AP Biology Unit 8 Chapter 42

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Terms may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

1. The largest portion of energy in the food system is consumed by household storage and preparation. 2. Food processing and packaging together account for a little over 25% or 3.5 quads of the energy consumed in the food system annually. 3. Purchasing organically grown food would save energy involved with agricultural production as it would reduce the energy that goes into producing chemical fertilizers and pesticides. 4. Consolidation in the food system means that there are fewer food processing operations, which increases energy used in transportation by increasing the distance between food sources and consumers. 5. Purchasing locally grown produce would reduce energy used in transportation. 6. Eating less meat would reduce energy used in agricultural production. 7. Buying frozen convenience food in bulk could increase energy used in household storage and preparation. 8. The U.S. food system is rather inefficient as it consumes almost 8 times as much energy in producing, processing, packaging, and transporting food than it makes available as food energy output.

Drag the words or phrases on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Use only pink labels (reservoirs) for pink targets and blue labels (processes) for blue targets. Not all terms will be used.

1. organic nutrients 2. inorganic nutrients 3. decomposition 4. erosion or leaching

10,000 kcal of producer could support approximately _____ kcal of tertiary consumer.

10

Express your answers numerically as percents, but do not add percent symbols (%). Enter your three answers separated by commas in the order a, b, c.

14.9,10.6,12.0

Approximately _____% of the energy at one trophic level is passed on to the next highest trophic level.

5-10

What is represented by the distance between two vertical white gridlines on this graph?

500 g/m2/year

Assimilation is indicated by the letter(s) _____.

A

Notice in the table that the energy consumed by the food retail and commercial food service component almost quadrupled from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. What might be the reason(s) for this increase? Select all that apply.

-Consumers are eating out more at food establishments that serve fast food but with a focus on fresh and healthy ingredients. -Consumers are purchasing more processed and ready-to-eat foods, thus outsourcing much of the food prep to retail and wholesale grocery stores.

Which of the following statements about energy flow are true? Select the four statements that are true.

-If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. -Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels. -In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy. -Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be lessefficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature

Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? Select all that apply.

-choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work -limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose -replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. In a biogeochemical cycle, a chemical element spends time in different places, called reservoirs. 2. As a chemical element moves through a biogeochemical cycle, it moves between "bio" and "geo." The "bio" in biogeochemical refers to biotic reservoirs, or living organisms. 3. The "geo" in biogeochemical refers to Earth--specifically, to the abiotic reservoirs where a chemical element can be found. 4. In the terrestrial carbon cycle, the abiotic reservoir from which living organisms directly obtain their carbon is the atmosphere. 5. Carbon moves from an abiotic reservoir to living organisms during the process of photosynthesis. 6. Carbon moves from living organisms to an abiotic reservoir during the process of cellular respiration.

Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences.

1. Molecules that are eaten but not absorbed by the animal leave the animal's body in feces and are not assimilated. 2. In the caterpillar, 100 J are lost in feces, or 50% of the energy it consumes. 3. Molecules that are eaten and not eliminated in feces are said to be assimilated by the animal. 4. A large fraction of assimilated energy is used for cellular respiration, during which ATP is made for cellular work. 5. In the caterpillar, 67 J are used in cellular respiration, or 67% of the assimilated energy. 6. The rest of the assimilated energy is used for biosynthesis--the building of new biomass. 7. In the caterpillar, 33 J are used for biosynthesis, or 33% of the assimilated energy. 8. During cellular respiration, cellular work, and biosynthesis, a significant amount of energy is lost as heat. 9. Only the energy used for biosynthesis can be transferred to the next trophic level.

Nitrification is indicated by the letter(s) _____.

B

What element is found in all organic compounds?

Carbon

Which of the following statements about the movement of nutrients through an ecosystem is true?

Carbon cycles between the atmosphere and living biomass.

How does carbon move from the biota to the atmosphere?

Carbon dioxide is released during cellular respiration.

How have humans altered the global carbon cycle?

Carbon inputs into the atmosphere have risen.

Nitrogen-fixing bacteria is(are) indicated by the letter(s) _____.

D and E

Drag each label to the appropriate bin. If an organism is both a secondary consumer and a tertiary consumer, drag it to the "both secondary and tertiary consumer" bin.

Detritus -dead animal -rotting log Primary producer -living maple leaves Primary consumer or decomposer -fungus -cricket -maggots Secondary consumer -earthworm -millipede Both secondary and tertiary consumer -alligator lizard -robin

Drag "True" or "False" to the end of each statement.

Energy use in agricultural production and transportation increased from 2009 to 2016. False Though energy used in household storage and preparation increased by 0.7 quads from 2009 to 2016, the percentage of the total energy consumption represented by household storage and preparation declined. True Energy used in food retail and commercial food service increased from 1.05 quads in 2009 to 3.9 quads in 2016. True Total energy consumed by the U.S. food system decreased by 3.6 quads from 2009 to 2016. False Between 2009 and 2016, energy use in the processing industry changed much more substantially than energy use in packaging materials changed during the same period. True As the food energy available increased from 1.4 quads to 1.75 quads between 2009 and 2016, the ratio of energy consumed by the food system per unit of available food energy also increased. True

Which one of these is a nitrite?

NO2-

Which one of these is a nitrate?

NO3-

Which of the following equations is correct?

NPP = GPP − R

The net primary productivity of cultivated land is most similar to the net primary productivity of which ecosystem?

Temperate grassland

What do the bars on this graph represent?

The amount of solar energy converted to chemical energy in organic compounds for a given area per year.

How do greenhouse gases contribute to global warming?

They prevent infrared light from leaving Earth's atmosphere.

Drag the labels to the pyramid to indicate the trophic efficiency from each trophic level to the next.

a. 12% b. 5% c. 17% d. 0.5%

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the diagram of the carbon cycle. First, drag the blue labels to the blue targets to identify the reservoirs in the carbon cycle. Then drag the pink labels to the pink targets to identify the processes in the carbon cycle.

a. CO2 in atmosphere b. photosynthesis on land c. photosynthesis in ocean d. cellular respiration e. plants f. burning fossil fuels g. consumers h. decomposers

Drag the labels to indicate the change in the size of the reservoir or the change in the rate of the process as a result of devegetation. Labels may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

a. decreases b. increases c. increases d. increases e. increases

D Drag the labels to their appropriate locations in the table. Use pink labels for pink targets and blue labels for blue targets. Labels may be used more than once.

a. more steep b. more trophic levels c. less steep d. fewer trophic levels e. more steep f. more trophic levels g. less steep h. fewer trophic levels

After 55 years, how does the capacity of a restored wetland to absorb nutrients compare to that of a natural wetland?

about 40% of natural wetland capacity

After 20 years, how much plant biomass does a restored wetland contain?

about 80% of the biomass of a natural wetland

The producers in aquatic ecosystems include organisms in which of the following groups?

all of the above

Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

ammonium ... nitrites

How could these data be best represented graphically?

bar graph

The biomass of cultivated land approximately equals the biomass of temperate grassland.

cannot be determined by the graph

The restoration of a wetland takes about 100 years.

cannot be determined from the graph

An ecosystem is unlikely to be limited by the supply of _____ because it is obtained from the air.

carbon

Where do plants get the carbon they use to make organic molecules?

carbon dioxide

_____ are secondary consumers.

carnivores

True or false? In the global carbon cycle, rivers link the terrestrial and marine reservoirs of carbon, whereas carbon exchange between the atmosphere and the ocean is achieved by active transport.

false

True or false? Local biogeochemical cycles are isolated within their particular ecosystem and all ions and molecules remain in that ecosystem permanently.

false

Which of these provides your body with energy?

fats

On a global scale, energy _____ ecosystems whereas chemical elements _____ ecosystems.

flows through ... are recycled in

Plants use _____ as a source of energy.

light

Where do plants get the energy to make organic molecules?

light

Which of these is NOT an organic molecule?

minerals

Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____.

nitrates __ nitrogen gas

_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere.

nitrogen fixation

Drag one graph from the top row and one graph from the bottom row to the targets on the right to predict how eliminating decomposers would affect nutrient uptake and dissolved nutrients.

nutrient uptake: no decomposers levels out to 0 dissolved nutrients: decomposers level out (red)

Biogeochemical cycles are crucial to ecosystem function because _____.

nutrients and other life-sustaining molecules are in limited supply and must be continually recycled

What does the y-axis show?

percent of recovery compared to natural wetlands

What does the red graph line represent?

plant biomass

The relationship between biomass and primary productivity is that _____.

primary productivity is the rate at which biomass is produced

Natural wetlands provide many ecosystem services. When a wetland is restored, which of the following ecosystem services returns most rapidly?

providing food for fish and wildlife

In contrast to bioremediation, which is a strategy for __________, biological augmentation __________ a degraded ecosystem.

removing harmful substances...uses organisms to add essential materials to

Consider this segment of a food web: Snails and grasshoppers eat pepper plants; spiders eat grasshoppers; shrews eat snails and spiders; owls eat shrews. The shrew occupies the trophic level(s) of _____.

secondary and tertiary consumers

Which area is not one of the three major reservoirs of the global carbon cycle?

sedimentary rock

According to this graph, algal beds and coral reefs have the highest net primary productivity.

supported

Most of the productivity of a wetland can be restored within 50 years, but it takes much longer to restore soil fertility.

supported

The net primary productivity of an estuary ecosystem is roughly 12 times the net primary productivity of the open ocean.

supported

The energy for nearly every organism in nearly every ecosystem ultimately comes from _____.

the sun

Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the graph.

y axis: energy per year x axis largest to shortest: -household storage and prep -food retail and commercial food service -processing industry -agricultural production - packing material -transportation