ap chapters 9-16
The speed of an action potential depends upon
All of the choices are correct.
The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the
All of the choices are correct.
Merkel disks
B
pectoralis major
B
primary somatosensory cortex
B
Meissner corpuscle (RA1)
C
motor speech area (Broca's area)
C
serratus anterior
C
there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.
12; 31
the spinal cord ends at the
2nd lumbar vertebrae
which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of the spinal nerve pairs?
8 cervical-12 thoracic-5 lumbar- 5 sacral- 1 coccygeal
DELTOID =
A
free nerve endings
A
primary motor cortex
A
The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the
A band
Coracobrachialis
D
Ruffini end organ
D
Sensory speech area (Wernicke's area)
D
Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?
Damage to the brainstem is usually fatal.
Which of the following statements concerning olfaction is true?
Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.
myopia
Difficulty focusing distant objects
Biceps Brachialis
E
pacinian corpuscle
E
visual cortex
E
external ear
Includes the pinna and external auditory canal
Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?
It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.
Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
during depolarization of the plasma membrane
Na+ moves rapidly into the cell
Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?
Pons, medulla oblongata
Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?
Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity.
the muscle that is used to cross the legs is
Sartorius
Provides innervation to blood vessels in skeletal muscles
Sympathetic
Sixteen-year-old Jake is diagnosed with hydrocephaly. What will this do if left untreated?
The brain will shrink and shrivel.
Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Night blindness could be caused by
a lack of rhodopsin
an isometric contraction is described as
a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.
an isotonic contraction is described as
a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.
An eccentric contraction is described as
a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.
Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause
a slight shaking of the hands or head.
astigmatism
a type of refractory error
Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain
acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?
acetylcholine
Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called
adaption
Injury to the thalamus would
affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex
middle ear
air filled space within the temporal bone
saltatory conduction of an action potential means that
an action potential is conducted from one node of ranvier to the node
which of the following events will lead to depolarization?
an increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid
Damage to Wernicke area would result in
aphasia
The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the
arbor vitae
dendrities
are the input part of the neuron
smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both
are under involuntary control
LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?
astrocyte
of the following muscles of the thigh which is NOT part of the quadriceps group?
biceps femoris
a local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will
block sensory input in the CNS
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter substance
both somatic and autonomic nervous systems
spinal nerves C5-T1 make up _______ plexus
brachial
white matter is composed of
bundles of myelinated axons
Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they
can be used to locate nerve damage
Neurotransmitters
cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane
A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: 1) Inability to maintain balance while walking (2) Normal intelligence (3) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated (4) Decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the
cerebellum
Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by
chemoreceptors
The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the
decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.
Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the
deltoid
which of the following muscles are named based on their shape?
deltoid, orbicularis oris, teres major
The pyramids of the medulla contain
descending motor tracts
Where is the enteric nervous system located?
digestive tract
the enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the
digestive tract
the blood brain barrier
does not prevent fluctuations in the compositions of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain
Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?
dopamine
The most superficial meningeal layer is the
dura mater
beta waves
during intense mental activity
tympanic membrane
eardrum
gap junctions are functionally ______________ synapses
electrical
Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. What supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?
ependymal cells
What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?
epidural space
Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of
epinephrine and norepinephrine
the lateral leg muscle have which actions on the foot?
eversion, plantar flexion
which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?
every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve
acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of
exocytosis
the lateral and posterior neck muscles are involved in which types of head movements?
extension, lateral flexion, rotation
Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the ________ nerve.
facial
You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue." These taste sensations would be carried via the ________ cranial nerve.
facial
True or False? All aspects of a memory are stored together in the brain.
false
True or False? Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue
false
auricle
fleshy portion of the external ear
The central olfactory cortex areas are located in the
frontal and temporal lobes
which of the following is inserted on the calcaneus by the achilles tendon?
gastrocnemius
which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes?
gastrocnemius
The bulge of the calf is caused by the ____ & ____ muscles.
gastrocnemius; soleus
The largest buttocks muscle is the
gluteus maximus
A common site on the lower limb for injections is the ________.
gluteus medius
Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles
had gone atrophy
axons
have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of
hearing and balance
Due to dual innervation of the heart,
heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body
If the Broca area is damaged, the result is
hesitant and distorted speech
Tetanus of a muscle is thought to be caused by
high Ca2+ concentrations in the sarcoplasm.
the rotator cuff muscles
hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.
Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the
hypothalamus
Thirteen-year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?
hypothalamus
Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?
hypothalamus
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision
which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff?
infraspinatus
when a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement,the more moveable end of attachment of the muscle is called its
insertion
The taste area is located in the
insula
The taste cortex is located in the
insula
a neuromodulator
is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.
the conus medullaris
is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.
a fascicle
is surrounded by perimysium
The blink reflex functions to
keep eyes moist
Doctor Johansson wants to test a patient's reflexes by briskly striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Which reflex is Dr. Johansson testing?
knee jerk reflex
the spinal cord
links the peripheral nervous system to the brain
macular degeneration
loss of central vision
Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes?
loss of right visual fields from both eyes
A man was in an accident during which his spinal cord was severed between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of this injury?
loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm
which of the following muscle is involved in chewing gum?
masseter
Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?
mathematics and speech
Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by
mediated transport
Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?
microglia
which back muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column?
multifidus
the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the
muscle spindle
The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called
neuromuscular junctions
Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called
nodes of ranvier
Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called
nystagmus
alpha waves
observed in people who is awake quiet and resting with eyes closed
delta waves
occur in deep sleep, infancy, and severe brain disorders
Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the ________ nerve.
oculomotor
mulitple sclerosis is a new neurological disorder in which myelin shealth in the CNS are destroyed. which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in the multiple sclerosis?
oligodendrocyte
a sacromere extends from
one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk
A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the
optic nerve in the left eye
the cross sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the
outside, gray matter on the inside and a ventral motor root
Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?
painting a watercolor landscape
Functions at rest
parasympathetic
Inhibits heart rate but stimulates contraction of urinary bladder
parasympathetic
Provides more extensive innervation of digestive tract
parasympathetic
Digestion of food is regulated by the
parasympathetic division of the ANS
The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________ lobe.
parietal
inner ear
part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing
A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called
perception
Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called ________ pain.
phantom
Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?
phrenic nerves
ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a
plexus
The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the
pons
The limbic system involves various neural connections between
pons and cerebellum
The outside of the resting plasma membrane is __________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.
positively charged
synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the
presynaptic terminals
Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.
primary
Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the
psoas major and iliacus
which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh
quadriceps femoris
The right cerebral hemisphere
receives sensory input from the left side of the body.
The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the
reticular formation
Rhodopsin is found in the
rods
Which of the following are associated with the retina?
rods and cones
Which of the following receptor type is mismatched with its sensation?
ruffini end organs
Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?
schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.
Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.
secondary
Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the
size of muscle fibers
Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
skeletal muscle
which type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?
skeletal muscle
which type of muscle tissue has spindle shaped cells?
smooth muscle
which of the following statements about muscle tissue is true
smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs
Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?
soleus
The sensory cells for hearing are located in the
spiral organ (organ of Corti)
Meningitis
stiffness in the neck and headache
the sacroplasmic reticulum
stores Ca2+
Structurally, the simplest reflex is the
stretch reflex
a sacromere is the
structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the
subarachnoid space
During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?
subarachnoid space
where is the cerebrospinal fluid found in the spinal cord?
subarachnoid space
Fight-or-flight response
sympathetic
Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine
sympathetic
Thoracolumbar division
sympathetic
When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as
synergists
Sensory structures that detect taste are
taste buds
The auditory cortex is located in the
temporal lobe
The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the ________ lobe from the ________ nerve.
temporal; vestibulocochlear
Parasympathetic ganglia are called ________ ganglia
terminal
Damage to the pulmonary plexus that result in breathing rates that are normal or increased, but never decreased below normally indicates
the damage is most likely of the parasympathetic fibers.
a concentric contraction is described as
the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.
chemical synapses are characterized by
the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.
the vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the
thoracic and abdominal viscera
Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the
thoracic and lumbar regions
the thenar muscles are involved in controlling the _______; the hypothenar muscles control the _________
thumb;little finger
which nerve is involved when a dancer points his or her toes?
tibial
the sciatic nerve is composed of the
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
which muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot?
tibialis anterior
Ringing in the ears is called __________.
tinnitus
the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscles
If a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles?
triceps brachii
A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the ________ nerve.
trigeminal
The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called perception.
true
What is the role of the red nuclei?
unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities
theta waves
usually occurs in children or in adults in extreme frustration
Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?
vagus
Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's
visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.
color vision
A. is a function of cone cells.
2) Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system
The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic
Cataract
clouding of the lens of the eye
which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?
constriction of organs
Muscle myofibrils
contain myosin and actin myofilaments
Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?
control the heart rate
the sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system
conveys action potentials to the CNS
The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the
cortex
grey matter on the surface of the brain is called
cortex
during resting conditions,__________ is synthesized to store energy
creatine phosphate