AP Biology final exam

Which of the following best predicts the expected result for Cuvette 1?

The transmittance level in cuvette 1 will remain the same over the course of the 30-minute experiment.

Based on his data and your knowledge of photosynthesis, which of the followins most likely explains these results?

The tree's weight increased due to a factor other than the soil and water.

All of the following observations would support this hypothesis EXCEPT:

The triplets CGG and AGG will both code for an arginine.

What property of DNA allows for this process to happen?

The two strands of the DNA molecule are held together by hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds are weak, and heat easily disrupts the bonds.

given the steps shown below, which of the following is the correct transmissions sequence at a chemical synapse

3-2-5-1-4

How many different microspores can this plant produce as a result of meiosis?

32

Which of the following data sets best completes the column for the autosomal chromosome count?

44, 46, 48, 76

Normal cells of alfalfa, the American Badger, the European honey queen bee and yeast all have a diploid number of 32. What would be the chromatid number of a cell in late Prophase I of meiosis before the chromosomes are separated?

64

If the scientist used the cultures to perform another experiment as shown above, using medium that contained lactose as the only energy source, growth would most likely occur on which of the following plates?

7 and 8

If the scientists hypothesis is supported, which of the following results would be expected from a cross between two golden F1 offspring from Female #2?

A 3:1 ratio of golden to green offspring

Which alleles will most likely segregate during the process of gamete formation?

A and a

Which of the following directly produces the most ATP per mole of glucose during aerobic cellular respiration?

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

If one could correct this disorder through gene therapy, what would be the most logical approach?

Engineer a gene that would convert phenylalanine to tyrosine.

The scientist hypothesizes that the allele for golden thorax is dominant to the allele for green thorax. Which of the following statements supports the hypothesis?

Female #2 produced 1/2 golden offspring, while #1 and 4 produced none

Which of the following is most likely to result if oxygen is added to the tissue culture?

For each glucose molecule consumed, more ATP will be formed.

If a non-grey, normal stallion sires a foal that is not grey and does not have HYPP, which of the following possible genotypes for the mother's?

GgHh and gghh

According to the graph presented , the greatest rate of photosynthesis occurs when CO2 is present at

High concentrations and high irradiance levels

Rotenone, a piscicide (fish poison), interferes with the transfer of electrons between Complex I and Complex II in the process shown above. Which of the following results would be expected in the mitochondria of fish exposed to Rotenone?

Higher levels of oxygen would be present in the matrix.

Which of the following statements describes why offspring produced through self-pollination can exhibit genetic diversity?

Homologous chromosomes were sorted into different gamete cells causing separation of allele pairs.

which of the following best summarizes the question the student was investigating

How is the rate of photosynthesis affected by temperature?

a neuron that is not conducting an action potential would have a membrane potential that is most like the value at

I and IV

competitors of acetylcholine include which of the following

III only

Which of the following would be the most accurate statement for the counselor to say to the couple?

There is a chance that both of you carry the recessive sickle cell allele and together could produce a child with the disorder.

What changes in TAS2R38 could account for these differences in the proteins?

There must have been three different single nucleotide substitutions that resulted in the mutated protein

Which of the following is a correct statement about mutations?

They are a source of variation for evolution.

This person's genotype, with respect to the sex chromosomes, must be

XXY

In DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the reaction in which

a nucleotide with a base complimentary to the base on the template strand is added to the new DNA strand

the graphic above depicts multiple entry points for biological molecules along the pathway of aerobic respiration. which of the following describe the evolutionary advantage of multiple entry points

a varied diet can be consumed without the loss of a viable energy source

The genotypes of Matthew and Jane are best represented as

aa, Aa

Which of the following messenger RNA sequences could code for both of the two amino acids sequences below, simply by a shift in the reading frame?

agc

If the scientist's hypothesis is supported, which of the following results would be expected in the F2 generation if two green offspring from female #1 were mated?

all green offspring

which components of the eye are areas where an action potential can be generated and conducted

antigens

Which diagram accurately shows the next step in the production of the protein product?

arrow going out

which of the following statements is supported by the data shown

as the amount the muscle was stretched increases, the rate at which action potentials are generated increases

the diagram above shows the evolutionary trends in brain components of four organisms. which of the following best describes the trends

as the brain evolved the proportional size and convultions fo the cerebrum increased

A single substitution in the third position would have the greatest probability of mutational effect on the codo

aug

What is the anticodon found on the object labeled I.?

aug

Based on this information, which of the following best describes the inheritance pattern for this disorder?

autosomal dominance

Based on the data, how long does it take for the half the leaf disks in the bicarbonate solution to rise?

between 10-11 minutes

the cell mediated response is often part of the body's fight against a viral infection. which of the following illustrations best represents the cell mediated response to such an infection

body cell infected with pathogen-tcr on t cell-activated cytotoxic t cell

The function of this molecule is to

bond with the correct mRNA codon while transfering the correct amino acid to a polypeptide chain.

antibodies are produced as a result of the adaptive humoral immune response. which of the following characteristics makes antibodies effective in ridding the body of antigens

by having two binding sites, aantibodies have the ability to clump antigens together for macrophage disposal

Above is the life cycle of a daffodil. Where does the process of meiosis occur in this life cycle?

c

Gel electrophoresis can be used to do all of the following EXCEPT

calculate the size of DNA fragments

Which of the following DNA strands will code for the amino acid sequence shown?

cct

plasma cells are

cells that make copious amounts of antibodies

Which of the following illustrations represents the next step in translation

close together, arrow

The diagram above illustrates which of the following processes?

crossing over

After 30 minutes, which cuvette would be expected to have the highest level of transmittance?

cuvette 2

after one year, the mouse was given a third injection of antigen A.

d. increase then decrease

membrane proteins are critical components of nerve function. the diagram above depicts several events involved with impulse transmission from one neuron to the next. which of the events shown does not require a membrane protein

diffusion of a neurotansmitter

Which of the following best represents a reasonable conclusion to draw from the results of the experiment?

dna is the genetic material

Which enzyme is used during replication to attach Okazaki fragments to each other?

dna ligase

The best explanation for the red-eyed F1 females is

dominance

region IV on the graph indicates hyperpolarization which occurs when the difference in electrical potential between 2 sides of a cellular membrane changes significantly, resulting in a large electrical potential across the membrane

during hyperpolarization, an action potential cannot be generated which prevents the resending of same action potential

which substance allows a single muscle twitch after a brief electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve

edta

The data shown in the charts above was most likely collected during an experiment investigating which of the following cellular processes?

fermentation

acetylcholine, a common neurotransmitter, is synthesized in the pre-synaptic end of neuron and released into the synaptic cleft as shown in the illustration above.

fewer sodium/potassium ion channels would be opened in the postsynaptic dendrite

if a stimulus on the receptor portion of a sensory neuron is above the threshold level, a further increase in the intensity of this stimulus will most likely cause the

frequency of the impulse production to increase

the human forebrain consists of several regions that have different functions. based on the data provided, what area of the brain is likely damaged in a stroke patient who symptoms include the inability to move the right arm and slurred speech

frontal lobe

If the illustration shown represents protein synthesis in a prokaryotic cell, what would it look like in a eukaryotic cell?

gets shorter, last line is outside with something leading to it

Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and alcoholic fermentation?

glycolysis

What enzyme is located at position A in the diagram

helicase

Examine the diagram above. The production of pyruvate would be maintained at normal levels during all of the following chemical conditions EXCEPT

high levels of ATP

Which of the factors listed above account for the variation shown in the phenotypes of these traits?

ii and iv

Which of the following best describes where glycolysis occurs?

in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

The tobacco plant shown above is expressing a gene from fireflies, resulting in the emission of light. In order for an animal such as a pig to express this gene, one would

insert the DNA gene into the genome of the oocyte of the potential offspring.

the diagram above shows the typical pathway of information flow in a simple reflex arc in an organism. which of the structures shown is located in the spinal cord

interneuron

If these cells had been dividing randomly, it could be reasonably concluded that

interphase is the longest stage of the cell cycle

A rearrangement in the linear sequence of genes as shown in the diagram is known as

inversion

Based on the data collected, which species of plant had the highest initial rate of photosynthesis?

ivy

Which amino acid has the greatest number of codons?

leu

Which of the following amino acid substitutions might also result in a condition similar to sickle cell anemia?

leucine

lidocaine is a local anesthetic that works as a temporary pain reliever. lidocaine works by binding to voltage sensitive na+ gates on pain receptors and prevents the gates from opening. which of the following best describes why lidocaine is an effective anesthetic

lidocaine decreases sodium influx, which decreases the propagaation of the action potential

which of the following best describes the line O on the graph

line o indicates the threshold potential which when reached will result in the all or non response

which substance produces a sustained contraction (tetany) after a brief electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve

malathion

the cells responsible for the intiating the response when the mouse was exposed to subsequent injections of antigen a are

memory cells

which of the following cell types is responsible for initiating secondary immune response

memory cells

which of the neurological conditions would be most improved by stimulating schwann cells to work more efficiently

multiple sclerosis

producing a cure for aids caused by the hiv has proven to be very difficult. what viral characteristic impedes this process

mutations occur as the rna is transcribed into dna, and there is no repair system to correct for these mutations

Which of the following molecules is DPIP replacing in this experiment?

nadp+

Where does the process depicted in the diagram occur

nucleus

The rate of migration of DNA fragments through agarose gel during electrophoresis is determined by

number of nucleotides in the fragment.

A human cell in prophase of mitosis can be distinguished from a human cell in prophase I of meiosis by the presence of

paired homologous chromosomes in the meiotic cell

The primary value of a specific type of backcross known as a testcross is to

permit detection of recessive genes

This is an example of cell-to-cell communication. What is considered to be the signal in this example of cell-to-cell communication?

platelets derived growth factor

If the spliceosome was nonfunctional, the cell would

produce polypeptides much longer than normal.

During hibernation, the rate of cellular respiration in a mammal is typically less than half the rate measured when the mammal is not hibernating. Such slowed cellular respiration is most likely accompanied by which of the following?

pulse and body temp are reduced

molecule that this organelle is attaching to is

rna

The structures shown are analogous to a polypeptide's

secondary and tertiary structure.

The electrophoretic separation of the pieces of DNA in each of the four samples was achieved because of differential migration of the DNA fragments in an electric field. This differential migration was caused by the

size of each fragment

What would the right half of the DNA molecule look like as it is being replicated?

solid first line, broken 2nd line

Which letter in the DNA diagram above best represents a chemical group that, together with a sugar and a nitrogen base, makes up the DNA monomer better known as a nucleotide

structure b

Which letter in the DNA diagram above best represents a chemical group that, allows the DNA to "zip" and "unzip" easily?

structure e

the shape of the PDGF changed so that it could no longer attach to the TKR, what would be the net effect?

surrounding cells would not undergo mitosis and repair tissue damage.

cell-mediated immunity is mostly the function of

t cells

mice-A reasonable conclusion to draw from the results of the experiment is that

the R cells incorporated a plasmid from the heat-killed S cells and used it to produce their own capsules.

which of the following would result if the sodium-potassium pumps of a neuron were inoperative

the action potential would never occur

In an experiment, a yeast culture was given a 10% glucose solution as a food source. The glucose used to make the solution contained a small amount of the radioactive isotope of oxygen, 15O. After 30 minutes, which of the following substances would contain the radioactive oxygen isotope?

the carbon dioxide in the air inside the flask

What property of the DNA molecule is responsible for this migration?

the negative charge due to the phosphate groups

which of the following best explains the basic function of a motor neuron

the neuron receives input from 1000s of transmitting neurons and responds by either transmitting or not transmitting an action potential

which of the following conclusion statements is best supported based on the experiments outlined in the diagram above

the oxygen gas produced during photosynthesis comes from water

irradiance- based on the data presented in the graph, which of the following conclusions is most reasonable

the rate of photosynthesis at 660 ppm Co2 is more dependent on temp than the rate at 330 ppm CO2

The rate of pyruvic acid formation fluctuates because

the reaction is affected by negative feedback

an immunlogoist was investigating the production of antibodies given antigen a

the second exposure to antigen a caused a faster response and a greater antibody titer than the first exposure to antigen a

it is estimated that humans possess the potential to synthesize 10^8 different types of antibodies

there are supergene collections of smaller genes

There are white-eyed females in the F2 generation because

these F2 females have two white alleles

Which of the following is NOT a likely explanation for the observed results?

. Rates of fermentation are higher at 25° C than at 10° C.

What is the probability that two red Australian shepherds will produce a black pup?

0

If the scientist forgot to use DNA ligase during the preparation of the recombinant plasmid, bacterial growth would most likely have occured on plates

1 and 4

If no new mutations occur, it is most reasonable to expect bacterial growth on which of the following plates

1, 2, 3, and 4

Which equation represents the probability that a gamete would have the genotype C d?

1/2 x 1

Normal cells of alfalfa, the American Badger, the European honey queen bee and yeast all have a diploid number of 32. How many chromosomes would be in each daughter cell after the completion of meiosis?

16

the neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system. which structure is responsible for the detection of signal information

2

Which of the following illustrations corresponds to the stage at which the chromosomes have the LEAST amount of DNA per cell?

2 chromatids being pulled apart

If a line were added to graph representing the relative concentration of kinase, what would the resulting graph look like?

2 solid lines

transmission through a neuron occurs in a predictable order. which of the following sequences represents the conduction pathway through the motor neuron shown in the diagram above

2-1-3-5

according to the information presented in the graph, which of the following conditions would produce the most g3p

200 ppm CO2, 20% O2

If 2n = 48 for a particular cell, then the chromosome number in each cell after meiosis would be

24

If the blue-eyed sheep are mated with each other, what percent of their offspring will most likely have brown eyes?

25%

Which of the illustrates the chromosomal condition of the resulting gametes when, during the process of meiosis, tetrads failed to separate correctly during anaphase?

3 in first 2, 1 in second 2

strand shown as a template, determine the complementary DNA strand moving from its 3' to 5 ' end.

3' A-G-C-T-T-A 5'

Which of the following occurs due to the build up of hydrogen ions in the intermembrane space?

A concentration gradient forms that establishes a proton motive force to power the phosphorylation of ADP.

Which of the following crossover events would be most difficult to detect in the offspring?

A crossover occurring in the region between gene T and B

Suppose that a certain mRNA is transcribed at a normal rate in the nucleus, but is found at a very low level in the cytoplasm. Which of the following would be the most plausible explanation for this phenomenon?

A defect in the addition of the poly-A-tail on the pre-mRNA.

Which of the following best represents this genotype for the traits carried on this pair of chromosomes?

AaGgTtBB

The FtsZ protein is present in prokaryotes and in chloroplasts. The protein is structurally and functionally similar to tubulin proteins of eukaryotic cells. Which of the following is a likely conclusion to draw from this information?

B. Tubulin genes are evolutionarily derived from the gene that codes for the FtsZ protein

Which of the following represents the relative positions of these four genes on the chromosomes?

CABD

This change represents which of the following mutational events?

DNA base-pair substitution

Which of the following statements represents a reasonable explanation for the appearance of this syndrome the third generation when it is not expressed in the P1 or F1 generations?

Down syndrome is the result of an alteration of the chromosome number and was not passed from P1 to F1 to F2.

Which of the following statements is supported by the data from the offspring of this cross?

The gene for round shell is dominant to lumpy.

All of the following could reduce the yield of photosynthetic products EXCEPT

Increased frequency of stomata openings

What is the evolutionary advantage of the process illustrated?

It allows for a greater variety of proteins to be produced from a smaller number of genes.

Which of the following best describes why the polymerase chain reaction is a standard technique used in molecular biology research?

It can produce large amounts of specific DNA sequences.

Which of the following is true of the dye used to stain the fragments?

It increases the contrast between the agar and the DNA fragments.

A diploid cell has three pairs of homologous chromosomes designated J1/J2, K1/K2, and L1/L2. Which of the following represents a probable chromosome complement in a haploid cell formed by meiosis?

J2, K1, and L2

Which of the following represents a probable chromosome complement in a haploid cell formed by meiosis?

J2, K1, and L2

All of the following occur in cyclic photophosphorylation EXCEPT

NADPH is produced.

Which of the following best explains how this couple may have produced this child.

Nondisjunction occurred during the formation of the mother's egg cells

Which of the following would you not find in a pedigree when a son has an X-linked recessive disorder?

Only circles in the pedigree will be shaded.

What enzyme is being used in this process?

RNA polymerase

Which of the following statements is best supported by this student's data?

Rates of photosynthesis vary among different species of plants

Which of the following normally occurs during mitosis?

Replicated chromosomes line up on the equatorial plate.

There are over 200 different known cancers that afflict humans. Most cells that have become transformed into cancer cells have which of the following characteristics when compared to normal, healthy cells?

Shorter cell cycle

Which of the following is the most likely explanation for the results of the leaf disks in the cup labeled "distilled water"?

Since the leaf disks lacked a critical reactant to perform photosynthesis, they did not rise during the experimental period.

Which of the following is an ethical violation of rights of individuals with Down syndrome?

Sterilization required by government officials believing that Down syndrome individuals would be unable to care for offspring.

Which of the following best explains why merle to merle matings are undesirable

The cross has a 25% chance of producing homozygous dominant pups

Which of the following best explains the fate of energy from glucose that is not converted to ATP?

The energy is given off as heat and can be used to maintain body temperatures in endothermic organisms.

Which of the following is least likely to be true, given that protein synthesis is a core, conserved biochemical process that all organisms engage in?

The hormone testosterone can be inserted into the phloem of an oak tree causing increase in the girth of the trunk of the tree.

What is responsible for the three dimensional structure of this molecule?

The hydrogen bonding between complementary nucleotides.

Which of the following is an important difference between light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?

The light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH; the light-independent reactions use stored energy in ATP and NADPH. `

Which of the following best describes the most likely source of the solution and the chemical events occurring when the data was taken?

The mitochondrial matrix during the oxidation of NADH.

All of the following are true regarding the molecule shown above EXCEPT

The molecule is used for long term storage of energy captured by autotrophs.

Actinomycin D is an antibiotic drug that inhibits protein synthesis by blocking transcription. In some cells, the application of the drug does not affect the synthesis of certain proteins. Which of the following best explains such an occurrence?

The proteins that are made are using mRNA synthesized before application of the drug.

Which of the following statements is supported by the results of this experiment?

The rabbit's genomes have a flexible response to environmental stimuli.

Which of the following would be a possible explanation for the single band shown for Sample 3?

The restriction enzyme being used did not make any cuts along the DNA strand.

How was this information important to James Watson and Francis Crick in determining the structure of DNA?

They determined that base pairing of DNA was complementary in that adenine base paired with thymine and that guanine base paired with cytosine.

The illustration shows two different scenarios for the production of proteins. Which of the following statements is true?

This alternative splicing allows for the production of two different proteins from the same DNA gene.

If a mutation occurs in the last codon shown and guanine is substituted for the cytosine, which of the following statements is true?

This codes for a termination factor.

What would be the evolutionary advantage to such adaptations?

This would give herbivores a greater variety of plant matter to use as a food resource.

Which of the following best states the purpose of treating the extract with protein-degrading enzymes in Procedure II?

To demonstrate that the transforming factor is not a protein

Which of the following best describes the purpose of treating the extract with DNAase in Procedure III ?

To serve as a negative control by demonstrating that transformation does not occur without DNA

A tobacco plant can be made to express a gene from fireflies, resulting in the emission of light. Which of the following is the basis for this phenomenon?

Transcription and translation are fundamentally similar in both fireflies and tobacco plants.

In the F1 generation of 915 pea plants, there were 716 tall plants and 199 short plants. Tall is dominant over short. What was the parental cross?

Tt x Tt

Which of the following most probably represents the parental genotypes?

TtCc x ttCc

the percent transmittance for cuvette 3, as measured by the spectrophotometer, are shown in the table above. which of the following most likely explains these results

these results are expected since not all of the thylakoid membranes were disrupted by boiling nor were all the enzymes involved denatured

the dendrites of olfactory receptor cells bind specific odor molecules present in the environment.

they convert sensory stimuli into changes in membrane potential

The type and density of gel used for electrophoresis are important because

they influence the rate of migration of the fragments.

What was Griffith's purpose for injecting mice with heat-killed S cells?

this served as the negative control by showing that mice injected with the heat-killed S cells did not die.

Which of the following would be expected in the F2 generation of a monohybrid cross given that the P1 generation is a dominant homozygote crossed with a recessive homozygote?

three plants with yellow seeds for every plant with green seeds.

diabetes mellitus type 1 or juvenile diabetes results from B cell antibodies attacking proteins found on the certain islet cells of the pancreas. This destroys the cells responsible for making insulin. the net result of this is

to increase a persons blood glucose levels

The scientist used restriction enzymes for what purpose in the experiment?

to make cuts in the plasmid DNA

The purpose of the above process is

to relieve stress in the DNA coil as it is being unzipped for replication.

The process in which a bacterial cell picks up extraneous DNA from the environment is called

transformation

In a cold environment, which of the following will have the slowest rate of respiration per gram of body mass?

turtle

Which diagram illustrates a process which will increase the genetic variability of the resulting gametes?

two chromosomes lined together

The DNA shown on this gel was labeled with radioactive phosphorous. The labeling was done in order to

visualize the fragments

The photosystem known as P680 and which is involved in only noncyclic phosphorylation has its electron "holes" filled by electrons from

water

in humans the hiv primarily attacks which of the following types of cells

white blood cells