AP Chemistry - Chapter 13 (Properties of Solutions) Test Review

-we first need to understand what 3.62% by mass is. This is saying that for a given amount of commerical bleaching solution, 3.62% of it (in terms of mass) will be NaOCl -hence, if we assume 100g of solution, we can also say that we have 3.62 g of NaOCl per 100 g of commerical bleaching solution: 3.62 g NaOCl / 100 g bleach -now if we wanted to solve for how much NaOCl we'd have for 2.5 kg of solutions, instead of 100g, we can set up a ratio: 3.62 g / 100 g = x / 2500 g, and then if we cross multiply, we get 100g x = 9050 g, and then if we solve for x by dividing both sides by 100g, we get x = 90.5 g NaOCl

A commercial bleaching solution contains 3.62% by mass of sodium hypochlorite, NaOCl. What is the mass of NaOCl in a bottle containing 2.5 kg of bleaching solution?

-since molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, we first need to find the moles of glucose (which is the solute): (4.35 g)(1 mol / 180.2 g) = 0.0241 mol -since the solvent is water, we need to first find how many grams of it we have, which we can then convert to kg, and to do this, we can use the density of water and the volume of water present: (25 mL)(1 g/mL) = 25 g, and then 25 g in kg is 0.025 kg -now to find the molality, we just divide the moles of glucose by the kilograms of water: 0.0241 mol / 0.025 kg = 0.964 m (0.964 molal)

A solution is made by dissolving 4.35 g of glucose (C6H12O6) in 25 mL of water at 25 degrees celsius. Calculate the molality of the glucose in the solution. Water has a density of 1 g/mL.

Unsaturated solution

A solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution does and that is able to dissolve additional solute in order to become saturated

-remember that molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution -in this solution, toluene is the solute and benzene is the solvent -finding moles of toluene: (5 g)(1 mol / 92 g) = 0.0543 mol -to find the liters of the entire solution, we actually have to include both the toluene and benzene, and we have to use the density of the solution to actually find how many mL we'll have. Hence, we first have to find the total mass of the solution, which is just the mass of the solute plus the mass of the solvent: 5 g + 225 g = 230 g -next, we can use the density of the solution to find the volume of the solution: (230 g)(1 mL / 0.876 g) = 262.56 mL, and then we can convert this from mL to L: (262.56 ml)(1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.26256 L -now, we can calculate the molarity of toluene in this solution: 0.0543 mol / 0.26256 L = 0.207 M (0.207 molar)

A solution with a density of 0.876 g / mL contains 5 g of toluene (C7H8) in 225 g of benzene. What is the molarity of the solution?

ppm of component

(mass of component in soln/total mass of soln) x 10^6

ppb of component

(mass of component in soln/total mass of soln) x 10^9

Crystallization

-a separation technique that produces pure solid particles of a substance from a solution that contains the dissolved substance -basically, this is a process that is the complete opposite of the solution forming process

Saturated solution

-a solution that is in equilibrium with undissolved solute (meaning that the rate of crystallization of the dissolved solute is equal to the rate of dissolving of the undissolved solute) -hence, additional solute will not dissolve if added to this type of solution -note: the amount of solute needed to form this type of solution in a given quantity of solvent is given by the solubility of that solute

Hydration

-a special case of solvation where the solvent in water -note: solvation is a process that occurs when an ionic solute dissolves; in solution, solvent molecules surround the positive and negative ions

Henry's Law

-the law that expresses the relationship between the partial pressure of a gas above a liquid solvent and the solubililty of the gas in that solvent -formula: S sub g = k x P sub g, where S sub g is the solubility of the gas in the solvent (expressed in molarity), P sub g is the partial pressure of the gas above the solution, and k is the proportionality Henry's Law constant that depends on the type of solute, solvent, and temperature of the solution

additional solute does not dissolve when added to a saturated solution since the solution is already in dynamic equilibrium with the undissolved solute (meaning that the rate of crystallization of the dissolved solute is equal to the rate of dissolving of the undissolved solute)

Does additional solute dissolve when added to a saturated solution?

no it does not because molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, and so since mass does not vary with temperature, molality doesn't vary with temperature either

Does the molality of a solution vary with temperature? Why?

it does because the volume of the solution expands or contracts with temperature since molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

Does the molarity of a solution vary with temperature? Why?

Mass Percentage

100 x (mass of component in solution / total mass of solution)

carbonated beverages are bottled under a carbon dioxide pressure greater than 1 atm and when the bottles are opened to air, the partial pressure of CO2 above the solution decreases and so the solubility of the CO2 decreases and CO2 gas escapes from the solution as bubbles

How do carbonated beverages have real applications of Henry's Law?

when one substance disperses uniformly throughout another substance

How is a solution formed?

it will be nearly the same as its molarity since molality is the number of moles of solute per kilograms of solvent, while molarity is the number moles of solute per liter of solution, and because the solution is dilute, the mass of the solvent is nearly equal to mass of the solution

If an aqueous solution is very dilute (not very concentrated), will its molality be greater than its molarity, nearly the same as its molarity, or smaller than its molarity?

the solvent-solute interaction must be strong enough to make delta H sub mix comparable in magnitude to delta H sub solute + delta H sub solvent

In order for solutions to form, how strong must the solvent-solute interactions be in terms of relating delta H sub mix (the enthalpy change that occurs when the solvent and solute particles are mixed with each other) to delta H sub solute (the enthalpy change for the separation of the cluster of solute particles from each other) and delta H sub solvent (the enthalpy change for the separation of the cluster of solvent particles from each other)?

solutions with water as their solvent

What are aqueous solutions?

interactions that occur between solute particles and must be overcome to disperse the solute particles throughout the solvent

What are solute-solute interactions?

interactions that occur between the solvent and solute particles as the particles mix

What are solvent-solute interactions?

interactions that occur between solvent particles and must be overcome to make room for the solute particles in the solvent

What are solvent-solvent interactions?

delta H sub solute (the energy required to separate the cluster of solute particles from each other - endothermic), delta H sub solvent (the energy required to separate the cluster of solvent particles from each other - endothermic), delta H sub mix (the energy released when the solute and solvent particles mix - exothermic) -note: Delta H sub soln (energy required to form the solution/released when the solution is formed) = delta H sub solute + delta H sub solvent + delta H sub mix

What are the three main enthalpy changes that occur during the process of forming a solution?

-solute-solute interactions, which occur between solute particles and must be overcome to disperse the solute particles throughout the solvent -solvent-solvent interactions, which occur between solvent particles and must be overcome to make room for the solute particles in the solvent -solvent-solute interactions, which occur between the solvent and solute particles as the particles mix

What are the three types of intermolecular interactions that are involved in solution formation?

mol / L-atm

What are the units of all the different Henry's Law Constants?

parts per million (ppm) and parts per billion (ppb)

What do we use to express the concentration of very dilute solutions?

it means that there 1 gram of solute for each million grams of solution

What does it mean if a solution has a concentration of 1 ppm for a specific solute?

it means that for 100 grams of the solution, there's 36 grams of that specific solute

What does it mean if a solution is 36% of a specific solute by mass?

the solubility of the solute

What gives us the amount of solute that can be dissolved to form a saturated solution given a quantity of solvent?

it means that the process tends to happen somewhat spontaneously

What information do we get about the spontaneity of the solution forming process, if the enthalpy change during the process of forming a solution (delta H sub soln) is a negative value?

the process is too endothermic and so the solute might not dissolve to any significant extent in the chosen solvent since energy needs to be added for this to occur

What information do we get about the spontaneity of the solution forming process, if the enthalpy change during the process of forming a solution (delta H sub soln) is too high of a positive value?

concentrated

What is a solution with a large concentration of a specific solute said to be?

dilute

What is a solution with a relatively small concentration of a specific solute said to be?

increase the number of polar groups that the substance contains (for example, increasing the number of OH groups in a solute increases the extent of hydrogen bonding between that solute and water)

What is a way to enhance the solubility of a substance in water?

the enthalpy change that occurs when the solvent and solute particles are mixed with each other (this is generally exothermic)

What is delta H sub mix?

enthalpy change during the creation of a solution

What is delta H sub soln?

the enthalpy change for the separation of the cluster of solute particles from each other (this is generally endothermic)

What is delta H sub solute?

the enthalpy change for the separation of the cluster of solvent particles from each other (this is generally endothermic)

What is delta H sub solvent?

component

What is each substance in a solution called?

it is favored by the increase in entropy that accompanies mixing

What is the formation of solutions favored by?

delta H sub soln = delta H sub solute + delta H sub solvent + delta H sub mix

What is the formula to calculate the enthalpy change during the creation of a solution (delta H sub soln), given the enthalpy change for the separation of the solute particles from each other (delta H sub solute), the enthalpy change for the separation of the solvent particles from each other (delta H sub solvent), and the enthalpy change that occurs when the solvent and solute particles are mixed with each other (delta H sub mix)?

-if two liquids are of similar polarity, meaning that if both are polar, then they will most likely be soluble in each other, while if one liquid is polar and the other is nonpolar, then they will be most likely insoluble in each other -note: this is a general rule, and it does have some discrepancies

What is the general rule for determining if two liquids are soluble or insoluble in each other based on polarity?

substances with similar intermolecular attractions and polarity tend to be soluble in one another (hence, polar substances are usually soluble in polar substances and nonpolar substances are usually soluble in nonpolar substances)

What is the main rule to follow when trying to figure out if two substance will be soluble in one another?

-remember that molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent -in this scenario, the solute is napthalene and the solvent is toluene -we first need to convert the solute from grams to moles: (36.5 g)(1 mol / 128 g) = 0.285 mol -we next need to convert the solvent from grams to kilograms: (425 g)(1 kg / 1000 g) = 0.425 kg -now, we are ready to calculate the molality of naphthalene in toluene: 0.285 mol / 0.425 kg = 0.671 m (0.671 molal)

What is the molality of a solution made by dissolving 36.5 g of naphthalene (C10H8) in 425 g of toluene (C7H8)?

they're inversely related to each other (as the number of carbons that the alcohol has increases, the polar OH becomes an even smaller part of the molecule, and the molecule behaves more like a hydrocarbon, and so it tends to be less soluble in water)

What is the relationship between an alcohol's solubility in water and the number of carbons that it has?

they're directly related to each other (as the entropy increases, the tendency of a solution to form also increases)

What is the relationship between entropy and the tendency for a solution to form?

they're directly proportional to each other (as the partial pressure of the gas above the solvent is increased, the solubility of the gas in that solvent increases since when the partial pressure of the gas is increased, its volume is decreased, and so the rate at which the molecules strike the solvent liquid surface and enter the solution phase increases, and we're left with more molecules entering the solution phase from the gas phase than molecules entering the gas phase from the solution phase until equilibrium between these two processes is established again)

What is the relationship between the solubility of a gas that occurs over a solvent and the partial of that gas above the solvent?

they're inversely related to each other (as the water's temperature increases, the solubility of the gases in the water decreases, and vice versa)

What is the relationship between the solubility of gases in water and the water temperature?

they're directly related to each other (as the water's temperature increases, the solubility of the solid solutes in the water will also increase, and vice versa)

What is the relationship between the solubility of solid solutes in water and the water temperature?

they're directly related to each other (as the strength of the attractions between the solute and solvent molecules in a solution increase, the solubility of the solute in that solvent also increases)

What is the relationship between the strength of the attractions between the solute and solvent molecules in a solution, and the solubility of the solute in that solvent?

it is defined as the maximum amount of of the solute that can dissolve in a given amount of the solvent at a specified temperature, assuming that excess solute is present

What is the solubility of a solute in a particular solvent defined as?

-the natural tendency of the substances to mix and spread into larger volumes when not restrained in some way -the type of intermolecular interactions involved in the solution process

What two factors does the ability of substances to form solutions depend on?

it is a spontaneous process

What type of process is the mixing of a gas?

when the magnitudes of their solvent-solute interactions are either comparable to or greater than the solute-solute and solvent-solvent interactions

When do solutions form?

when the rates of dissolving solute into the solvent equals the rate at which the dissolved solute in the solution is crystallized into a solid

When is dynamic equilibrium established in solutions?

the solute

Which component of a solute is present is the lower amount?

the solvent

Which component of a solution is always present in the greatest amount?

entropy

Which thermodynamic entity increases when the molecules of a gas mix and become more randomly distributed?

they tend to dissolve in polar solvents since there are favorable dipole-dipole attractions between the solvent molecules and solute molecules, which results in greater solute-solvent attraction, and this will result in the solute-solvent attractions being greater than the solute-solute and solvent-solvent attractions, which means that more solute and solvent will be dispersed, causing the solubility of the solute to increase

Which type of solvents do polar solutes tend to dissolve in? Why?

since nonpolar solvent molecules experience only weak attractive interactions with the ions, and these interactions do not compensate for the energies required to separate the ions from one another

Why do ionic solutes not dissolve in nonpolar solvents?

since the polar molecules experience strong hydrogen-bonding interactions with one another--attractive forces that must be overcome if the polar molecules are to be dispersed throughout the nonpolar liquid solvent

Why do polar molecules not dissolve in any nonpolar liquid solvent?

NaCl is an ionic compound, and since C6H14 is a nonpolar compound, the solute-solvent interactions between NaCl and hexane aren't greater than or even comparable to the solute-solute interactions between the NaCl molecules or the solvent-solvent interactions between the C6H14 molecules, so there's no way for the formation of this solution to unless the entropy increases by a lot

Why doesn't NaCl dissolve in nonpolar solvents such as hexane, C6H14?

-remember that for a specific temperature, solute, and solvent, the Henry's Law constant does not change, and so as long we dont change the temperature here or type of solute and solvent, the Henry's Law constant will remain unchanged no matter what we do to the partial pressure of the gas, and so we can eliminate (a) and (b) -the correct answer is (d) since the partial pressure of a gas above a liquid is directly proportional to the solubility of the gas in that liquid, and so if we double the partial pressure of the gas, the number of gas molecules in the liquid will also increase since there will be more gas molecules striking the liquid surface and entering the liquid phase

You double the partial pressure of a gas over a liquid at a constant temperature. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true, given that Henry's Law is S sub g = k x P sub g, where S sub g is the solubility of the gas in the liquid, k is the Henry's Law Constant for this specific situation, and P sub g is the partial pressure of the gas?: (a) The Henry's Law constant is doubled (b) The Henry's Law constant is decreasing by half (c) There are half as many gas molecules in the liquid (d) There are twice as many gas molecules in the liquid (e) There is no change in the number of gas molecules in the liquid

-C7H16 will most likely dissolve in CCl4 because both substances only have dispersion forces and are nonpolar, and so since nonpolar substances usually dissolve in nonpolar substances, C7H16 is more likely to dissolve in CCl4 than water -Na2SO4 is an ionic substance and so it will dissolve better in water since very strong ion-dipole solute-solvent interactions occur, which help pulling apart the sodium molecules from the sulfate molecules -HCl is a polar molecule with dipole-dipole IMF's and so it will most likely dissolve better in water since water is a polar molecule, and since water has oxygen in it, hydrogen bonding can also be formed between the HCl and H2O molecules -I2 is a nonpolar molecule with an electronegativity difference of 0 and so it will dissolve better in CCl4 since both substances are nonpolar and will only have dispersion forces between them as the solute-solvent interactions

Predict whether each of the following substances is more likely to dissolve in the nonpolar solvent carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) or in water: C7H16, Na2SO4, HCl, and I2

Hydrates

compounds that have a specific number of water molecules attached to them

Miscible liquids

liquids that mix in all proportions (meaning they completely mix with each other)

Mole fraction of component

moles of component / total moles of all components -note: this quantity does not have any units

Molality (m)

moles of solute / kilograms of solvent -note that 1 molal (1 m) = 1 mol of solute / 1 kg of solvent

Molarity (M)

moles of solute / liters of solution -note that 1 Molar (1 M) = 1 mol of solute / 1 L of solution

-remember that mole fraction = moles of component / total moles -first, we need to find the mass of NaOCl so we can find the number of moles from that -we are given that the solution is 3.62% NaOCl by mass, meaning that for every 100 grams of solution we have, we'd have 3.62 grams of NaOCl, and so if we did assume 100 grams of solution present (since we aren't given how much solution there actually is), we can say there is 3.62 grams of NaOCl -next, we can find the moles of NaOCl using its molar mass: (3.62 g)(1 mol / 74.44 g) = 0.0486 mol -now we need to find the moles of water so we can take the sum of the moles of water and NaOCl to find total moles (note: we are finding moles of water because in the solution, water is the solvent and NaOCl is the solute and solutions are always consisted only of the solute(s) and solvent) -to find the moles of water, we first need to find the mass of water. Since solutions are only consisted of a solute and a solvent, we knows that since we have 100 grams of solution and 3.62 grams, then 100 - 3.62 = 96.38 g of water (which is the solvent) -finding moles of water: (96.38 g)(1 mol / 18 g) = 5.35 mol -finding the mole fraction of NaOCl in water in this solution: 0.0486 mol / (0.0486 + 5.35) = 0.009 -remember that molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, and since we already have the moles of solute, all we need to do is find the kilograms of solvent -mass of water in kilograms: (96.38 g)(1 kg / 1000 g) = 0.09638 kg -finding molality of NaOCl in water in this solution: 0.0486 mol / 0.09638 kg = 0.489 m (0.489 molal)

A commerical bleach solution contains 3.62 % by mass of NaOCl in water. What is the mole fraction of NaOCl in water, and the molality of NaOCl in the solution?

-the first thing to do is identify the solute and sovlent. Generally, when a problem involves water in a solution, it is always the solvent, and so in this scenario, gylcerol would be the solute -remember that molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, and so since we have equal masses of glycerol and water, no matter what mass we chose for both of them, this molality ratio would never change, and so let's say that we have 100 grams of each substance in the solution -converting 100 g glycerol to moles: (100 g)(1 mol / 92 g) = 1.09 mol -converting 100 g water to kg: (100 g)(1 kg / 1000 g) = 0.1 kg -finding the molality of glycerol in water: 1.09 mol / 0.1 kg = 10.9 m (10.9 molal) -remember that mole fraction = moles of component / total moles, and in this scenario, the component or the solute is glycerol and the total moles = moles of glycerol + moles of water -finding moles of water: (100 g)(1 mol / 18 g) = 5.56 mol -mole fraction of glycerol: 1.09 mol / (1.09 mol + 5.56 mol) = 0.164 mol -remember that molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution, and since we already have moles of solute found, we just need to find the liters of the total solution using the density of the solution given to us (note: a solution is only composed of the solute and the solvent and so when finding the liters of total solution, we need to take both these things into account) -to find liters of solution, we first need to find the total mass of solution that we have. Since we know that the mass of the solute = mass of the solvent, and we chose 100 g as the mass of both, total mass of solution = 100 g + 100 g = 200 g -now, we can find the liters of solution: (200 g)(1 mL / 1.1 g) = 181.82 mL, and then we can convert this to liters: (181.82 mL)(1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.18182 L -finding molarity of glycerol: 1.09 mol / 0.18182 L = 5.99 M (5.99 molar) -note: no matter what mass value we were to change for the solvent and solute, as long as both has equal masses, none of these ratios would have ever changed (because remember that a ratio is a just a factor used for comparison for two quantities, and since each of these ratios depend on mass in some way (even mole ratio since moles is derived from mass), since the mass ratio between the solvent and solute never changes, the molarity, molality, and mole fraction wouldn't change either)

A solution contain equal masses of glycerol (C3H8O3) and water has a density of 1.1 g/mL. What is the molality of glycerol, the mole fraction of glycerol, and the molarity of glycerol in the solution?

-Mass % of glucose = (mass glucose / mass of solution) x 100, so this is the same as: (13.5 g / 13.5 + 100 g) x 100 = 11.9% -mass % of water can be found by substracting the mass % of glucose from 100%: 100% - 11.9% = 88.1%

A solution if made by dissolving 13.5 g of glucose in 0.1 kg of water. What is the mass percentage of solute in this solution? What is the mass percent of the water?

-so there is something to note here that is not directly given. One of them is that when a question states that a solute is dissolved in an aqueous solution, it means that the solvent is water. -now, since we are told the solution is 36% HCl by mass, this means that for every 100 grams of solution that we have, we have 36 grams of HCl in it, and so if we were to assume 100 grams of solution (since we aren't given how much solution we have), we can see that we'd have 36 grams of HCl -since only 36 out of the 100 grams is HCl, the other 64 grams (100 - 36 = 64) needs to be the water, which is the solvent, since the only two things that make up a solution are the solute and solvent -remember, mole fraction = moles of component / total moles, so we first need to get moles of HCl and the sum of the moles of HCl and moles of water -finding moles of HCl: (36 g)(1 mol / 36.45 g) = 0.988 mol -finding moles of H2O: (64 g)(1 mol / 18 g) = 3.56 mol -mole fraction of HCl: 0.988 mol / (0.988 mol + 3.56 mol) = 0.217 -remember that molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, and since we already have the moles of solute, we just need to find the kilograms of solvent: (64 g)(1 kg / 1000 g) = 0.064 kg -molality of HCl in water in this solution = 0.988 mol / 0.064 kg = 15.44 m (15.44 molal)

An aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid contains 36% HCl by mass. What is the mole fraction of HCl in the solution? What is the molality of HCl in the solution?

they are generally insoluble in polar liquids

Are nonpolar liquids, soluble or insoluble in polar liquids?

-for KCl in water, the principal solute-solvent interaction is ion-dipole forces -for CH2Cl2 in benzene, the principal solute-solvent interaction is dispersion forces -for methanol in water, the the solute-solvent interaction is hydrogen bonding -increasing strength: CH2Cl2 in benzene < methanol in water < KCl in water

Indicate the principal type of solute-solvent interactions in each of the following solutions and rank the solutions from weakest to strongest solute-solvent interaction: KCl in water, CH2Cl2 in benzene (C6H6), methanol (CH3OH) in water.

molality is used because molality = moles of solute / kilograms of solvent, and so since mass does not vary with temperature, molality doesn't vary with temperature either, while molarity does vary with temperature and can't be used because the volume of the solution expands or contracts with temperature since molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution

Is molality or molarity used to express concentration when the solution is to be used over a range of temperature? Why?

Immiscible liquids

Liquids that repel each other and do not mix to form a solution

-since we are solving for molarity, and molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution, we don't really care about the solvent, and we only really care about the solute, so it doesn't matter if we aren't given any information about the solvent -first thing we can do is find the grams of calcium and then we can use this to solve for moles of calcium: (67 mg)(1 g / 1000 mg)(1 mol / 40.078 g) = 0.0017 mol Ca -next, we need to find the volume of maple syrup (since the entire maple syrup is the solution itself with the solute and solvent in it): (100g)(1 mL / 1.325 g) = 75.47 mL, and we can convert this from mL to L: (75.47 mL)(1 L / 1000 mL) = 0.07547 L -finally, we can find the molarity: 0.0017 mol / 0.07547 L = 0.023 M (0.023 molar)

Maple syrup has a density of 1.325 g/mL, and 100 g of maple syrup contains 67 mg of calcium in the form of Ca^2+ ions. What is the molarity of calcium in maple syrup?

-we would expect the water solubility of the resulting molecule to be lower than the water solubility of the original glucose molecules with OH groups, since water is a polar molecule and hence molecules with greater polarity will dissolve better in water since there will be stronger resulting solute-solvent interactions -since OH is a polar group while CH3 is a nonpolar group, the water solubility will increase with the OH groups rather than the CH3 molecules, since hydrogen bonding can be created between the water molecules and the glucose molecules, which is stronger than just the dispersion forces that result between the CH3 and H2O molecules

Suppose the hydrogens on the OH groups in glucose were replaced with methyl groups, CH3. Would you expect the water solubility of the resulting molecule to be higher than, lower than, or about the same as glucose? Why?

(c) is the correct answer since if we imagine that the original molality was 1 mol/kg, then if we were to multiply both the moles of solute and kilograms of solvent is doubled, then that's the same as multiplying 1 mol/kg by 2/2, which means we just multiplied by 1/1, and this means that the value of the ratio has not changed

Suppose you take a solution and add more solvent, so that the original mass of solvent is doubled. You take this new solution and add more solute, so that the original mass of the solute is doubled. What happens to the molality of the final solution, compared to the original molality?: (a) It is doubled (b) It is decreased by half (c) It is unchanged (d) It will increase or decrease depending on the molar mass of the solute (e) There is no way to tell without knowing the molar mass of the solute

Solvation

a process that occurs when an ionic solute dissolves; in solution, solvent molecules surround the positive and negative ions

Supersaturated solution

a solution that contains more dissolved solute than a saturated solution does, under the same conditions