AP Biology Ch. 32
The osmolarity of human urine A) can be four times as great as the normal osmolarity of human plasma. B) is always greater than the plasma osmolarity. C) is determined primarily by the concentration of glucose. D) is always exactly equal to the plasma osmolarity. E) is always less than the plasma osmolarity.
A
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of A) protonephridia. B) metanephridia. C) ananephredia. D) Malpighian tubules. E) nephrons.
A
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of A) metanephridia. B) ananephredia. C) protonephridia. D) nephrons. E) Malpighian tubules.
A
The thermoregulatory response of an overheated dog in a very hot environment is impaired if the response causes A) body temperature to increase to match the environmental temperature. B) evaporative heat loss to increase. C) a behavioral response that takes the dog to a cooler location. D) blood vessels near the skin to vasoconstrict. E) metabolic heat production to decrease.
A
The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is A) smooth muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) skeletal muscle. D) striated muscle. E) intercalated cells.
A
Urea is produced in the A) liver from NH3 and CO2. B) kidneys from glycerol and fatty acids. C) bladder from uric acid and H2O. D) liver from glycogen. E) kidneys from glucose.
A
Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms? A) uric acid B) ammonia C) urea D) ammonium ions
A
Which of the following pairs of organisms excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid? 26) A) insects and birds B) lions and horses C) mice and birds D) fish and turtles E) humans and frogs
A
A primary reason that the kidneys have one of the highest metabolic rates of all body organs is that A) they are the body's only means of shedding excess nutrients. B) they operate an extensive set of active-transport ion pumps. C) they store the body's excess fats. D) they have membranes of varying permeability to water. E) they have an abundance of myogenic smooth muscle
B
The endocrine glands include the A) sebaceous glands. B) parathyroid glands. C) salivary glands. D) sweat glands. E) gallbladder.
B
The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is A) urea. B) uric acid. C) ammonia. D) ammonium.
B
The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the A) intercalated disks. B) glial cells. C) adipose tissue. D) endocrine system. E) smooth muscles.
B
The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) hypothalamus. C) thyroid gland. D) liver. E) subcutaneous layer of the skin.
B
When a steroid hormone and a peptide hormone exert similar effects on a population of target cells, then A) the steroid hormones affect only the release of proteins from the target cell, whereas peptide hormones affect only the synthesis of proteins that remain in the target cell. B) the steroid hormones affect the synthesis of effector proteins, whereas peptide hormones activate effector proteins already present in the cell. C) the steroid hormones affect the activity of certain proteins within the cell, whereas peptide hormones directly affect the processing of mRNA. D) the steroid and peptide hormones must bind to the same receptor protein. E) the steroid and peptide hormones must use the same biochemical mechanisms.
B
With its abundance of collagenous fibers, cartilage is an example of A) adipose tissue. B) connective tissue. C) reproductive tissue. D) nervous tissue. E) epithelial tissue.
B
A necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a marine sea star that died after it was mistakenly placed in fresh water would likely show that it died because A) its contractile vacuoles ruptured. B) the sea star's kidneys could not handle the change in ionic content presented by the fresh water. C) it was so hyperosmotic to the fresh water that it could not osmoregulate. D) its cells dehydrated and lost the ability to metabolize. E) it was stressed and needed more time to acclimate to the new conditions.
C
In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X, A) a decrease in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. B) it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other. C) an increase in A always produces an increase in X, which results in an increase in A. D) an increase in X always produces a decrease in A, which results in a decrease in X. E) a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A, which causes an increase in X.
C
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are synthesized in the A) adrenal cortex. B) adenohypophysis. C) hypothalamus. D) posterior pituitary. E) anterior pituitary.
C
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that A) the effector's response increases some parameter (such as body temperature), whereas in negative feedback it can only decrease the parameter. B) positive feedback benefits the organism, whereas negative feedback is detrimental. C) the positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than opposite to it. D) positive feedback systems have only effectors, whereas negative feedback systems have only receptors. E) positive feedback systems have control centers that are lacking in negative feedback systems.
C
An exchange surface in direct contact with the external environment is found in the A) liver. B) brain. C) heart. D) skeletal muscles. E) lungs.
E
Which process in the nephron is least selective? A) reabsorption B) active transport C) secretion D) salt pumping by the loop of Henle E) filtration
E
A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead A) will excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion. B) will risk becoming overhydrated within 12 hours. C) will thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life. D) will find that drinking saltwater satiates his thirst. E) will develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload.
A
ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways? A) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ and water reabsorption. B) both stimulate the adrenal gland to secrete aldosterone, which increases both blood volume and pressure via receptors in the urinary bladder. C) ADH and RAAS work antagonistically; ADH stimulates water reabsorption during dehydration and RAAS causes increased excretion of water when it is in excess in body fluids. D) ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood and RAAS regulates the volume of the blood. E) by combining at the receptor sites of proximal tubule cells, where reabsorption of essential nutrients takes place.
A
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) functions at the cellular level by A) causing an increase in the number of aquaporin molecules of collecting duct cells. B) decreasing the speed at which filtrate flows through the nephron, leading to increased reabsorption of water. C) triggering the synthesis of an enzyme that makes the phospholipid bilayer more permeable to water. D) causing membranes to include more phospholipids that have unsaturated fatty acids. E) stimulating the reabsorption of glucose through channel proteins.
A
Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid A) requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass. B) is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products. C) excretion allows birds to live in desert environments. D) is readily soluble in water.
A
Blood is best classified as connective tissue because A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. B) its cells can move from place to place. C) it is found within all the organs of the body. D) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. E) it contains more than one type of cell.
A
Choose a pair that correctly associates the mechanism for osmoregulation or nitrogen removal with the appropriate animal. A) exchange across the body surfaceNmarine invertebrate B) Malpighian tubuleNfrog C) flame bulbNsnake D) kidneyNinsect E) metanephridiumNflatworm
A
Interstitial fluid is A) the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells. B) identical to the composition of blood. C) found only in the lumen of the small intestine. D) the internal environment inside animal cells. E) the fluid inside the gastrovascular cavity ofHydra.
A
Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of A) filtration from the glomerular capillaries. B) H+ pumping to control pH. C) secretion along the distal tubule. D) salt pumping to control osmolarity. E) reabsorption mechanisms along the proximal tubule.
A
Natural selection should favor the highest proportion of juxtamedullary nephrons in which of the following species? A) a mouse species living in a desert B) a mouse species living in a temperate broadleaf forest C) a river otter D) a beaver E) a mouse species living in a tropical rain forest
A
The autonomic nervous system includes an endocrine gland known as the A) adrenal medulla. B) adrenal cortex. C) thyroid. D) testis. E) ovary.
A
The filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubule of the human does not normally include A) plasma proteins. B) amino acids. C) glucose. D) dissolved gasses. E) ions.
A
The increased contraction of the human uterus during labor and delivery is at least partially due to the actions of A) oxytocin. B) ecdysteroid. C) glucagon. D) thyroxine. E) growth hormone.
A
Compared to the seawater around them, most marine invertebrates are A) hypoosmotic. B) isoosmotic. C) hyperosmotic. D) hyperosmotic and isoosmotic. E) hypoosmotic and isoosmotic.
B
Compared to wetland mammals, water conservation in mammals of arid regions is enhanced by having more A) ureters. B) juxtamedullary nephrons. C) urinary bladders. D) podocytes. E) Bowman's capsules.
B
Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the integumentary system. D) the excretory system. E) the immune and lymphatic systems.
B
Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because A) each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite. B) a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways. C) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets. D) different target cells have different sets of genes. E) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system.
B
During mammalian labor and delivery, the contraction of uterine muscles is enhanced by oxytocin. This is an example of A) a negative feedback system. B) a hormone that is involved in a positive feedback loop. C) signal transduction immediately changing gene expression in its target cells. D) a hormone that acts in an antagonistic way with another hormone. E) the key role of the anterior pituitary gland in regulating uterine contraction.
B
Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in A) flatworms. B) insects. C) jellyfish. D) sea stars. E) earthworms.
B
Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of A) the thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration. B) the anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function. C) the pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration. D) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine. E) the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate.
B
Homeostasis typically relies on negative feedback because positive feedback A) requires a response but not a stimulus. B) drives processes to completion rather than to a balance point. C) involves one location rather than several across the body. D) acts within, but not beyond, a normal range. E) can decrease but not increase a variable.
B
If a person loses a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from dehydration. ADH can help reduce water loss through its interaction with its target cells in the A) anterior pituitary. B) kidney. C) adrenal gland. D) bladder. E) posterior pituitary
B
If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains A) collagenous fibers. B) elastic fibers. C) reticular fibers. D) loose connective tissue. E) adipose tissue.
B
Juxtamedullary nephrons can concentrate salt effectively in the renal medulla because of their long A) Bowman's capsules. B) loops of Henle. C) glomeruli. D) distal convoluted tubules. E) proximal convoluted tubules.
B
Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians A) alter their metabolic rates to maintain a constant body temperature of 37°C. B) are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures. C) have a net loss of heat across a moist body surface, even in direct sun. D) become more active when environmental temperatures drop below 15°C. E) are endotherms but become thermoconformers only when they are in water.
B
Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. C) the movement of the cells. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) a direct electrical connection between the cells.
B
Panting by an overheated dog achieves cooling by A) torpor. B) evaporation. C) shivering thermogenesis. D) acclimatization. E) nonshivering thermogenesis.
B
Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the A) hypothalamus and thalamus. B) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. C) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland. D) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. E) anterior pituitary and adrenal gland.
B
The body's reaction to PTH (parathyroid hormone), a reduction in plasma levels of calcium, can be opposed by A) thyroxine. B) calcitonin. C) growth hormone. D) epinephrine. E) glucagon.
B
Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the A) adrenal gland. B) pancreas. C) anterior pituitary gland. D) kidneys. E) posterior pituitary gland.
C
After drinking alcoholic beverages, increased urine excretion is the result of A) the osmoregulator cells of the brain increasing their activity. B) increased aldosterone production. C) inhibited secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH). D) increased reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule. E) increased blood pressure.
C
All hormones A) are lipid-soluble molecules. B) are protein molecules. C) are carried to target cells in the blood. D) elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells. E) are produced by endocrine glands.
C
Ammonia A) has low toxicity relative to urea. B) is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects. C) is soluble in water. D) can be stored in the body as a precipitate. E) is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea.
C
Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include A) a moist system of burrows, such as those of naked mole rats. B) lots of seawater, such as a bird living in a marine environment. C) lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish. D) a terrestrial environment, such as that supporting crickets. E) lots of seawater, such as the environment of a marine mammal (e.g., a polar bear).
C
An example of a connective tissue is the A) cuboidal epithelium. B) skin. C) blood. D) smooth muscles. E) nerves.
C
An example of an ectothermic organism that has few or nobehavioral options when it comes to its ability to adjust its body temperature is a A) terrestrial lizard. B) honeybee in a hive. C) sea star, a marine invertebrate. D) bluefin tuna, a predatory fish. E) hummingbird.
C
Connective tissues typically have A) many densely packed cells with direct connections between the membranes of adjacent cells. B) a supporting material such as chondroitin sulfate. C) relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix. D) the ability to transmit electrochemical impulses. E) the ability to shorten upon stimulation.
C
In a typical nerve cell, the nucleus is found in the A) dendritic region. B) synaptic terminals. C) cell body. D) axonal region. E) synapse.
C
Materials are returned to the blood from the filtrate by which of the following processes? A) ultrafiltration B) excretion C) selective reabsorption D) filtration E) secretion
C
Melatonin is secreted by A) the autonomic nervous system during the winter. B) the thyroid gland during cold seasons. C) the posterior pituitary gland during the day. D) the pineal gland during the night. E) the hypothalamus during the day.
C
Muscles are joined to bones by A) loose connective tissue. B) spindle fibers. C) tendons. D) ligaments. E) Haversian systems.
C
Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likely A) found in terrestrial environments with adequate moisture. B) found in freshwater lakes and streams. C) marine. D) amphibious. E) found in arid terrestrial environments.
C
Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by A) drinking several glasses of water. B) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. C) severe sweating on a hot day. D) eating a bag of potato chips. E) sleeping for one hour.
C
The necropsy (postmortem analysis) of a freshwater fish that died after being placed accidentally in saltwater would likely show that A) high amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells, causing them to swell and lyse. B) the kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyperosmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis. C) loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in cell death and organ failure. D) brain cells lysed as a result of increased osmotic pressure in this hyperosmotic environment, leading to death by loss of autonomic function. E) the gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation.
C
The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of A) metanephridia. B) ananephredia. C) Malpighian tubules. D) nephrons. E) protonephridia.
C
The reason that the steroid hormone aldosterone affects only a small number of cells in the body is that A) it is unable to enter nontarget cells. B) nontarget cells convert aldosterone to a hormone to which they do respond. C) only its target cells contain aldosterone receptors. D) nontarget cells destroy aldosterone before it can produce any effect. E) only its target cells get exposed to aldosterone
C
The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule A) transfers large molecules as easily as small ones. B) usually includes the transfer of red blood cells into Bowman's capsule. C) is mainly a consequence of blood pressure in the capillaries of the glomerulus. D) results from active transport. E) is very selective as to which subprotein-sized molecules are transferred.
C
Urea is A) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. B) insoluble in water. C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates. E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds.
C
Which of the following has (have) both endocrine and exocrine activity? A) adrenal glands B) the pituitary gland C) the pancreas D) parathyroid glands E) salivary glands
C
Among the following choices, the most concentrated urine is excreted by A) desert tortoises. B) frogs. C) birds. D) kangaroo rats. E) humans.
D
Among vertebrate animals, urea A) is made in the pancreas and added to the intestinal contents, along with bile salts, for excretion. B) is rarely the nitrogenous waste of choice. C) is added to the air in the lungs to be exhaled, along with carbon dioxide. D) is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide. E) is made in the kidneys and immediately excreted.
D
An excretory system that is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure is the A) protonephridia of rotifers. B) flame bulb system of flatworms. C) Malpighian tubules of insects. D) kidneys of vertebrates. E) metanephridia of earthworms.
D
Fibroblasts secrete A) calcium phosphate for bone. B) chondroitin sulfate. C) fats. D) proteins for connective fibers. E) interstitial fluids.
D
For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, A) the circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops. B) endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream via specialized ducts. C) it is impossible to also have neural regulation of that system. D) negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion. E) both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors.
D
In animals, nitrogenous wastes are produced mostly from the catabolism of A) phospholipids and glycolipids. B) triglycerides and steroids. C) starch and cellulose. D) proteins and nucleic acids. E) fatty acids and glycerol.
D
In humans, the transport epithelial cells in the ascending loop of Henle A) have 50% of their cell mass made of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. B) are not in contact with interstitial fluid. C) are the largest epithelial cells in the body. D) have plasma membranes of low permeability to water. E) are not affected by high levels of nitrogenous wastes.
D
Increased ADH secretion is likely after A) drinking lots of pure water. B) ingestion of ethanol (drinking alcoholic drinks). C) eating a small sugary snack. D) sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity. E) blood pressure is abnormally high.
D
Many marine and freshwater bony fish achieve osmoregulation via A) loss of water in the urine. B) no drinking of water. C) gain of salt through the gills. D) gain of water through food. E) loss of water through the gills.
D
Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with A) adipose tissue. B) connective tissue. C) smooth muscle cells. D) epithelial tissue. E) neural tissue.
D
Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because A) all share a common ancestor at some point in the past. B) this is the only shape that will allow them to maintain a constant body temperature in water. C) flying, pregnancy, and gill-breathing all require similar adaptations in form. D) the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming. E) all of their bodies have been compressed since birth by intensive underwater pressures.
D
Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates that prolactin A) is a nonspecific hormone. B) interacts with many different receptor molecules. C) is derived from two separate sources. D) is an evolutionarily conserved hormone. E) has a unique mechanism for eliciting its effects.
D
The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ________ with its ________ environment. A) isotonic; freshwater B) hypoosmotic; saltwater C) hyperosmotic; saltwater D) isoosmotic; saltwater E) hyperosmotic; freshwater
D
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed A) physiological chance. B) static equilibrium. C) estivation. D) homeostasis. E) balanced equilibrium.
D
The hypothalamus A) secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads. B) functions only as an endocrine target, by having lots of receptors on its cells. C) does not have any hormone receptors on its cells. D) includes neuronal cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary. E) functions only in neuronal transmission.
D
The typical osmolarity of human blood is A) 500 mosm/L. B) 100 mosm/L. C) 30 mosm/L. D) 300 mosm/L. E) 200 mosm/L.
D
Tissues are composed of cells, and tissues functioning together make up A) organelles. B) organ systems. C) membranes. D) organs. E) organisms.
D
Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by A) monitoring dehydration at the cellular level with special gated aquaporins. B) using their gills and kidneys to rid themselves of sea salts. C) possessing a special adaptation that allows their cells to operate at an extraordinarily high salt concentration. D) tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity. E) synthesizing trimethylamine oxide, a chemical that binds and precipitates salts inside cells.
D
When stimulated by aldosterone, the reabsorption of Na+ is increased along A) Bowman's capsule. B) the loop of Henle. C) the glomerulus. D) the distal tubule. E) the proximal tubule.
D
Which of the following is an accurate statement about thermoregulation? A) Endotherms are warm-blooded and ectotherms are cold-blooded. B) Endotherms maintain a constant body temperature and ectotherms do not. C) Endothermy has a lower energy cost than ectothermy. D) Endotherms and ectotherms differ in their primary source of heat for thermoregulation. E) Endotherms are regulators and ectotherms are conformers.
D
Which of the following would increase the rate of heat exchange between an animal and its environment? A) blubber or fat layer B) vasoconstriction C) feathers or fur D) wind blowing across the body surface E) countercurrent heat exchanger
D
Within a normally functioning kidney, blood can be found in 35) A) Bowman's capsule. B) the loop of Henle. C) the proximal tubule. D) the vasa recta. E) the collecting duct.
D
A cell with membrane-bound proteins that selectively bind a specific hormone is called that hormone's A) secretory cell. B) plasma cell. C) endocrine cell. D) regulatory cell. E) target cell.
E
After blood flow is artificially reduced at one kidney, you would expect that kidney to secrete more of the hormone known as A) erythropoietin. B) antidiuretic hormone. C) angiotensinogen. D) atrial natriuretic peptide. E) renin.
E
All skeletal muscle fibers are both A) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers. B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers. C) smooth and under voluntary control. D) smooth and under involuntary control. E) striated and under voluntary control.
E
Examine Figure 32.1. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes A) the blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen. B) the temperature at the abdomen to be less than the temperature at the feet. C) the loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment. D) the venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet. E) the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.
E
Excretory structures known as protonephridia are present in A) cnidarians. B) earthworms. C) vertebrates. D) insects. E) flatworms.
E
Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of A) radiation. B) conduction. C) metabolism. D) convection. E) evaporation.
E
In a lactating mammal, the two hormones that promote milk synthesis and milk release, respectively, are A) prolactin and luteinizing hormone. B) prolactin and calcitonin. C) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. D) luteinizing hormone and oxytocin. E) prolactin and oxytocin.
E
The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in A) a neuron in the spinal cord. B) a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex. C) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes. D) a brain cell in the cerebral cortex. E) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.
E
The thin horizontal arrows in Figure 32.1 show that A) the goose's legs get progressively warmer as the blood moves away from the abdomen to the feet. B) the warmer arterial blood can bypass the legs as needed, when the legs are too cold to function well. C) the warmer venous blood transfers heat to the cooler arterial blood. D) the arterial blood is always cooler in the abdomen, compared to the temperature of the venous blood in the feet of the goose. E) the warmer arterial blood transfers heat to the cooler venous blood.
E
