ap chapters 9-16

The speed of an action potential depends upon

All of the choices are correct.

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS differ in the

All of the choices are correct.

Merkel disks

B

pectoralis major

B

primary somatosensory cortex

B

Meissner corpuscle (RA1)

C

motor speech area (Broca's area)

C

serratus anterior

C

there are _____ pairs of cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves.

12; 31

the spinal cord ends at the

2nd lumbar vertebrae

which of the following combinations indicates the correct distribution of the spinal nerve pairs?

8 cervical-12 thoracic-5 lumbar- 5 sacral- 1 coccygeal

DELTOID =

A

free nerve endings

A

primary motor cortex

A

The region of the sarcomere that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments is called the

A band

Coracobrachialis

D

Ruffini end organ

D

Sensory speech area (Wernicke's area)

D

Which of the following statements concerning the brainstem is true?

Damage to the brainstem is usually fatal.

Which of the following statements concerning olfaction is true?

Damaged olfactory neurons are replaced.

myopia

Difficulty focusing distant objects

Biceps Brachialis

E

pacinian corpuscle

E

visual cortex

E

external ear

Includes the pinna and external auditory canal

Which of the following is correctly associated with the medulla oblongata?

It contains nuclei for regulation of heart rate and blood vessel diameter.

Which portion of the brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord?

Medulla oblongata

during depolarization of the plasma membrane

Na+ moves rapidly into the cell

Which two portions of the brain are involved in controlling respiration?

Pons, medulla oblongata

Sally has just heard a strange noise in her basement. Which of the following is an example of normal autonomic nervous system function during this type of situation?

Sally's heart rate increases preparing for possible activity.

the muscle that is used to cross the legs is

Sartorius

Provides innervation to blood vessels in skeletal muscles

Sympathetic

Sixteen-year-old Jake is diagnosed with hydrocephaly. What will this do if left untreated?

The brain will shrink and shrivel.

Which of the following cranial nerves is exclusively sensory?

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Night blindness could be caused by

a lack of rhodopsin

an isometric contraction is described as

a muscle produces an increasing tension as the length remains constant.

an isotonic contraction is described as

a muscle produces constant tension during contraction.

An eccentric contraction is described as

a muscle produces tension, but the length of the muscle is increasing.

Lesion of the basal nuclei could cause

a slight shaking of the hands or head.

astigmatism

a type of refractory error

Synaptic vesicles in the neuromuscular junction contain

acetylcholine

Which neurotransmitter is released at the neuromuscular junction?

acetylcholine

Decreased sensitivity to a continued stimulus is called

adaption

Injury to the thalamus would

affect sensory projection to the cerebral cortex

middle ear

air filled space within the temporal bone

saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

an action potential is conducted from one node of ranvier to the node

which of the following events will lead to depolarization?

an increase in K+ in the extracellular fluid

Damage to Wernicke area would result in

aphasia

The white matter of the cerebellum forms a branching network known as the

arbor vitae

dendrities

are the input part of the neuron

smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are similar in that they both

are under involuntary control

LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?

astrocyte

of the following muscles of the thigh which is NOT part of the quadriceps group?

biceps femoris

a local anesthetic such as Novocaine decreases membrane permeability to Na+. The use of this anesthetic will

block sensory input in the CNS

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter substance

both somatic and autonomic nervous systems

spinal nerves C5-T1 make up _______ plexus

brachial

white matter is composed of

bundles of myelinated axons

Dermatomal maps are important clinically because they

can be used to locate nerve damage

Neurotransmitters

cause the production of action potentials in the postsynaptic membrane

A nurse is caring for a patient who exhibits the following symptoms: 1) Inability to maintain balance while walking (2) Normal intelligence (3) Can initiate voluntary movements, although they are somewhat uncoordinated (4) Decreased tone in the skeletal muscles The patient is probably suffering from a condition that affected the

cerebellum

Changes in the blood concentration of glucose, oxygen, and hydrogen are detected by

chemoreceptors

The fact that the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body is explained by the

decussation of the pyramids in the medulla.

Raising your arm to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the

deltoid

which of the following muscles are named based on their shape?

deltoid, orbicularis oris, teres major

The pyramids of the medulla contain

descending motor tracts

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

digestive tract

the enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the

digestive tract

the blood brain barrier

does not prevent fluctuations in the compositions of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain

Which neurotransmitter has been implicated in Parkinson's disease?

dopamine

The most superficial meningeal layer is the

dura mater

beta waves

during intense mental activity

tympanic membrane

eardrum

gap junctions are functionally ______________ synapses

electrical

Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. What supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

ependymal cells

What space, found between the vertebral wall and the dura mater, is the area for injecting anesthesia for childbirth?

epidural space

Sympathetic stimulation of the postganglionic cells of the adrenal medulla causes the release of

epinephrine and norepinephrine

the lateral leg muscle have which actions on the foot?

eversion, plantar flexion

which of the following is true about skeletal muscle?

every muscle fiber receives a branch of an axon from the nerve

acetylcholine is released from the presynaptic terminal by the process of

exocytosis

the lateral and posterior neck muscles are involved in which types of head movements?

extension, lateral flexion, rotation

Following a stroke, Harriet has impaired sense of taste on one side of the tip of her tongue, indicating the part of her brain that was affected must communicate with the ________ nerve.

facial

You taste a sauce with the "tip of your tongue." These taste sensations would be carried via the ________ cranial nerve.

facial

True or False? All aspects of a memory are stored together in the brain.

false

True or False? Visceroreceptors are receptors associated with joints, tendons, and other connective tissue

false

auricle

fleshy portion of the external ear

The central olfactory cortex areas are located in the

frontal and temporal lobes

which of the following is inserted on the calcaneus by the achilles tendon?

gastrocnemius

which of the following muscles is used when walking on your tiptoes?

gastrocnemius

The bulge of the calf is caused by the ____ & ____ muscles.

gastrocnemius; soleus

The largest buttocks muscle is the

gluteus maximus

A common site on the lower limb for injections is the ________.

gluteus medius

Betsy took a fall and broke her arm, which required that she wear a cast for a prolonged period of time. When she took the cast off, she was alarmed to see that her muscles

had gone atrophy

axons

have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.

Damage to the vestibulocochlear nerve would result in some loss of

hearing and balance

Due to dual innervation of the heart,

heart rate can increase under sympathetic regulation or decrease under parasympathetic regulation, meeting the demands of the body

If the Broca area is damaged, the result is

hesitant and distorted speech

Tetanus of a muscle is thought to be caused by

high Ca2+ concentrations in the sarcoplasm.

the rotator cuff muscles

hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula.

Anna has an eating disorder along with intense thirst and wildly varying body temperatures, which means she may have a dysfunction of the

hypothalamus

Thirteen-year-old Austin exhibits retarded growth, reduced metabolism, lack of normal reproductive gland development, inability to regulate water intake or water elimination from the body, and an uncontrolled appetite. Which part of Austin's brain is most likely involved?

hypothalamus

Which of the following brain areas serves as the major control center of the autonomic nervous system and endocrine system?

hypothalamus

Glaucoma

increased intraocular pressure results in damage to the retina and optic nerve with loss of vision

which of the following muscles is part of the rotator cuff?

infraspinatus

when a skeletal muscle contracts to cause a given movement,the more moveable end of attachment of the muscle is called its

insertion

The taste area is located in the

insula

The taste cortex is located in the

insula

a neuromodulator

is a substance released from neurons that influences the sensitivity of neurons to neurotransmitters.

the conus medullaris

is a tapered, cone like region immediately inferior to the lumbar enlargement.

a fascicle

is surrounded by perimysium

The blink reflex functions to

keep eyes moist

Doctor Johansson wants to test a patient's reflexes by briskly striking the patellar tendon with a reflex hammer. Which reflex is Dr. Johansson testing?

knee jerk reflex

the spinal cord

links the peripheral nervous system to the brain

macular degeneration

loss of central vision

Damage to the left side of the brain near the visual cortex could result in which of the following visual changes?

loss of right visual fields from both eyes

A man was in an accident during which his spinal cord was severed between C6 and C7. Which of the following would NOT be a consequence of this injury?

loss of use of the phrenic nerves and paralysis of the diaphragm

which of the following muscle is involved in chewing gum?

masseter

Which of these activities is associated with the left cerebral hemisphere in most people?

mathematics and speech

Water-soluble molecules such as glucose and amino acids move across the blood-brain barrier by

mediated transport

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

microglia

which back muscle extends and rotates the vertebral column?

multifidus

the sensory receptor of the stretch reflex is the

muscle spindle

The sites where a chemical substance is transmitted from the presynaptic terminal of an axon to the postsynaptic membrane of a muscle fiber are called

neuromuscular junctions

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called

nodes of ranvier

Oscillation of the eyes during the tracking of something in motion is called

nystagmus

alpha waves

observed in people who is awake quiet and resting with eyes closed

delta waves

occur in deep sleep, infancy, and severe brain disorders

Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid) of the left eye would be caused by damage to the ________ nerve.

oculomotor

mulitple sclerosis is a new neurological disorder in which myelin shealth in the CNS are destroyed. which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in the multiple sclerosis?

oligodendrocyte

a sacromere extends from

one Z disk to an adjacent Z disk

A person loses all vision in their left eye. One possible cause could be damage to the

optic nerve in the left eye

the cross sectional view of the spinal cord reveals white matter on the

outside, gray matter on the inside and a ventral motor root

Which of these activities is associated with the right cerebral hemisphere in most people?

painting a watercolor landscape

Functions at rest

parasympathetic

Inhibits heart rate but stimulates contraction of urinary bladder

parasympathetic

Provides more extensive innervation of digestive tract

parasympathetic

Digestion of food is regulated by the

parasympathetic division of the ANS

The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ________ lobe.

parietal

inner ear

part of the ear that contains the organ of hearing

A state of conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called

perception

Amputees frequently perceive pain in the amputated structure. This type of pain is called ________ pain.

phantom

Damage to which of these nerves would be most life-threatening?

phrenic nerves

ventral rami of some spinal nerves join with each other to form a

plexus

The nucleus for the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) is located in the

pons

The limbic system involves various neural connections between

pons and cerebellum

The outside of the resting plasma membrane is __________ relative to the inside of the resting plasma membrane.

positively charged

synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the

presynaptic terminals

Receptors that in general produce an action potential in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.

primary

Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the

psoas major and iliacus

which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh

quadriceps femoris

The right cerebral hemisphere

receives sensory input from the left side of the body.

The sleep/wake cycle is influenced by the

reticular formation

Rhodopsin is found in the

rods

Which of the following are associated with the retina?

rods and cones

Which of the following receptor type is mismatched with its sensation?

ruffini end organs

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.

Receptors that in general do not produce an action potential but can release neurotransmitters in response to a receptor potential are ________ receptors.

secondary

Hypertrophy of skeletal muscles from weight lifting is caused by an increase in the

size of muscle fibers

Which of the following is NOT an effector controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

skeletal muscle

which type of muscle tissue has neuromuscular junctions?

skeletal muscle

which type of muscle tissue has spindle shaped cells?

smooth muscle

which of the following statements about muscle tissue is true

smooth muscle is found in the walls of hollow organs

Which muscle plantar flexes the foot?

soleus

The sensory cells for hearing are located in the

spiral organ (organ of Corti)

Meningitis

stiffness in the neck and headache

the sacroplasmic reticulum

stores Ca2+

Structurally, the simplest reflex is the

stretch reflex

a sacromere is the

structural and functional unit of the skeletal muscle fiber

Cerebrospinal fluid fills the

subarachnoid space

During a spinal tap, cerebrospinal fluid is obtained from which of the following locations?

subarachnoid space

where is the cerebrospinal fluid found in the spinal cord?

subarachnoid space

Fight-or-flight response

sympathetic

Release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

sympathetic

Thoracolumbar division

sympathetic

When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as

synergists

Sensory structures that detect taste are

taste buds

The auditory cortex is located in the

temporal lobe

The sensation of hearing occurs when sensory impulses from the ears are transmitted to the auditory cortex in the ________ lobe from the ________ nerve.

temporal; vestibulocochlear

Parasympathetic ganglia are called ________ ganglia

terminal

Damage to the pulmonary plexus that result in breathing rates that are normal or increased, but never decreased below normally indicates

the damage is most likely of the parasympathetic fibers.

a concentric contraction is described as

the muscle produces increasing tension as it shortens.

chemical synapses are characterized by

the release of neurotransmitter by the presynaptic terminal.

the vagus nerve carries parasympathetic impulses to the

thoracic and abdominal viscera

Sympathetic fibers leave the spinal cord in the

thoracic and lumbar regions

the thenar muscles are involved in controlling the _______; the hypothenar muscles control the _________

thumb;little finger

which nerve is involved when a dancer points his or her toes?

tibial

the sciatic nerve is composed of the

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

which muscle dorsiflexes and inverts the foot?

tibialis anterior

Ringing in the ears is called __________.

tinnitus

the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscles

If a man exercises by doing push-ups every day, he would strengthen or enlarge which of the following muscles?

triceps brachii

A kiss on the cheek would be perceived by impulses from the ________ nerve.

trigeminal

The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is called perception.

true

What is the role of the red nuclei?

unconscious regulation and coordination of motor activities

theta waves

usually occurs in children or in adults in extreme frustration

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry parasympathetic fibers?

vagus

Albinism in which there is an absence of melanin pigment would affect the individual's

visual acuity and prevent scattering of light inside the eye.

color vision

A. is a function of cone cells.

2) Which of the following statements applies to the autonomic nervous system

The receptor molecules of the ANS may be muscarinic, nicotinic, or adrenergic

Cataract

clouding of the lens of the eye

which of the following is NOT a function of skeletal muscle?

constriction of organs

Muscle myofibrils

contain myosin and actin myofilaments

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebellum?

control the heart rate

the sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

conveys action potentials to the CNS

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is called the

cortex

grey matter on the surface of the brain is called

cortex

during resting conditions,__________ is synthesized to store energy

creatine phosphate