AP Biology Evolution Pt. 1
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.3. What is the frequency of individuals that are homozygous for this allele?
0.09
In peas, a gene controls flower color such that R = purple and r = white. In an isolated pea patch, there are 36 purple-flowering plants and 64 white-flowering plants. Assuming Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what is the value of q for this population?
0.80
Recent research investigation variation in human height have found that a variety of genes at different loci, as well as early nutrition, especially that of the mother during gestation (the period of time during development of a fetus) and childhood years, influence height. Given this information, which of the following is correct?
Phenotypes are usually the result of a combination of genes as influenced by the environment
A large community of rattlesnakes, from El Paso, Texas, is separated into two groups. One group is taken 46 miles northwest to Las Cruces, New Mexico. The other group goes 712 miles north to Estes Park, Colorado. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
The group moved to Estes Park will undergo a series of adaptations to survive
Evolution is best defined as which of the following?
a change in genetic composition from generation to generation
Which of the following is an example of artificial selection?
a farmer cultivating sweet watermelons
Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?
all organisms are essentially the same genetic code
Two plant species live in the same biome but on different continents. Although the two species are not at all closely related, they may appear quite similar as a result of
convergent evolution
In seedcracker finches from Cameroon, small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climate changed resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type of selection would then operate on the finch population?
directional selection
What environment stimulates evolution of drug-resistant pathogens?
excess antibiotics
In evolution, which driving factor most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
genetic drift
The Hardy-Weinberg equation p^2+2pq+q^2=1 allows you to calculate
genotype frequencies
In a formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the pq in the term 2pq necessary because
heterozygotes have two alleles
Artificial selection is
human-directed selective breeding
What are adaptations?
inherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments
Adult man humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil record of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males, then
sexual dimorphism was developing over time in these species
Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of
sexual selection
A mutation that is neither harmful nor beneficial is termed a
silent mutation
Analogous features share ... function but not ... ancestry
similar; common
Within the past century, humans have been eating higher cholesterol and fatty meals and have become less physically active, which makes them susceptible to heart disease. Which of the following will lead to an adaptation?
some people's bodies are able to break down cholesterol and fat more efficiently than others
Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to which of the following?
stabilizing selection
Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
stabilizing selection
What is the founder effect?
when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, and their gene pool differs from that source population
What is a population in biology?
when a group of individuals of the same species live in the same area and interbreed
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
bones in the flipper of a whale
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
characteristics acquired during an organism's life are not passed on through genes
Which process in sexual reproduction results in diversity at the nucleotide level?
chromosome crossover
When using the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model, we assume that
natural selection is not occurring
Why don't similar genotypes always produce the same phenotype?
phenotypes can vary depending upon environment
Fossils are found in
sedimentary rock
