the mesophyll c. through the thylakoids d. through the stomata e. through the vascular system

d

Of the metabolic pathways listed below, which is the only pathway found in all organisms? (myeBook Concept 9.5) a. cellular respiration b. the citric acid cycle c. the electron transport chain d. glycolysis e. fermentation

d

The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with a. light energy. b. CO2 and ATP. c. H2O and NADPH. d. ATP and NADPH. d. sugar and O2.

d

The source of the oxygen produced by photosynthesis has been identified through experiments using radioactive tracers. The oxygen comes from _____. (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. carbon dioxide b. glucose c. radioisotopes d. water e. light

d

Which one of the following best describes the electron transport chain? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. Electrons are pumped across a membrane by active transport. b. Acetyl CoA is fully oxidized to CO2. c. Hydrogen atoms are added to CO2 to make an energy-rich compound. d. Electrons are passed from one carrier to another, releasing a little energy at each step. e. Glucose is broken down to a three-carbon compound in preparation for the citric acid cycle.

d

Which process is most directly driven by light energy? a. creation of a pH gradient by pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane b. carbon fixation in the stroma c. reduction of NADP+ molecules d. removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules e. ATP synthesis

d

Based on the work of Engelmann, the wavelengths of light most effective in driving photosynthesis are referred to as _____. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. an effective spectrum b. an absorption spectrum c. an electromagnetic spectrum d. a visible light spectrum e. an action spectrum

e

During aerobic respiration, molecular oxygen (O2) is used for which of the following purposes? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. at the end of glycolysis to oxidize pyruvate b. at the end of the citric acid cycle to regenerate citric acid c. between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to split a carbon from pyruvate, producing CO2 d. as a source of O2 in every reaction that produces CO2 e. at the end of the electron transport chain to accept electrons and form H2O

e

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P) is produced in the stroma of chloroplasts. Which of the following statements is true about this compound? (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. It is produced from glucose during glycolysis. b. It is a 3-carbon sugar. c. For every three molecules of CO2, six molecules of G3P are formed but only one molecule exits the cycle to be used by the plant cell. d. For every three molecules of CO2, six molecules of G3P are formed but five molecules must be recycled to regenerate three molecules of RuBP e. All of the above.

e

If a compound that allows protons to freely diffuse across membranes is added to cells that are actively metabolizing glucose via cellular respiration, which of the following processes would stop? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. glycolysis b. electron transport c. ATP synthesis d. all of the above e. none of the above

e

If significant amounts of materials are removed from the citric acid cycle to produce amino acids for protein synthesis, which of the following will result? (myeBook Concept 9.6) a. Less ATP will be produced by the cell. b. Less CO2 will be produced by the cell. c. The four-carbon compound that combines with acetyl CoA will have to be made by some other process. d. The first two answers are correct. e. The first three answers are correct.

e

In a rosebush, chlorophyll is located in _____. (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. chloroplasts, which are in mesophyll cells in the thylakoids of a leaf b. mesophyll cells, found within the thylakoids of a leaf's chloroplasts c. thylakoids, which are in mesophyll cells in the chloroplasts of a leaf d. chloroplasts, which are in thylakoids in the mesophyll cells of a leaf e. thylakoids, which are in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of a leaf

e

In photosynthesis, what is the fate of the oxygen atoms present in CO2? They end up ______. (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. as molecular oxygen b. in sugar molecules c. in water d. as molecular oxygen and in sugar molecules e. in sugar molecules and in water

e

In preparing pyruvate to enter the citric acid cycle, which of the following steps does occur? a. It is oxidized, and the resulting electrons reduce an NAD+ to an NADH. b. A carbon atom is released in carbon dioxide. c. A compound called coenzyme A binds to a two-carbon fragment. d. None of the above are steps in the metabolism of pyruvate before its entry into the citric acid cycle. e. The three steps above are all involved in the metabolism of pyruvate before its entry into the citric acid cycle.

e

Most of the NADH that delivers electrons to the electron transport chain comes from which of the following? (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. oxidative phosphorylation b. substrate-level phosphorylation c. glycolysis d. anabolic pathways e. the citric acid cycle

e

Muscle tissues make lactate from pyruvate to do which of the following? (myeBook Concept 9.5) a. speed up the rate of glycolysis b. get rid of pyruvate produced by glycolysis c. utilize the energy in pyruvate d. produce additional CO2 e. regenerate NAD

e

The light reactions of photosynthesis generate high-energy electrons, which end up in ____. The light reactions also produce ____ and ____. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. ATP ... NADPH ... oxygen b. oxygen ... sugar ... ATP c. chlorophyll ... ATP ... NADPH d. water ... sugar ... oxygen e. NADPH ... ATP ... oxygen

e

The use of non-C3 and non-CAM plants as crops may be limited in some regions because on hot, dry days, they close their stomata. What happens as a result of closing their stomata? (myeBook Concept 10.4) a. It reduces water loss. b. It prevents carbon dioxide from entering the leaf. c. In a process called photorespiration, rubisco binds oxygen instead of carbon dioxide. d. It builds up oxygen from the light reactions in the leaf. e. all of the above

e

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. It assists chlorophyll in capturing light. b. It acts as the primary electron acceptor for the photosystems. c. As part of the electron transport chain, it manufactures ATP. d. It assists photosystem II in the splitting of water. e. It is reduced and then carries electrons to the Calvin cycle.

e

What is the role of NADP+ in photosynthesis? (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. It helps produce ATP from the light reactions. b. It absorbs light energy. c. It forms part of photosystem II. d. It is the primary electron acceptor. e. It forms NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle.

e

Where do the electrons needed by photosystem II originate? (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. other chlorophyll molecules b. ATP c. the electron transport chain d. light e. water

e

Which of the following substances, if any, is/are involved in oxidative phosphorylation? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. ADP b. oxygen c. ATP d. none of the above e. The first three choices above are involved in oxidative phosphorylation.

e

Which one of the following is the source of the energy that produces the chemiosmotic gradient in mitochondria? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. ATP b. an ATP-dependent proton pump c. the production of NADH d. the components of the electron transport chain e. electrons moving down the electron transport chain

e

Which part of the cellular catabolism of glucose requires molecular oxygen (O2) and produces CO2? (myeBook Concept 9.4) a. glycolysis b. the citric acid cycle c. the electron transport chain d. the combination of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle e. the combination of the citric acid cycle and electron transport

e

Which part of the atom is constantly getting transferred throughout photosynthesis

electrons

Define heterotroph

organisms that must eat other things (obtain organic material from other organisms)

(Textbook question) During the reaction C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O, which compound is reduced as a result of the reaction?

oxygen

Where does the calvin cycle take place

stroma (inner space of chloroplasts)

Where does glycolysis happen

the cytosol

Where do the light reactions happen

thylakoid membrane

What is photolysis

When a plant uses photons coming from the sun to split water (H2O --> H⁺ +O2+ e⁻)

What is the main difference between C4 and CAM plants

Where they store their organic acids

(Textbook question) In fermentation _____ is reduced and _____ is oxidized. a. pyruvate ... NADH b. NAD+ ... pyruvate c. FADH... pyruvate d. FADH....NADH+

a

(Textbook question) Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for why the oxidation of organic compounds by molecular oxygen (O2) yields so much energy? a. The oxygen atom has a higher affinity for electrons than the carbon atom. b. The reaction has a very negative free-energy change. c. In cells, this reaction is capable of providing the energy for ATP synthesis. d. This is an example of a redox reaction, and all redox reactions produce a large amount of energy. e. Any reaction that produces water as a product will also release a lot of energy.

a

A small amount of ATP is made in glycolysis by which of the following processes? a. transfer of a phosphate group from a fragment of glucose to ADP by substrate-level phosphorylation b. harnessing energy from the sun c. transport of electrons through a series of carriers d. transfer of electrons and hydrogen atoms to NAD+ e. attachment of a free inorganic phosphate (Pi) group to ADP to make ATP

a

Both mitochondria and chloroplasts _____. (myeBook Concept 10.2) a. use a hydrogen ion (proton) gradient to produce ATP b. obtain electrons from water c. reduce NAD+, forming NADP d. release oxygen as a by-product e. are surrounded by a single membrane

a

Chlorophyll molecules are in which part of the chloroplast? (myeBook Concept 10.1) a. thylakoid b. stroma c. stomata d. plasma membrane e. Golgi apparatus

a

In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____. () a. photorespiration b. the light reactions c. a shift to C4 photosynthesis d. the opening of stomata e. photosynthesis

a

In an experiment, mice were fed glucose (C6H12O6) containing a small amount of radioactive oxygen. The mice were closely monitored, and after a few minutes radioactive oxygen atoms showed up in _____. (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. carbon dioxide b. NADH c. water d. ATP e oxygen gas

a

In the citric acid cycle, for each pyruvate that enters the cycle, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2 are produced. For each glucose molecule that enters glycolysis, how many ATP, NADH, and FADH2 are produced in the citric acid cycle? (myeBook Concept 9.3) a. 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 b. 4 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 c. 3 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 about 38 ATP d. 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 1 FADH

a

From Kahoot: stroma vs stoma

Stoma is the pore, stroma is the inner space

What are 2 reactants in the light reactions

Sunlight energy and H2O

Define autotroph and photoautotroph

Sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms. Photoautotrophs use sunlight to make organic molecules from CO2 and H20

Rubisco is _____. (myeBook Concept 10.3) a. the enzyme in plants that first captures CO2 to begin the Calvin cycle b. the enzyme responsible for splitting H2O to produce O2 in photosynthesis c. the enzyme that forms a 4-carbon compound in CAM metabolism d. the first stable intermediate in CAM metabolism e. the 5-carbon sugar molecule that reacts with CO2 to begin the Calvin cycle

a

What is cyclic electron flow

This is an altered way that plants sometimes do the light reactions of photosynthesis Photosystem 2 is not involved at all, and therefore no water is split (no photolysis), no oxygen released, and bc no electrons from splitting of water, no NADPH is made The sole purpose is to make ATP